Index

Nandini Chatterjee

doi:10.1017/9781108623391.013

Index

Note: Locators in italics denote figures. Locators followed by a ‘t’ and a number refer to a footnote, e.g. 51n135 refers to footnote 135 on page 51.

Afghanistan genizah, 132, 165, 177n19–

Afghans

language use in documents, 15, 15n61–

in Malwa, 54, 55, 60–61, 66–68

Purshottam Das family property deals with, 203, 263t–

Ahmed, Shahab, 5

Ahu village

documents pertaining to Purshottam Das claims on, 240t–254t–258t–259t–

Purshottam Das family claims to, 83, 93, 110–111, 152–153

Ā’īn-i Akbarī, 54, 77, 78–79, 117, 118–119

Akbar (3rd Mughal emperor), 51n24–65, 174

administrative arrangements, 118–119, 148, 174

grants to Purshottam Das family, 240t–

military campaigns, 54, 56, 67see also Todar Mal

akhbarats (newsletters), 193, 207–208, 210, 264t–

Alam, Muzaffar, 234

Alauddin Khalji (Delhi Sultan), 52, 56

ʿamalguzār (ʿāmīl, tax official), 121, 122–124, 199–201, 262t–

Amar Singh Chandrawat, Rao, 90–91, 92–122, 252t–

Ambika (Hindu and Jain deity) statue, 44, 45–46n4

Amini report, 129

Amir Khusrau (poet), 52, 168, 212n2–219

Amjhera (principality), 64–65

grant to Purshottam Das family, 93–95, 96–108, 252t–259t–

Anandi Dhangar, 156–157

Anwar Beg, 158, 203, 263t–

Arabic cosmopolitanism, 12–14

arbitration, 7–8, 157–158, 161, 180–182, 243t–262t–

personalised (kadijustiz), 8

Archeological Survey of India, 45–46n4

ʿarzdāshtssee petitions

Asad, Khan, 111, 218, 256t–259t–

Asirgarh, 1, 55–56

Aurangzeb Alamgir

appoints and dismisses officials, 173–174, 176

clears the way to the throne, 56–58, 81, 88, 93

commissions works of jurisprudence, 124, 126–127, 163

death, 160

farmān confirming Purshottam Das lands, 262t–

imprisons Mohan Das, 215–216

and Islam, 114, 187

leadership style, 63, 91n71–91, 121

taxation, 120, 136

authenticity

Persian language and, 94, 151, 168–169

questioning documents’, 229–230

role of qāz̤ī, 175–178, 176n17–

Ayn al-Mulk Mahru, 52, 56

Azam, Sayyid, 158, 203, 263t–

Badauni, Abdul, 51n24–

Bādshāh Humayun, 214

Bahadur Shah (prince Muʿazzam, later Mughal emperor), 152, 160, 186

Baillie, Neil, 114

Baiza Bai, 207–208

Baji Rao I, 63, 196

Balaji Vishwanath (Peshwa), 195

Baldwin, James, 173n6–

Bamiyan, Afghanistan, documentssee Afghanistan genizah

banjāras, 58–59, 149–152

Bardman, 160–162

Baz Bahadur (Bayazid, Sultan of Malwa), 54n36–

Benton, Lauren, 5, 141

Bharat Itihasa Samsodhak Mandal, Pune, 198

Bharmal Rajput, 85–87, 248t–

Bhatia, B.L. 234

Bhatia, M.P. 10n36–

Bhils (hill-based warrior groups), 66, 87–88, 105, 206, 257t, –262–3t

Bhoja, Raja, 44, 46, 51

Bhojaśāla complex, 44–45, –45–46n4

Bijapur kingdom, 108n122–191n2–

Bir Singh Bundela, 61–62, 84n47–

Bira (highway man), 83–88, 248t–

Bishara, Fahad, 142, 144–145, 176

bitikchī (accountants), 123–124, 125

boundaries, village disputes over, 158, 180–182, 243t–260t–

British rule

administration, 64, 68–69, 78, 196–197, 204–210

documents and manuals, 16, 26, 124–130, 193–194, 216–218

extracting taxes, 73–76, 113–114, 129, 134–135

impact on law, 73–75n15–76n18–181

Budh Singh, 63

Bulaqi Chand, 100, 245t–246t–

Cairo genizah documents, 132, 154, 177n19–

camel theft, 99, 247t–

Candāyan, 53

castesee Kāyasth caste

Central Indian Agency, 68, 209

petition to, 216–218

chaknāma (land measurement) documents, 230, 262t–

‘chancellery’, Mughal, 13, 33–34, 155–156, 170see also Kacchwaha Rajput documents

