Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T19:14:12.974Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Between Faqīr and Fankār? Sounding Complex Subjectivities through Shah Jo Rāg in Sindh, Pakistan

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 December 2020

Abstract

Rāgī faqīrs are devotees who perform Shah Jo Rāg, a musical tradition for singing Sufi poetry at the shrine of poet-mystic Shāh ‘Abdul Latīf Bhiṭṭāī (1689–1752) in Sindh, Pakistan. Focusing on the life experiences of my teacher Manthār Faqīr, I historicise various subject positions that contemporary rāgī faqīrs refer to as faqīr (devotee), fankār (performing artist), kārīgar (skilled artisan), and artist. Through Manthār Faqīr’s performances, I analyse sonic manifestations of his complex subjectivities that at times shift, at times coexist, to demonstrate how he deploys sounded strategies emerging from different subject positions to balance devotion, artistry, legitimacy, and livelihood.

Type
Articles
Copyright
© International Council for Traditional Music 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

ʻAbd al-Laṭīf, Shah. 2018. Risalo. Ed. and trans. Shackle, Christopher. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Abbas, Shemeem Burney. 2002. The Female Voice in Sufi Ritual: Devotional Practices of Pakistan and India. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Shahab. 2016. What Is Islam?: The Importance of Being Islamic. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Allana, Ghulam Ali. 1991. An Introduction to Sindhi Literature. Jamshoro: Sindhi Adabi Board.Google Scholar
Ansari, Sarah. 1991. “Political Legacies of Pre-1947 Sind.” In The Political Inheritance of Pakistan, ed. Low, D. A., 173193. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansari, Sarah. 1992. Sufi Saints and State Power: The Pirs of Sind, 18431947. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asani, Ali S. 1994. “The Bridegroom Prophet in Medieval Sindhi Poetry.” In Studies in South Asian Devotional Literature: Research Papers, 1988–1991, ed. Entwistle, A. W. and Mallison, Françoise, 213225. New Delhi: Manohar and Paris: École Française d’Extréme-Orient.Google Scholar
Asani, Ali S.. 2003. “At the Crossroads of Indic and Iranian Civilizations: Sindhi Literary Culture.” In Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, ed. Pollock, Sheldon I., 612646. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ayyagari, Shalini. 2012. “Spaces Betwixt and Between: Musical Borderlands and the Manganiyar Musicians of Rajasthan.” Asian Music 43(1):333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baloch, N. A. 1966. Musical Instruments of the Lower Indus Valley of Sind. Hyderabad: Mehran Arts Council.Google Scholar
Baloch, N. A., ed. 1971. Latif Anniversary Miscellany No. 12. Hyderabad: The Bhitshah Culture Committee.Google Scholar
Baloch, N. A.. 1973. Development of Music in Sind. Hyderabad: Sind University Press.Google Scholar
Baloch, N. A.. 1978. Sindhī Mausīqī jī Mukhtasar Tārīkh []. Hyderabad: Shah Abdul Latif Bhit Shah Cultural Centre Committee.Google Scholar
Baloch, N. A.. 2010. The Life & Thought of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai: Based on Commentary of Shah-Jo-Risalo Poetic Compendium of Shah Abdul Latif. Trans. Umrani, Gul Mohammad. Karachi: Culture Department, Government of Sindh.Google Scholar
Beauvoir, Simone de. 1948. The Ethics of Ambiguity. New York: Philosophical Library.Google Scholar
Bellamy, Carla. 2011. The Powerful Ephemeral: Everyday Healing in an Ambiguously Islamic Place. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boivin, Michel. 2015. Historical Dictionary of the Sufi Culture of Sindh in Pakistan and India. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bond, Brian E. 2020. “A Heavy Rain Has Fallen upon My People: Sindhi Sufi Poetry Performance, Emotion, and Islamic Knowledge in Kachchh, Gujarat.” PhD dissertation, New York: City University of New York.Google Scholar
Callewaert, Winand M. 1991. Nirguṇa Bhakti Sāgara: Devotional Hindī Literature. New Delhi: Manohar.Google Scholar
Chang, Abdul Haque. 2001. “Shah Jo Raag: A Sufi Musical Tradition of Sindh (A Case Study in Ethnomusicology).” MSc dissertation, Islamabad: Quaid-e-Azam University.Google Scholar
Chittick, William C. 2013. Divine Love: Islamic Literature and the Path to God. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
During, Jean. 1988. Musique et Extase: L’audition Mystique Dans La Tradition Soufie. Paris: Albin Michel.Google Scholar
