Introduction
It is important for everyone to prepare for disasters such as earthquakes, floods, and landslides, which are unpredictable. For individuals with disabilities who require a great deal of effort to maintain a lifeline that supports daily life, disaster preparedness requires more work. 1 The US National Organization on Disability recommends that individuals with disabilities be prepared for the particular characteristics of their disability with an emergency plan including the following 4 components of self-assistance: personal network, escape, information, and essential items. Reference Morris and Jones2 However, factors promoting self-assistance against disasters remain unclear especially among those with severe disabilities such as spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Reference McClure, Boninger and Oyster3
Previous studies regarding self-assistance against disasters among individuals with severe disabilities are limited. A US randomized controlled trial targeting adults living independently in the community revealed the positive effect of a peer-mentored program on disaster preparedness. Reference Eisenman, Bazzano and Koniak-Griffin4 Another US study exploring the factors associated with disaster preparedness among individuals with disability found a significant association between community advantage and individual self-efficacy. Reference Adams, Eisenman and Glik5 A Japanese qualitative study targeting individuals with SCI after the Great East Japan Earthquake illustrated that seemingly ordinary activities such as peer communication could promote disaster preparedness in addition to basic measures like personal networks. Reference Takahashi and Kitamura6 To add evidence to the foundation that these studies provide, it is necessary to quantitatively examine what contributes to self-preparedness against disasters for people with severe disabilities.
This study aimed to explore the factors associated with self-assistance behaviors against disasters among individuals with SCI.
Methods
Participants
The participants were individuals with SCI who belonged to self-help groups in Japan. The author asked an umbrella organization of SCI self-help groups in Japan (ZenkokuKeisonren) for cooperation on data collection for this study. This organization consisted of 13 prefectural organizations (Fukushima, Tochigi, Tokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Aichi, Gifu, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Tottori, Ehime, and Kagawa), and each organization had a mailing list. The inclusion criteria for this study were: being 20 years old and older, belonging to an SCI self-help group under ZenkokuKeisonren, and being registered on the mailing lists.
Data collection
An e-mail with a link to our questionnaire was sent to 300 members who were registered on the mailing lists in December 2015. Subsequently, the responses were collected until the end of February 2016. A reminder e-mail was sent 1 month later.
Measurements
The outcome variables were 6 self-assistance behaviors related to disasters. According to the US National Organization on Disability, Reference Morris and Jones2 the following 4 self-assistance behaviors should be included in an emergency plan for individuals with disabilities: (1) personal network (they have 2 or 3 people who will take care of them during an emergency, and each knows the contact information); (2) escape (they identify multiple routes to a safe place inside and outside their building, and they practice the escape plans with their personal network); (3) information (they identify the devices to keep obtaining information about the emergency and know where the information is); and (4) essential items (items for their specific needs besides the basic items). Besides these 4, we added 2 other kinds of behaviors: (5) list registration (they voluntarily register on a list of people requiring assistance during a disaster), and (6) disaster drill participation (they have participated in a disaster drill). Participants were asked about these 6 behaviors using ‘yes/no’ questions.
Sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, and living status), disability conditions (injury level, main transportation, urination, and defecation), and social activities (frequency of going outdoors, neighborhood association, community activities, and peer communication) were also measured. Specifically, participants were asked whether they belonged to a neighborhood association; they answered ‘yes’ or ‘no.’ They were also asked to choose from 5 responses regarding their impression of community activities: (1) I think there are many community activities, (2) I think community activities are performed to some extent, (3) I think there is almost no activity, (4) I do not think there are community activities, and (5) I do not know. Answers 1 and 2 indicate that community activities are performed, whereas answers 3 and 4 indicate that they are not performed. Therefore, answers 1, 2, 3, and 4 are treated as binary variables. Finally, regarding peer communication, the participants were asked to answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’ to the question, ‘Have you talked about disaster experiences with people with similar disabilities?’
