Introduction
Reproductive biotechnology studies focus on such topics as the collection of greater numbers of embryos, the long-term storage of embryos (cryopreservation), embryo culture, the genetic diagnosis of embryos and embryo transfer (Taşkın et al., Reference Taşkın, Coşkun and Kocabay2020). The development of embryos in vitro is affected by, among other factors, the composition of the culture medium (nutritional minerals, protein sources, etc.), atmospheric conditions (CO2 and O2 proportions), ambient temperature, the osmotic pressure of the culture medium, the volume of culture drops and embryo manipulation (Quinn and Harlow, Reference Quinn and Harlow1978). Embryos are exposed to severe oxidative stress under in vitro culture conditions, and the resulting reactive oxygen species can damage in vitro embryo development. The specific conditions of an embryo culture can affect the blastocyst quality and cell counts (Umaoka et al., Reference Umaoka, Noda, Narimoto and Mori1992; Smith, Reference Smith2001). Antioxidants act as free radical scavengers, protecting cells or reducing the damage caused by free radicals. The addition of antioxidants to the embryo culture medium has been shown to improve in vitro embryo development (Zarbakhsh, Reference Zarbakhsh2021). While some free radical scavenging antioxidants in follicular fluids can protect oocytes against oxidative stress under in vivo conditions (Wang et al., Reference Wang, Falcone, Attaran, Goldberg, Agarwal and Sharma2002), this antioxidant environment is weaker under in vitro culture conditions, exposing oocytes or embryos to severe oxidative stress (Nagina et al., Reference Nagina, Asima, Nemat and Shamim2016). The most effective approach to overcoming this problem involves the supplementation of the culture medium with antioxidant agents.
Boron (B) is an essential trace element for the metabolism of plants, animals and humans. Boric acid (BA) is a Lewis acid that plays an important role in the regulation of many enzymes, cell proliferation and development, and energy metabolism. Generally, B exists in the environment in an oxidized state, which is BA. After being taken into the body, it quickly enters the bloodstream and is excreted without accumulation. BA contains approximately 17.5% B (Nielsen, Reference Nielsen2000; Nielsen, Reference Nielsen2008; Sogut et al., Reference Sogut, Oglakci, Kartkaya, Ol, Sogut, Kanbak and Inal2015). It is not an antioxidant but rather plays a role in controlling the antioxidation system. In addition to being used for its antioxidant effect, and as an anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent, BA has also been reported to positively affect embryonic and bone development, the immune system, and psychomotor and cognitive functions (Nielsen, Reference Nielsen2000; Henderson et al., Reference Henderson, Stella, Kobylewski and Eckhert2009; Sogut et al., Reference Sogut, Oglakci, Kartkaya, Ol, Sogut, Kanbak and Inal2015; Hazman et al., Reference Hazman, Bozkurt, Fidan, Uysal and Çelik2018; Cikler-Dulger and Sogut, Reference Cikler-Dulger and Sogut2020). Recent studies have focused on the potential beneficial effects of BA in rat Sertoli and mouse Leydig cells and Angora Buck, Ram Sperm, and fetal embryo development (Tirpan and Tekin, Reference Tirpan and Tekin2015; Ince et al., Reference Ince, Demirel, Erdoğan, Uğuz, Agca and Dal2016; Lu et al., Reference Lu, Zhang, Ren, Jin, Hu, Zhao and Li2020; Yalcin and Abudayyak, Reference Yalcin and Abudayyak2020). The B concentration in serum is 0.22 micrograms ml−1 (Laurent-Pettersson et al., Reference Laurent-Pettersson, Delpech and Thellier1992).
This investigation aimed to monitor embryo development and optimize beneficial therapeutic supplemental BA to in vitro mouse embryo cultures. To this end, in vitro development rates, embryo development quality, total oxidative stress, and antioxidant levels and the developmental pathways of embryos derived through different supplemental BA preparations of the embryo culture medium were investigated.
Materials and method
BA supplementation
The purity of the BA (Merck catalogue number:100165) was <= 100, and the molecule weight was 61.83. The stock solution was 1.62 × 10−2 μM BA. Experimental solutions were prepared by adding 0, 10 and 1 ml of stock for a final volume of 100 ml media, thus creating from 1.62 × 10−3 to 1.62 × 10−4 uM BA embryo culture. The culture media and final supplemented media were not analysed for BA. The experimental BA concentrations had BA values that were additional to the unknown concentrations of the culture media.