Chandar Bhan

confirms entitlements, 110–111, 253t–265t–

genealogy, 31, 32, –227–228

grants received, 240t–244t–249t–

heirs, 102, 103–104, 242t–

loan from banjāra, 149–150, 156, 247t–

secures release of his brother, 215–216see also Muhammad Asad

Chander Shekhar (scholar of Persian), 28, 227

Chandrawat, Amar Singh, 90–91, 92–122, 243t–252t–

charity and charitable grants, 72, 106–110, 107n120–108n122, –179–180

chaudhrīs

combining various roles, 21–22, 22n82–83, 116–117, 130–131

issue of nomenclature, 124–126

position of, 121–122, 127–128, 147–148

and qānūngōs, 128–129, 149

succession, 102–104, 111–112, 182–184

Choudhary, Abha, 30, 222

Choudhary, Amit (Purshottam Das descendant), ix, 179, 198, 221, 236–238

commercial routes, 54–56, 57–

copies and copying, 1–2, 72, 110n131–112, 167–169

in Purshottam Das collection, 80

cosmopolis, Persianate, 14

credit, 149–158, 163, 247t–252t–

curses, 108, 147–149, 258t–

Dada Khasgīwāla (Sindhia courtier at Gwalior), 208

DAI (Dar al-Athar al-Islamiyya), Kuwait, Purshottam Das collection in, 2, 27, 29n97–33, 80, 228, 232

dā’ira, concept of, 48, 49, –116–117, 132–133, 235

Dara Shukoh (Shah Buland Iqbal), 58, 88n61, –90–93, 122, 174, 232

dastūr

definition, 38

haq-dastūr, 251t–

dastūr al-ʿamal (manuals), 115, 124–130, 138–139, 236

dates and dating of document collection, 230–234, 233–

Daulat, Khan, 160–161, 259t–

Davis, Donald, 40

debt, 149–158, 163, 247t–252t–

deedssee legal deeds

Deshpande, P. 199n29–207

Dewda, Kanha, 215

Dhar

British rule, 16, 196–197, 204–207, 210, 217

capital of Malwa, 52

document collection at, 27–28, 29–30

fort at, 55–56, 195–196

military strength, 77

revenue from, 100–101, 133

rulers, 46–47, 51see also Maratha Empire; Puwar dynasty

Dhar Historical Series, 199

Dholā-Māru (folk epic), 64

Dianat Khan, 88, 89, 90n66–102, 103n107–

dictionaries, 127–128, 134, 219

Dilawar, Khan, 52

diwān

office of, 120–121, 127, 190see also Gunraj, Thakur

documents

acquired Persian series in NAI, 226

in current study, 226–235, 233–

typology of Purshottam Das family collection, 166t–see also copies and copying; forgeries

‘double notarization’, 177

Eaton, Richard, 14, 171, 191n2–

English East India Company, 204

documents ceded to/acquired by, 135–136, 229

extracting revenue, 73–77, 124–130

opium trade, 54

English language

in documents, 16, 80, 206

legal terms and Islamic law, 9–10, 35–36, 73–75, 74n10–

Purshottam Das family petition, 209–210, 216–218, 222–223

Purshottam Das family tree, 218–219, 220–

Ernst, Carl, 191n2–

family and state, 23–26

family trees, 180, 193, 218–219, 220–221–

fārigh-khaṭṭī (record of clearing of obligations), 93, 150, 155–158, 156n39–166t–203

farmāns (imperial orders)

appointing officials, 68, 176

basis of grants, 255t–260t–261t–262t–

and charitable grants, 109n128–

definition and meaning of, 33–35, 71–72, 236

in P. Das collection, 37, 79, 110–112, 166t–

Farooqi, Amar, 208

Faruqui, Munis, 88n61–88, 89n62–90n66–121

fatwá, 6–7, 172–173

Fatāwá-yi ʿAlamgīrī (compilation of Islamic jurisprudence), 12, 113–117, 163–164, 189

