Abbreviations
- A&E
Accident and emergency
- ADR
Adverse drug reactions
- AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- AMCHAM
American Malaysian Chamber of Commerce
- APEC
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
- APPL
Approved products purchase list
- ARAC
ASEAN Risk Assessment Centre for Food Safety
- ARV
Antiretroviral
- ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
- ASIS
Asset and services information system
- ASMA
Alam Sekitar Malaysian Sdn Bhd
- BAKAS
Bekalan Air dan Kebersihan Alam Sekeliling
- BCG
Bacille Calmette-Guerin
- BSE
Breast self-examination
- CAT
Cultural adaptation template
- CDC
Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention
- CDCR
Control of Drugs and Cosmetics Regulations
- CDs
Communicable diseases
- CFS
Certificate of free sale
- CGPs
Clinical practice guidelines
- CHE
Catastrophic health expenditure
- CLD
Causal loop diagram
- CMIS
Computerised central management information system
- CORFIS
Community-based cardiovascular risk factor intervention strategies
- CPGs
Clinical practice guidelines
- CPP
Certificate of pharmaceutical product
- CRC
Clinical Research Centre
- CT
Computed tomography
- CWMS
Clinical Waste Management System
- DAA
Direct-acting antivirals
- DALY
Disability-adjusted life year
- DCA
Drug Control Authority
- DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DEC
Diethylcarbamazine
- DG
Director General
- DNDi
Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
- DOC
Department of Chemistry
- DOE
Department of Environment
- DoS
Department of Statistics
- DOSH
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
- DPT
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus
- DRG
Diagnosis-related group
- DRGD
Drug registration guidance document
- DUNas
Dasar Ubat Nasional
- EHS
Environmental health services
- EIA
Environmental impact assessment
- EPF
Employees’ Provident Fund
- EPU
Economic Planning Unit
- EQA
Environmental Quality Act 1974
- ESRD
End-stage renal disease
- EU
European Union
- FCTC
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
- FDA
Food and Drug Administration
- FFPAM
Federation of Private Medical Practitioners Associations
- FHDD
Family Health Development Division
- FMS
Family medicine/Family medicine specialist(s)
- FOMEMA
Foreign Workers’ Medical Examination
- FPAs
Family planning associations
- FRHAM
Federation of Reproductive Health Associations, Malaysia
- FSWs
Female sex workers
- G6PD
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GDP
Gross domestic product
- GLCs
Government-linked companies
- GMP
Good manufacturing practice
- GMS
Government Medical Store
- GNP
Gross national product
- GP
General practitioner(s)
- GU
Government Use Licence
- HCV
Hepatitis C virus
- HEs
Health experts
- HFMD
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
- HIA
Health impact assessment(s)
- HIC
Health Informatics Centre
- HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
- HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome
- HMIS
Health and management information system
- HMO
Health Maintenance Organisation
- HO
House officers
- HPRA
Health Policy Research Associates
- HPV
Human papillomavirus
- HR
Human resources
- HRH
Human resources for health
- HRWG
Harm Reduction Working Group
- HSC
Health sub-centre
- HSFS
Health services financing study
- HSIP
Hospital-specific implementation plan
- HSR
Health systems research
- HTA
Health technology assessment
- IAQ
Indoor air quality
- ICD
International Classification of Diseases
- ICT
Information and communication technology
- IDs
Influence diagrams
- IDUs
Injecting drug users
- IHP
Institute for Health Policy
- IHSR
Institute for Health Systems Research
- ILO
International Labour Organization
- IMR
Institute for Medical Research
- IPH
Institute for Public Health
- IPR
Intellectual property rights
- ISO
International Organisation of Standardisation
- IT
Information technology
- IWK
Indah Water Konsortium
- JICA
Japan International Cooperation Agency
- JSC
Japan Sanitation Consortium
- LB
Live births
- LEHAPs
Local Environmental Health Action Plans
- LMICs
Low- and middle-income countries
- MAB
Medicine Advertisements Board
- MAC
Malaysian AIDS Council
- MAD
Mutual acceptance of data
- MADRAC
Malaysian Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee
- MaLRA
Malaysian Leprosy Relief Association
- MAP
Master Agreed Procedures
- MAPTB
Malaysian Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis
- MBS
Modified budgeting system
- MCDA
Multi-criteria decision analysis
- MCH
Main health centre/maternal and child health/maternal and child healthcare
- MCOs
Managed care organisations
- MCQ
Midwife clinic quarters
- MDG
Millennium Development Goals
- MDT
Multiple drug therapy
- MHC
Main health centre