In Vitro dose selection by MTT testing
Before starting the animal studies, the therapeutic dose was first determined in vitro to determine the beneficial dose of BA (using the 3R model of replacement, reduction and refinement). U2-OS (human osteosarcoma) cells were used for the cytotoxicity assay, this being the cell line most suitable for reproductive studies due to its pluripotency-like stem cells. Accordingly, 4000 cells/well were seeded into clear 96-well plates and grown for 48 hours, after which the cells were treated with BA in 13 different supplemental BA preparations (from 1.62 × 10−4 to 1.62 × 104) in which the final solvent (DMSO) concentration was adjusted to 0.5% (v/v) (Figure 1). The cells were incubated for another 48 hours, after which cell viability was determined using tetrazolium dye 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) salt. MTT is the substrate of the mitochondrial enzymes and converts to insoluble purple colour formazan. After 48 hours, the MTT:DMEM mixture was replaced with the medium and incubated for four hours. The intensity of the purple colouring was measured to determine cell viability (Doruk et al., Reference Doruk, Yarparvar, Akyel, Gul, Taskin, Yilmaz, Baris, Ozturk, Turkay, Ozturk, Okyar and Kavakli2020). Cells with MTT reagent medium were replaced with DMSO:EtOH (50:50) mixture to dissolve the formazan salt. Finally, the absorbance of the wells was measured at 570 nm using a spectrophotometer. As a positive control, the cells were treated with a final 5% DMSO concentration (known as toxic to cells). The experiment was repeated twice in triplicate.
Figure 1. In vitro toxicity and determination of the beneficial BA dose by MTT testing: cell viability of 13 different BA doses 48 hours after exposure were evaluated, revealing that 4 doses (1.62×10−1, 1.62×10−2, 1.62×10−3 and 1.62×10−4 µM BA) BA negatively affected (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001). 1.62×10−1, 1.62×10−2, 1.62×10−3 and 1.62×10−4 µM BA).
Animal experimentation and ethical approval
C57Bl/6j mouse strains were used in this study. The animals were kept under a 12:12 light–dark cycle in a room with 55 ± 10% humidity at a temperature of 22 ± 2 °C in the Animal Research Laboratory of the Koç University Translational Medical Center (KUTTAM), Istanbul, Turkey, and provided with pellets (Special Diets Services; UK), bedding (TAPVEI®, Estonia), and filtered potable water ad libitum. All experiments with mice were approved by the Koç University Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (Approval No: 2021-05).
Superovulation and embryo culture
First, an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 10 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (Sigma G4877-PMSG) was administered to the female mice at between 12:00 and 13:00, followed 48 hours later by 10 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (Organon-hCG), administered intraperitoneally between 12:00 and 13:00. The mice were then mated with males of the same strain. The next day, at 08:00, vaginal plug control was performed. The superovulated female mice were sacrificed, and the embryos were collected through the rupture of the oviduct ampullae. After washing three times in 80 IU/mL hyaluronidase (Sigma H-3506) + 4 mg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA) (SigmaA-3311) + Human Tubal Fluid + HEPES-buffered (HTF, global total w/ HEPES) medium, the embryos were washed again in Hepes buffer medium supplemented with 4 mg/mL BSA.
At least 2 h before embryo collection, the culture media was kept in high humidity incubator at 37 °C in 5% CO2 for air gassing. The collected embryos were kept in culture (LifeGlobal Media, LGGG-020) medium (4 mg/ml BSA Fraction V. A3311) for 60 minutes in an incubator at 37 ºC with 5% CO2 for quality assessment. Selected, good-quality embryos were then cultured in a Life Global medium (4 mg/ml BSA) supplemented with 0 (control), 1.62 × 10−1, 1.62 × 10−2, 1.62 × 10−3 and 1.62 × 10−4 µM BA in an incubator at 37 ºC with 5% CO2 (Taskin et al., Reference Taskin, Kocabay, Ebrahimi, Karahuseyinoglu, Sahin, Ozcimen, Ruacan and Onder2019).
Differential labelling of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) nuclei
The blastocysts were kept in 100 μg/ml propidium iodide (PI) + HTF Hepes buffer medium + 1% TritonX100 (Sigma CAS No. 9002-93-1) solution for 10–12 seconds, then transferred to a 100 μg/ml 100% ethanol (EMPROVE) +25 μg/ml Hoechst 33258 (H1398, Molecular Probes, Inc.) solution and incubated overnight at 4 °C. A 5-μl glycerol drop was placed on the slide to fix the blastocysts, which were transferred into the drop and covered with a coverslip. In the prepared blastocyst cell staining samples, the cell counts of trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) were calculated under an inverted microscope with red and blue fluorescent attachments (Taskin et al., Reference Taskin, Kocabay, Ebrahimi, Karahuseyinoglu, Sahin, Ozcimen, Ruacan and Onder2019; Mallol et al., Reference Mallol, Santalo and Ibanez2013).
