According to the World Health Organization (WHO), obesity has become a global health problem. Approximately 2 billion adults were overweight and over 650 million of these were classed obese in 2016(1). Ready access to energy-dense, highly palatable food contributes to an obesogenic environment(Reference Lake and Townshend2). The demand for food consumption is not just driven by a need for energy but also by the pleasure of eating the food itself(Reference Lowe and Butryn3). In order to control obesity, foods that increase satiation and satiety may be beneficial to reduce food intake(Reference Hetherington and Cunningham4). Noodles served in a spicy broth are the basis of many Asian dishes. Capsaicin, the major pungent substance in chilli peppers, and oat fibre have been shown to increase satiety(Reference Van Avesaat and Troost5, Reference Rebello, O'Neil and Greenway6). This study aimed to test the hypothesis that oat fibre and chilli may interact to affect satiety in humans.
The satiety study was a randomised crossover design with 12 untrained volunteers (ethical reference number University of Leeds MEEC 16–040). The fasted subjects consumed a noodle soup breakfast meal (125 g cooked noodle in 200 ml clear broth) with 3 different levels of fibre in the noddle (0, 10, 20 % w/w of oat fibre (BG28, Swedish Oat Fibre) in strong wheat flour) and 2 levels of chilli (0 and 1 % w/v) in the broth over 6 breakfast sessions. Satiety was measured immediately pre- and post- consumption of the noodle meal with a 7-category intensity scale (none to strongest imaginable), measuring five attributes (hunger, fullness, desire to eat more food, desire to eat the next meal and willingness to eat). Results were analysed using a linear mixed model repeated measures ANOVA and Cohen's d for effects size.
Table 1. Comparisons of the mean estimates for the difference after and before the meal between the control condition (no added fibre and no chilli) and different experimental conditions for hunger and fullness attributes
Hunger levels for all conditions decreased and fullness levels increased significantly after meal consumption. The addition of chilli to the 20 % fibre noodles had the most significant effect on hunger and fullness followed by 20 % fibre noodle without chilli. Chilli had no effect on hunger and fullness at 10 % fibre, but seem to reduce fullness at 0 % fibre. In conclusion, fibre and chilli appear to affect satiety synergistically at higher fibre levels. Future work will focus on determining the optimal level of fibre and capsaicin that can contribute to higher satiety effect and to investigate effects over longer post-meal periods.
The authors wish to thank Swedish Oat Fiber (Naturex), Sweden, for providing oat fibre and funding from the Ministry of Higher Education, Government of Malaysia.