- MHLG
Ministry of Housing and Local Government
- MHSR
Malaysia Health Systems Research
- MHTC
Malaysia Healthcare Travel Council
- MIMS
Monthly Index of Medical Specialities
- MLT
Medical laboratory technologist
- MMC
Malaysian Medical Council
- MMR
Measles, mumps, rubella (Chapter 6)/Mass miniature radiography (Chapter 6)/Maternal mortality ratio (Chapter 8)
- MMT
Methadone maintenance treatment
- MNHA
Malaysia National Health Accounts
- MO
Medical officer
- MoE
Ministry of Education
- MoF
Ministry of Finance
- MOH/MoH
Ministry of Health
- MOHA
Ministry of Home Affairs
- MOHMF
Ministry of Health Medicines Formulary
- MPF
Malayan Pharmaceutical Factory
- MPP
Medicines patent pool
- MPR
Median price compared to international reference price
- MPS
Master agreed procedures
- MQA
Malaysian Qualifications Authority
- MSF
Médecins Sans Frontières
- MSM
Men who have sex with men
- MSQH
Malaysian Society for Quality in Health
- MTAAG+
Positive Malaysia Treatment Access and Advocacy Group
- MVP
Medicines, vaccines, and pharmaceuticals
- MyCC
Malaysia Competition Commission
- MyHDW
Malaysian health data warehouse
- MyIPO
Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia
- MYR
Malaysian ringgit
- MYSA
Malaysian Space Agency
- NCD
Non-communicable disease
- NDWQSP
National Drinking Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme
- NEHAP
National Environmental Health Action Plan
- NGO
Non-governmental organisation
- NHA
National health accounts
- NHMS
National Health and Morbidity Survey(s)
- NHMS III
Third National Health and Morbidity Survey 2006
- NIH
National Institutes of Health
- NKF
National Kidney Foundation
- NMCS
National Medical Care Surveys
- NMP
National Medicine Policy
- NPC
National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau
- NPCL
National Pharmaceutical Control Laboratory
- NPRA
National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency
- NSEP
Needle and syringe exchange programme
- NSP
National Strategic Plan
- OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- OOP
Out of pocket
- OOPPs
Out-of-pocket payments
- OPDs
Outpatient departments
- OTC
Over-the-counter
- PAM
Penicillin with 2 per cent aluminium monostearate
- PAP
Papanicolaou
- PEPAS
Promotion of Environmental Planning and Applied Studies
- PET
Positron emission tomography
- PHC
Primary healthcare
- PhRMA
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America
- PIC/S
Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme
- PIN
Personal identification number
- PMD
Prime Minister’s Department
- PMTCT
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission
- PROSTAR
Program Sihat Tanpa AIDS untuk Remaja
- PSD
Public Services Division
- PSOs
Private sector operators
- PVHI
Private voluntary health insurance
- PWD
Public Works Department
- QAP
Quality assurance programme
- QMP
Quality management system
- QUALICOPC
Quality and Costs of Primary Care
- REAP
Reviewed approach
- REAP-WISE Reviewed approach:
wellness, illness, support services, emergency information
- RESP
Rural environmental sanitation programme
- RHS
Rural health service
- RM
Malaysian ringgit
- RRT
Renal replacement therapy
- SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- SDG
Sustainable Development Goal
- SEHAPs
State environmental health action plans
- SIR
Susceptible infected recovered
- SITC
Standard International Trade Classification
- SOCSO
Social Security Organisation
- SPAN
National Water Services Commission
- SPUB
Sistem Pendispensan Ubat Bersepadu
- SSD
Sewerage Services Department
- STC
Secondary and tertiary care
- STs
Systems thinkers
- SWD
Solid Waste Department
- T&CM
Traditional and complementary medicine
- TAPS
Treatment and adherence support programme
- TB
Tuberculosis
- TBA
Traditional birth attendants
- TBIS
Tuberculosis information system
- TCM
Traditional and complementary medicine/traditional Chinese medicine
- TEH
Total expenditures on health
- TG
Transgender people
- TGA
Therapeutic Goods Administration
- THE
Total health expenditure
- TMs
traditional medicines
- TPAs
Third-party administrators
- TPC
Teleprimary Care
- TRIPS
Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights
- TRPI
Technical requirements and performance indicators
- TWGs
Thematic working groups
- UHC
Universal health coverage
- UK
United Kingdom
- UN
United Nations
- UNCT
UN Country Team
- UNDP
United Nations Development Programme
- UNFPA
United Nations Population Fund
- UNICEF
UN Children’s Fund
- US
United States
- USA
United States of America
- WHO
World Health Organization
- WIPO
World Intellectual Property Organization
- WISE
Wellness, illness, support, emergency and information
- WTO
World Trade Organization
- YLD
Years of life lost due to disability
- YLL
Years of life lost
Open access