Determination of oxidant and antioxidant levels from mouse embryos
Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were detected as described previously (Söğüt et al., Reference Söğüt, Şenat, Oğlakçı İlhan, Sezen and Erel2021) using commercial assay kits (Rel Assay Diagnostics, Gaziantep, Turkey) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Briefly, antioxidants convert the 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical from a dark blue-green hue to a colourless reduced ABTS form. The sample’s TAS level (mmol Trolox eq/L) is correlated with the change in absorbance at 660 nm. The ferrous ioneo-dianisidine complex is oxidized to the ferric ion by oxidants present in the sample. In an acidic media, the ferric ion and xylenol orange form a colourful complex. The sample TOS levels (µmol H2O2 eq/L) was correlated with the change in absorbance at 530 nm. The OSI levels (arbitrary unit) in the sample were detected as the ratio of the TOS level to the TAS level.
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis
RNA isolation was performed using a Quick-RNA® Kit (Macharey-Nagel) following the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA measurement was performed using Nanodrop (ThermoScientific) with a spectrophotometric reading at 260 nm. A 250 ng cDNA preparation was obtained through the reverse transcription of RNA using M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase. The relative mRNA expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), CDX2, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), CDX2 and NANOG genes were determined using a Light Cycler® 480 SYBR Green I Master (Taskin et al., Reference Taskin, Kocabay, Ebrahimi, Karahuseyinoglu, Sahin, Ozcimen, Ruacan and Onder2019) (Table 1).
Table 1. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction primers list
Statistical assessment of results
IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) was used for the statistical assessment of the results with sufficient repetitions. The results were evaluated with a one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All the experiments were repeated three times.
Results
Determination of the BA dose by In Vitro cytotoxicity
The cytotoxic effects of the 13 different BA doses were evaluated after 48 hours of exposure, revealing that 1.62 × 103, 4.04 × 103, 8.09 × 103 and 1.62 × 104 µM BA significant negatively affected (p < 0.05) both cell viability and cell count, while 1.62 × 10−2, 1.62 × 10−3 and 1.62 × 10−4 µM BA were nontoxic (Figure 1).
Embryo culture
There was a statistically significant difference between the control group and the 1.62 × 10−3 (p < 0.05) and 1.62 × 10−4 (p < 0.001) µM BA groups (Figure 2). The difference between the control group and the 1.62 × 10−1 and 1.62 × 10−2 µM BA groups was insignificant (p > 0.05) (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Effect of supplemental BA on in vitro development rates of mouse embryo: effect of BA on blastocyst mouse embryo development rates (*p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001). 1.62×10−3, and 1.62×10−4 µM BA doses beneficial mouse embryo development.
Results of cell counting by differential staining
The mean cell and inner cell counts differed significantly between, 1.62 × 10−3 (p < 0.05) and 1.62 × 10−2 (p < 0.01) µM BA groups and the control group. There was a significant difference in the mean TE cell count between the 1.62 × 10−2 and 1.62 × 10−4 µM BA groups and the control group (p < 0.05) (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Effect of BA on mouse embryo cell count by differential staining; (A) effect of BA on inner cell mass (ICM) mean numbers of mouse blastocysts; (B) effect of BA on trophectoderm cell (TE) mean numbers of mouse blastocysts; (C) effect of BA on total cell mean numbers of mouse blastocysts.
Oxidant and antioxidant levels
A comparison of TOS levels revealed a statistical difference between the control group and the 1.62 × 10−4 µM groups (Figure 4A). A comparison of TAS levels showed no significant difference between the control group and the 1.62 × 10−2 µM BA group (p > 0.05) (Figure 4B). The comparison of OSI levels did not reveal any statistical difference between the control group and the 1.62 × 10−1, 1.62 × 10−2, 1.62 × 10−3 and 1.62 × 10−4 µM BA groups (p > 0.05) (Figure 4C).
Figure 4. Oxidant and antioxidant effects of different doses of BA on mouse embryo. (A) total oxidant status (TOS, µmol H2O2 eq/L), (B) total antioxidant status (TAS, mmol Trolox eq/L) and (C) oxidative stress index (OSI, arbitrary unit) (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001).
Quantitative real-time PCR
We performed qPCR analyses of the control and BA-treated blastocysts to evaluate whether the observed changes in the cell counts of TE and ICM within the embryo were reflected in the expression of the respective genes in these two structures. The BA-treated embryos were seen to significantly upregulate the expression of CDX2, a TE cell marker (Figure 5A), and NANOG, an ICM marker (Figure 5D) (p < 0.05). The oxidative stress marker genes GPX1, SOD1 and SOD2 (Figure 5B,E,F) differed significantly between the BA-treated groups and the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the level of GPX4 – a marker gene identifying the negative effect of oxidative stress – was significantly lower in the BA-treated groups than in the control groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 5. Relative transcript levels of CDX2, GPX1, GPX4, NANOG, SOD1 and SOD2 in control and BA-treated embryos. (A) BA has a positive effect on in vitro mouse blastocyst level of CDX2 (*p < 0.05); (B) BA has a positive effect on in vitro mouse blastocyst level of GPX1 (*p < 0.05); (C) BA has a negative effect on in vitro mouse blastocyst level of GPX4 (*p < 0.05); (D) BA has a positive effect on in vitro mouse blastocyst level of NANOG (*p < 0.05); (E) BA has a positive effect on in vitro mouse blastocyst level of SOD1 (*p < 0.05); (F) BA has a positive effect on in vitro mouse blastocyst level of SOD2 (*p < 0.05).