Fath, Abul (qāz̤ī), 183, 251t–

Fazl, Abul, 54n36–61, 77, 117–118

fiqh, 6, 113–114, 143, 163

fitna, 23, 24, 65

forgeries, 80–81, 83n43, –229–230, 256t–

formularies (munshāts), 17–18, 42, 115, 145, 162–164

Gambhir Chand, 100–101, 185–186, 188, 260t–

grants and gifts, 147–149, 258t–

loans, 151–152, 259t–

Ganesh Sahu, 151n29, –151–152, 259t–

Ghausi, Maulana, 85

Ghiyas al-din Khalji, Sultan, 53–54

gifts and gift-giving

by women, 146, 147–149

documentation regarding (hiba-nāma), 35–36, 162, 166t–

from princes, 88–93, 100, 253t–255t–261t–262t–

of houses, 100, 258t–see also pīshkash

Ginzburg, C. 225

girāsiyas, 66, 87–88, 90, 105, 206, 242t–257t–

Gommans, Jos, 192

Gordon, Stewart, 195, 196n17–197, 201

Grant, James (British collector/record-keeper), 126–127

Green, Nile, 15, 230

Greville, Charles Frances, 135

Grierson, George, 213

Guha, Sumit, 66, 74n10–132

Gunraj, Thakur, 32–185, 214, 218–219, 220–

Gupta, Akhil, 21

Habib, Irfan, 15n62–29, 32n100–76, 109n127–121

Hamir Chand

complaint against Muhammad Asad, 185–188, 260t–265t–

confirms landholdings, 255t–260t–261t–262t–

genealogy, 31, 32–70, 185

inheritance disputes, 106, 111–112, 257t–

land and villages acquired, 254t–255t–261t–

taxes and loans, 152, 153–157, 259t–261t–262t–

as witness, 200–201, 262–3t

Hamir Chand (son of Pratap Chand II), 221–222

Hari Ram (qānūngō of Amjhera), 95, 138–139, 248t–249t–251t–252t–

Hasan, F. 2, 171, 175, 229, 234

Hasan, N. 76

Hindi documents

dictionaries and literature, 53–54, 127–128, 134, 219

multilingual, 166–167

and Nagri script, 193, 202–203

in P. Das family collection, 16–17, 19, 25, 27, 80, 223

and Persian, 35, 93–95, 131–132, 134, 169–170

and Urdu, 208–209

Hindu law, 38–40, 76n18–106, 184, 188see also dastūr

Hira (missing son of Kalyan), 158–160n53–261t–

‘history from below’, 22–23n84

Hodgson, M. 5

Holkar dynasty, 30, 68–69, 204, 205–206

Hoshang Shah, 52, 59–60, 80

Humayun (2nd Mughal emperor), 56, 60–61

Ibn Batuta, 52, 56

Iltutmish, Sultan, 51n24–52, 55

Ilyas, Sheikh (qāz̤ī), 84, 151, 247t–248t–

ʿinām, definition, 1n3–70

inheritance and succession, 102–106, 182–188, 227–228see also Muhammad Asad

iqrār (legal declaration) documents, 166t–

definition, 16, 134

examples, 153–155, 158–162, 203–204, 240t–263t–see also fārigh-khaṭṭī

Islam, Khan, 111

Islamic law

defining, 5–8

in Mughal India, 8–19, 38–40, 76n18, –171–172

Islamicate law, 5–6

Jadunnath Sarkar collection, 98

Jagannath (creditor), 156–158, 262t–

jāgīr/jāgīrdārs

relations with zāmīndārs, 20–21, 95–101, 114–115

role, 119–122, 182

under Maratha rule, 199–201

Jagrup Rathor, 65

Jahangir, Emperor (prince Salim, 4th Mughal emperor), 1–2, 84n47–85, 86n52–240t–

Jahangir (previously Orccha), 61–62, 84n47–

Jaina religion, 44, 51, 53n33–

Jalal Hisari (historian), 62

Jamal al-Din Hussain, 84n48–85n49–

Jasrup, Rao, 158–162, 260–1t

Jaswant Singh, Rao, 56–58, 65, 197, 261t–

Jayaji Sindhia, 207, 264t–

Jayanti Das

acquires land and villages, 240t–

avenges his brother’s murder, 215, 237

genealogy, 31, 32–70, 185

grants received and founding a family, 70–73, 79–81, 83, 111, 116–117, 213

Jews