Data analysis
First, binary analyses (chi-square tests, Fisher’s exact tests, and Student’s t-tests) were conducted between 6 self-assistance behaviors and all variables. Second, a logistic regression analysis was conducted to find out which variables significantly predict list registration, after adjusting for age and sex. SPSS version 27.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA) was used for all analyses.
Results
Among the 300 targeted members, 70 (23.3%) agreed to participate in this study and met the criteria. The participants’ characteristics and the results of the binary analyses are shown in Table 1. The most frequent self-assistance behavior against disaster was information (62.9%), and the least frequent was escape (10.0%). Neighborhood associations and peer communication were significantly associated with list registration. However, other outcome variables were not significantly associated with any of the factors.
Table 1. Binary analyses between the participants’ characteristics and 6 self-assistance behaviors against disaster
* Cohen’s d for personal network, escape, information, essential items, list registration, and disaster drill were −0.34, −0.29, −0.34, −0.05, −0.19, and 0.10.
† wheelchair.
Table 2 shows the results of the logistic regression analysis predicting list registration. After adjusting for age and sex, neighborhood association (AOR:2.97, 95% CI:1.05 – 8.40, P = 0.04), and peer communication (AOR:2.79, 95% CI:1.00 – 7.74, P = 0.05) remained significant.
Table 2. Logistic regression analysis predicting the list registration
Limitations
This study has some limitations. First, the participants were limited to those with SCI who belonged to a self-help group, and it is difficult to generalize the results obtained for all individuals with SCI or other disabilities. Second, this was a cross-sectional study, and no causal relationship could be concluded.
Discussion
This study explored factors associated with self-assistance behaviors against disasters among individuals with SCI. Belonging to neighborhood associations and having an experience of peer communication were significantly associated with registration on a list of people requiring assistance during a disaster.
The importance of communities in disaster preparedness has attracted attention in recent years. Reference Gil-Rivas and Kilmer7,Reference Kruger, Hinton and Sinclair8 For example, Adams et al. explored the community and individual characteristics in relation to disaster preparedness among individuals with disabilities. Reference Adams, Eisenman and Glik5 They found that living in a community with advantageous housing and social environment played an important role in promoting disaster preparedness. Research shows that the quality of a community affects the daily lives of individuals with disabilities. However, the impact maybe more pronounced during a disaster. Belonging to a neighborhood association would help people with severe disabilities build a visible network with their neighbors, increasing their chances of being informed and cared for during a disaster. Thus, registration on a list of people requiring assistance during a disaster would be promoted by encouraging individuals with SCI to belong to their neighborhood association.
Peer support has the power to improve the lives of individuals with SCI. Reference Skeels, Pernigotti and Houlihan9,Reference Rocchi, Shi and Shaw10 The results of this study suggest that peer support is also effective at promoting self-assistance behaviors against disaster for individuals with SCI. Experiences and advice from people with the same disabilities not only arouse appropriate fear of a disaster but also encourage more practical and concrete disaster-preparedness actions. Thus, in addition to the usual efforts to promote self-assistance behaviors against disasters for individuals with SCI, it may also be effective to increase opportunities for communication with peers among individuals with SCI.
Conclusion
Belonging to a neighborhood association and having communication with peers could help individuals with SCI register on lists for individuals requiring assistance in case of a disaster. To promote self-assistance behaviors against disasters, access to neighborhood associations and opportunities for peer communication should be increased.
Acknowledgements
I am deeply thankful to the late Toshiaki Kikuchi, a core member of ZenkokuKeisonren, for his heartfelt cooperation. He persuaded the participants who kindly cooperated in this study.
Funding statement
This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid (Grant number: 26870861) and Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under Grant Number 22dk0310120h0201.
Conflicts of interest
None declared.
Ethical standards
The study design and data-collection procedures were approved by the ethical committee of the University of Tokyo (approval number: 15-62) and were conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. The study objective was explained to all participants through e-mail, and their responses indicated consent to participate. The data was collected anonymously.
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