Discussion
In the first study reported in the literature, BA was added to two-cell mouse embryo cultures until the blastocyst stage. The results showed that additions of 6 µM and 1 mM BA did not affect embryo development, while 2 to 10 mM B had a negative effect on embryo development (Lanoue et al., Reference Lanoue, Taubeneck, Muniz, Hanna, Strong, Murray, Nielsen, Hunt and Keen1998). In our study, we used BA from the one-cell stage up to the blastocyst stage, and lower doses correlated with higher significant embryo development. Rowe and Eckhert (Reference Rowe and Eckhert1999) showed that B is essential for fertilization and promotes blastocyst development of zebrafish embryos. They used a low dose of B (1 × 10−1 µM). BA contains only 17.5% B and was used in five different supplemental preparations. We used BA in mouse embryos and found that low doses supported more effective mouse blastocyst development and a higher quantity of embryos by cell number. We also determined the genetic pathways affected by the blastocyst development and how the related antioxidant systems affect this, depending on the dose.
In a previous study examining the effect of B-supplemented feed on the embryonic development of mice, doses of 0.04, 2.05 and 11.8 μg B/g-diet were administered, and the negative effects on the in vitro development of embryos collected from those fed 0.04 μg B/g-diet were established (Lu et al. Reference Lu, Zhang, Ren, Jin, Hu, Zhao and Li2020). In the present study, to our knowledge, the first of its kind in the literature, low doses (1.62 × 10−1, 1.62 × 10−2, 1.62 × 10−3 and 1.62 × 10−4 µM) of BA were added to the culture medium to understand the effects on embryo development and its mechanism.
Ince et al. (Reference Ince, Erdogan, Demirel, Agca, Dal and Uguz2018) found that feeding rats B via a gavage tube (0.04 and 2.05 g) for 14 days improved gene expression (HEX, NANOG and OCT-3/4) in the early embryonic period after conception and improved the fetal development of the rats. Similarly, our study found increased NANOG levels were significantly associated with embryo development when compared to the control group.
Nguyen et al. (Reference Nguyen, Nioi and Pickett2009) investigated Nrf2 activation and response element by oxidative stress. The effect of BA activation of Nrf2 is a system that controls how B prevents DNA damage and antioxidant status (Yamada and Eckhert, Reference Yamada and Eckhert2019). NrF2 activation governs self-renewal and pluripotency in human embryonic cells (Jang et al. Reference Jang, Wang, Kim, Lalli and Kosik2014). In the present study, it was shown that BA supports embryo development and protects DNA cells. BA has supported embryo development by the pluripotent gene levels of CDX2 and NANOG. BA has been shown to support pluripotent cell development through the NrF2 system.
In conclusion, the use of low-dose BA positively affects embryo development. The findings of the present study can be used for the development of a model for use in veterinary and clinical medicine. Embryo production is vital in farm animals (cattle, sheep, etc.). Increasing the production of healthy embryos through the use of BA can contribute to the improvement and development of livestock. Future research exploring the effects of BA-supplemented culture media on in vitro and in vivo embryo development together with studies of such processes as embryo cryopreservation, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) would further contribute to the literature.
Supplementary material
To view supplementary material for this article, please visit https://doi.org/10.1017/S0967199424000261
Data availability
The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available in the article
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge use of the services and facilities of the Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), funded by the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Development. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Ministry of Development.
Author contribution
Taskin AC and Sogut I designed the study. Kavakli IH and Gul S performed the cytotoxicity experiments. Taskin AC and Kocabay A performed the animal studies and embryo culture operations. Sogut I analysed the biochemical experiments. Sahin GN and Karahuseyinoglu S performed molecular biology analyses. Taskin AC and Sogut I helped interpreted the statistical data. Taskin AC, Sogut I, Gul S and Kavakli IH wrote the paper and interpreted the data. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Funding
The authors confirm that there was no fund support during in this manuscript.
Ethics approval
All animal research protocols in this study were approved by the Koç University Institutional Ethics Committee (HADYEK, approval number 2021-05).
Consent for publication
All authors have given consent for the manuscript to be published by the corresponding authors.
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