documents in various genizahs, 132, 154, 177n19–

and Islamic law, 12, 165, 177

Jujhar Singh, 62, 94, 96–108, 169

jurisdiction, meaning, 7–8, 47–48, 95, 173n6–173, 180–182see also dai’ra

Kacchwaha Rajput documents, 94, 107–108, 167

kadijustiz, 8see also arbitration

Kale Afghan, 151–152, 259t–

Kalyan, searching for a missing son, 158–160n53–261t–

Kamal Maula mosque, 44, 45, –45–46n4

Kanwal Das, 32–106, 133, 183, 247–8t

karkūn (accountants), 123–124

katār symbol, 86, 169

kātibs (scribes), 143, 144, 173, 176n17–211see also munshīs

Kāyasth caste, Purshottam Das family self-identification, 43, 125, 211–213, 215, 223

Keshav Das (Raja of Jhabua), 85, 86n52–

Keshavdas (court poet), 62

Khan, G. 176n17–177n19–

Khandha, Nayak (banjāra creditor), 149–150

Khurram, Prince (later 5th Mughal emperor Shah Jahan), 1–2, 62, 65, 81, 82, 83, 98

Kishan Das, 107–108, 212, 249t–

Latha Masjid see Bhojaśāla complex

law(s)

meaning of, 4, 38–40, 235–236

and memory, 31–32

legal deeds

definition, 35–37

in everyday life, 158–167, 166t–

in Mughal Malwa, 141–147see also credit

Lele, K. K. 45–46n4

lineage and state, 23–26

loans, 149–158, 163, 247t–252t–

lootingsee thieving and looting

madrasas, 172, 178–179

Mahakal/Mahakaleshwara temple, 52, 55, 107n120–

maḥz̤ar-nāma (testimonial document), 36–37, 166t–

about boundary dispute, 243t–

about disputed claims, 183–188, 251t–260t–261t–

about financial transactions, 260–1t

about razing of a village, 262–3t

by Narsingh Das, 105–106, 257t–

by Purshottam Das, 84–87, 248t–

under Marathas, 193, 199–201, 262t–

Maina Bai (widow regent, Gwalior), 205–206

Malcolm, John, 58, 66, 69, 79, 196–199, 204–206, 217

māliksee zamīndārs

Maloji Bhonsle, 230

Malwa Sultanate, 49–58, 57–see also Rajputs, political and military machinations

Mandu, 29, 44–45, 52–54, 55, 60–61, 77, 117

mango trees

disputes over, 158, 203, 263t–

grants of, 93, 94, 111, 254t–255t–256t–266t–

mansabdār (office-holder, nobleman)

in Mughal Empire, 61, 97, 174

role of, 20, 77–78, 115–120

Maratha Empire, 67–69, 160, 192–195

documents, 17–18, 27–28, 196–204

Mathura temples, documents regarding, 36–37, 94, 167

Messick, Brinkley, 142, 235

methodology in current research, 28–33, 43, 226–235, 233–

micro-history, 3n8–4, 21, 43, 224–226, 236–238

military entrepreneurs, 41, 55, 66–68, 87–88, 213

military labour

administration and taxation, 117–120, 196–197

and upward mobility, 41, 71–72, 83–88, 116

and zamīndārs, 74–75, 77–78, 97, 192

military routes, 56–58

Mir Ibrahim, 102, 243t–

Mirza Sultan Nawab, 84n45–85, 110, 240t–

Mohan Das

acquires land and villages, 110–111, 240t–

appointed qānūngō, 1–2

genealogy, 31, 32–70, 185

heirs, 103–104, 105–106

rise and fall, 81–88, 97, 125, 213, 215–216, 248t–

takes loans, 149–150, 247t–

Motichand (Thakur), 208–209, 219, 264t–

muftī, 6–8, 172–175, 189

Mughal empire

archives, 226, 229–230

‘chancellery’, 33–34

decline, 191–192

and non-Muslim population, 5, 8–12, 19–23, 38–40

tax collection, 199–201

Muhammad Asad (son of Suraj Bhan), 185–188, 260t–265t–

Muhammad Hussain, 107–108, 109–110, 160, 212, 249t–251t–259t–

Muhammad Mustafa (qāz̤ī of Dhar)

documents dispute resolutions, 184, 185, 187, 251t–260t–

endorses copied documents, 1, 81, 105, 111, 116–117, 240t–

hears complaints, 158–162, 259t–261t–

notarises financial transactions, 152–153, 260–1t

Muhammad Reza Khan, 182

Mulla Dā’ud, 53

munshāts/siyāqnāmas (formularies), 17–18, 42, 115, 145, 162–164

munshīs, 16, 139–140, 163–164, 211–213, 235

Murad Baksh

confirmation of his orders, 93, 254t–255t–262t–

nishāns issued, 81, 88–90, 180, 241t–242t–

transfer of districts, 90–91, 243t–

Murhamat Khan, Nawab, 159–160, 186n41–254t–

Nagri-script, 16–17, 90–95, 92–96–169, 193, 199–204

NAIsee National Archives of India

Najabat, Khan, 104n109–105, 107n120–139, 183, 250t–251t–

Narsingh Das, 105–106

acquires land and villages, 258t–259t–261t–

genealogy, 31, 32–

grants and gifts, 147, 218, 251t–255t–257t–

inheritance disputes, 105–106

taxes and loans, 151–152, 258t–259t–see also Muhammad Asad

Nathmal

acquires land, 94, 107–108, 248t–252t–253t–

community leader, 95, 97, 252t–

National Archives of India (NAI)

Mughal documents in, 226, 229

Purshottam Das family documents in, 2, 27–28, 29, 80, 228, 231

Nawazish, Khan (Mughal noble in Malwa)

deals with Purshottam Das family disputes, 104, 246–7t

deals with tax matters, 133, 136–138, 244t–250t–

grant to Jagrup Rathor, 65

grants tax exemption, 150–151

orders to Purshottam Das, 244t–245t–247t–

patron of Purshottam Das family, 97–101, 246t–

responds to petitions, 244t–245t–249t–250t–

newsletters (akhbarats), 193, 207–208, 210, 264t–

Nihal Chand (son of Hamir Chand), 259t–

complaint against Muhammad Asad, 260t–265t–

confirms landholdings, 111–112, 255t–260t–261t–262t–

taxes and loans, 152, 156–157, 259t–

Nihal Chand (Thakur), 204, 221–222–

Niʿmat Nāma, 53

nishāns

confirming grants from Prince Murad Baksh, 93, 110–112

from Prince Murad Baksh, 88, 254t–255t–262t–

grants from Prince Khurram, 1–2, 81–83

in P. Das collection, 37, 79–80, 166t–

transfer of districts from Prince Murad Baksh, 90–91

understanding the meaning of, 33–35, 71–72, 79, 236

Nizam al-Din Auliya, 56

opium, 54

Orccha (renamed Jahangirpur), 61–62, 84n47–

Ottoman Empire, seeking justice in, 6–8, 173, 182

Paramara (Parmar) dynasty, 46–47, 51

Paras Ram

as arbitrator, 158, 180–181

entitlements received, 95

provides surety, 138, 248t–249t–

receives orders, 243–4t, 247t–

relations with Purshottam Das, 31, 86–87, 89, 133

sends petitions, 98–99, 101, 136, 241t–242t–246t–250t–

takes loans, 252t–

Paras Ram (son of Bharmal), 86–87, 248t–

parvānas

definition, 33–35, 79

language use in, 93–95, 96–169, 208–209, 218

in P. Das family collection, 37, 79–81, 166t–

patronage, 53–54, 59, 61–62, 106–110, 107n120–108n122–

paṭṭas, 134, 147–149, 156–157

Persian cosmopolis, 14

Persian language

and authority of documents, 151

dictionaries, 127–128, 219

in documents from British era, 126–127, 128–130, 206–207

documents in Mughal era, 166, 167, 196, 231–232

documents in National Archives of India, 2, 226

documents in P. Das collection, 27, 80–81, 224

in Hindi documents, 35, 93–95, 131–132, 134, 169–170

and Islamic law, 14–18, 113–115, 155–156

legal documents from Maratha period, 193, 203–204, 229–230

pre-Mughal era, 164

in Rajput literature, 51n24–

in single and multi-language documents, 133–134

Peshwa-era, 195–199, 204–205, 217

petitions (arzdashts) 7, 35, 138, 166t–173

about disputed claims, 104, 247–8t, 265t–

about grants and property, 246–7t

about revenues, 99, 101, 102, 241t–242t–244t–255t–

about village matters, 137

by Hamir Chand, 188

by Pratap Chand, 31, 209–210, 216–223, 220–221–

Pindārīs, 67, 68n97, –204–206

pīshkash (tribute)

excused, 102–103, 150–151, 242t–

payment of, 100, 115n7, –128–129, 243t–246t–

Pollock, Sheldon, 13

Pratap Chand I, 204, 264–5t, 263t–

Pratap Chand II, 216–220–221–263t–

precedence in Islamic law, 6, 9–10, 172

‘private papers’, 26–27, 28, 32

property

establishing rights, 37, 71–72

gifts and charitable grants, 108–109, 147–149

private, 73–75, 74n10, –182–183, 216–218

sale of, 203–204

state office as, 81–83

transfer, 106, 162–163

Puran (widow), 32, –147–149

Purshottam Das

acquires land, 255t–

acting as arbitrator, 158, 180–182

conflict over tax collection, 136–138

conflict with Suraj Bhan, 104–105, 106, 182–184

death, 105, 184

entitlements and grants, 93, 95, 96, –99–100, 110–111

genealogy, 31, 32–70, 185

inheritance and succession, 102–104, 111

mahz̤ar-nāma, 84, 86, 89, 243t–248t–251t–257t–

and Paras Ram, 31, 86–87, 89, 133

qanūngōī, 90, 94

stands surety, 138

takes and repays loans, 149, 156

tax collecting, 98–100, 101, 125–126, 131–133, 136–138, 255t–

typology of documents in collection, 166t–

Purshottam Das family

catalogue of archive, 239t–

document collection, 2, 27, 95, 96–166t–

genealogy, 31, 32–185, 218–219, 220–221–

self-identification, 43, 87, 211, 212–215, 223

studying documents from, 227–234, 233–

Puwar, Anand Rao, 196, 197, 199

Puwar dynasty

Hindi documents from, 193, 202–203, 263t–

takes control of Dhar, 29–31, 42, 68–69, 195–199, 205–206

Puwar, Karan Singh, 30

Puwar, Udaji, 195–197

Qamar al-Din Khan (‘Asaf Jah’), 111, 262t–

qānūngōs

and chaudrīs, 125–126, 128–129, 149

combining various roles, 21–22, 22n82–83, 116–117, 130–131

position of, 81–82, 121–122, 123–124, 129, 140, 213

succession, 102–106, 183

qaul qarār documents (tax contracts), 166t–

collective, 133, 241t–244t–

earliest (1626) document in collection, 131–132, 167, 240t–

format, 115n8, –135–136

language used in, 35, 146–147

in P. Das family collection, 100–101, 131–134

qāz̤ī (courts)

applying Islamic law, 6–7, 38–39

authority, 175–178

and muftī, 7–8

position of, 9–10, 152–153, 154–155, 171–175, 188–190, 236

training and career, 178–180, 184see also Fath, Abul; Muhammad Mustafa

Rajputs

Afghans and, 66–68

girāsiyas and, 66

Marathas and Bhils, 68, 87

official documentary language, 93–95

political and military machinations, 50–51, 59–64

Rāthoḍ clans, 64–65

violence, 158–162

Raṇbanka Rāthoḍ clans, 64–65

rangri (language), 16–17, 213–214, 232

revenue-civil courts, 75n16–

Richards, John, 128, 130

Roshanlal Saheb, Rai Bahadur Munshī, 218

Rupa (chaudhrī of Dhar), 158–162, 260–1t

Sadr Diwani Adalat (revenue civil courts), 75n16–

Sanskrit

in documents, 13–14, 17n71–18, 132–134

in inscriptions and non-legal texts, 51, 53–54, 62, 168

Sarasvatī (Hindu goddess), 44, 45–46n4

sardēśmukhī, 194–195

Sartori, Paolo, 5, 32n100–145n16–

Sarup Ram, about payment of taxes, 200–201, 262–3t

scribes (munshīskātibs)

authentication of documents, 176n17–

role of, 16–18, 132, 139–140, 143, 163–164, 173, 211–216

suspicions against, 144

seals

dating, authenticity and forgeries, 80–81, 89, 175–178

Hindi, 262t–263t–263t–

language and script on, 27, 93–95, 157–158, 202, 208–209

and self-conceptualisation, 43, 90–91, 92–

types of documents with, 34, 79–80, 123

Shadiabadsee Mandu

Shah Jahansee Khurram, Prince

shajāra (family tree), 180, 218–219, 221–

sharīʿa

attempts to align documents with, 113–114

in India, 10, 171–175

and jurisprudence, 6, 38–40

Sher Shah Sur (Afghan ruler), 54, 60

Shivaji (Maratha king), 191–192, 194–195n13–230

Shrivastava, Meenal (Purshottam Das descendant), 236–238

shurūṭs (Islamic legal formularies), 42, 143–145, 163–164, 173

Sindhia dynasty, 54, 68–69, 204–208, 217

Sinh, Raghubir, 66, 98, 198

Sitamau, documents at, 98, 198

Skinner, James (‘Sikander’), 58n55–

spiritual routes, 56–58, 57–

state and family, 23–26

successionsee inheritance and succession

Sundar Das, 105, 131, 254–5t

Sundar, Nayak (banjāra creditor), 150–151

Sur dynasty, 54, 60–61, 67

Suraj Bhan

begs for a house, 104–105, 254–5t

conversion to Islam, 185, 188, 260t–

dispute about his house, 103–104, 106, 139, 246–7t

dispute about his villages, 183–184, 251t–

Sutton, Deborah, 45–46n4

tamassuks (type of loan document), 150, 153–157, 162, 166t–200, 248t–261t–

Tamil documents, 18, 133–134

Tara Bai (widow regent), 207–208

tasadduq (charitable grants), 107, 109–110

tasḍīq (verification) documents, 110–111, 240t–

taxes

collection system, 20, 83, 120–124

defaulting, 136–139, 200–201

documents and contracts, 35, 130–136

jāgīrdārs and zamīndārs, 95–101

in Mughal Empire, 113–120, 139–140, 192

under Maratha rule, 194–201see also credit; pīshkash

textual habitus, 142, 235

Thakur Sahebsee Pratap Chand I

thākurs under British rule, 204–210

thieving and looting, 78, 84–85, 99, 101, 122–123, 201, 215–216

orders regarding, 241t–247t–

Tilok Chand, 32–106, 111, 133, 183, 247–8t, 257–8t, 259t–

Tod, James, 64, 65n85–

Todar Mal (Akbar’s revenue minister), 15n62–20, 135

Tonk kingdom, 67–68, 205

trade routes, 54–59, 57–

tributesee pīshkash

Urdu documents, 16, 193, 206–207, 208–209, 210

ʿurf (custom), 38, 139

Vikramjeet, 51n24–

village quarrels, 180–182

waqf/waqf-nāmas, 108–109

water rights and water tanks, 54, 107–108n122, –180–182, 241t–245t–

Wazir Khan, 95, 98, 138–139, 248t–249t–251t–252t–

Wink, A. 22–23, 24, 65, 87, 195

witnessing of documents

forgeries, 80–81

importance, 176, 176n17–

language and signs used, 86–87, 159–160, 161, 169, 199–204

witness clauses, 154–155

women

contracting transactions, 146

creditors, 156–157

in documents, 25–26

Puran’s gift, 147–149

Yasin, Khwaja, 127–128, 134, 219

zamīndārs

adjudicative authority, 180–182, 181n29–

combining various roles, 21–22, 22n82–83, 116–117, 130–131

describing the position of, 19–22, 73–79, 116, 129–130

entitlements, disputes and succession, 102–106, 182–188

female, 147–148n21–

issue of nomenclature, 70n2, –124–125

military responsibilities, 77–78, 83–88, 192, 242t–

relations with jāgīrdārs, 20–21, 95–101, 114–115

rights and obligations as described in documents, 72–73, 78–79, 130–136

under Maratha rule, 194–200, 216–218

Book contents

Index

Summary

Index

Book contents

Index

Summary

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