Eaton, Richard M. 1984. “The Political and Religious Authority of the Shrine of Baba Farid.” In Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam, ed. Metcalf, Barbara D., 333356. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Esmail, Aziz. 2002. A Scent of Sandalwood: Indo-Ismaili Religious Lyrics (Ginans). Richmond: Curzon Press.Google Scholar
Ewing, Katherine Pratt. 1997. Arguing Sainthood: Modernity, Psychoanalysis, and Islam. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frembgen, Jürgen Wasim. 2012. “Dhamāl and the Performing Body: Trance Dance in the Devotional Sufi Practice of Pakistan.” Journal of Sufi Studies 1(1):77113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilmartin, David. 1984. “Shrines, Succession, and Sources of Moral Authority.” In Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam, ed. Metcalf, Barbara D., 221240. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hemani, Shumaila. 2017. “Music: Pakistan.” In Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures. Brill Online: http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-women-and-islamic-cultures/music-pakistan (accessed 1 April 2020).Google Scholar
Hess, Linda. 1987. “Three Kabir Collections: A Comparative Study.” In The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, ed. Schomer, Karine and McLeod, W. H., 111142. Berkeley: Berkeley Religious Studies Series Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.Google Scholar
Ho, Meilu. 2006. “The Liturgical Music of the Pușți Mārg of India: An Embryonic Form of the Classical Tradition.” PhD dissertation, Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Ishqui, Ilyas. 1988. “Surs in Sindhi Music.” In Rhythms of the Lower Indus: Perspectives on the Music of Sindh, ed. Yusuf, Zohra, 5661. Sindh: Department of Culture and Tourism, Government of Sindh.Google Scholar
Jankowsky, Richard C. 2017. “Absence and ‘Presence’: El-Hadhra and the Cultural Politics of Staging Sufi Music in Tunisia.” The Journal of North African Studies 22(5):860887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jotwani, Motilal Wadhumal. 1975. Shāh Abdul Latīf, His Life and Work: A Study of Sociocultural and Literary Situations in Eighteenth Century Sindh (Now in Pakistan). Delhi: University of Delhi.Google Scholar
Kanasro, Manzoor Ahmed. 2007. Legacy of Shah Latif. Trans. Pirzado, Anwer. Karachi: Culture Department, Government of Sindh.Google Scholar
Kapchan, Deborah A. 2008. “The Promise of Sonic Translation: Performing the Festive Sacred in Morocco.” American Anthropologist 110(4):467483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasmani, Omar. 2012. “Of Discontinuity and Difference: Gender and Embodiment among Fakirs of Sehwan Sharif.” Oriente Moderno 92(2):439457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasmani, Omar. 2016. “Fakir Her-Stories. Women’s Spiritual Careers and the Limits of the Masculine in Pakistan.” TRAFOBlog for Transregional Research. http://trafo.hypotheses.org/4243 (accessed 1 April 2020).Google Scholar
Levesque, Julien. 2016. “‘Sindhis Are Sufi by Nature’: Sufism as a Marker of Identity in Sindh.” In Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia, ed. Dandekar, Deepra and Tschacher, Torsten, 212327. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mansukhani, Gobind Singh. 1982. Indian Classical Music and Sikh Kirtan. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH.Google Scholar
Mbembe, Achille. 1992. “The Banality of Power and the Aesthetics of Vulgarity in the Postcolony.” Public Culture 4(2):130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirza, Mumtaz. 1988. Visāriyān Na Visran []. Karachi: Culture Department, Government of Sindh.Google Scholar
Mirza, Mumtaz. 2005. “Visāriyān Na Visran.” In Bhit Shah Siqafati Markaz Golden Jubilee, ed. Abro, Aftab, 1116. Karachi: Culture Department, Government of Sindh.Google Scholar
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. 2007. The Garden of Truth: The Vision and Practice of Sufism, Islam’s Mystical Tradition. New York: HarperOne.Google Scholar
Nayyar, Adam. 1999. “Punjab.” In Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Volume 5South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent, ed. Arnold, Alison, 788798. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nyong’o, Tavia. 2014. “Subject.” In Keywords for American Cultural Studies, Second Edition, ed. Burgett, Bruce and Hendler, Glenn, 231235. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Qanasro, Manzoor Ahmed. 2009. Shāh Abdul Latīf Bhittāī Hayāt-o-afkār []. Karachi: Sindhica Academy.Google Scholar
Qazi, Azad. 2014. “Tārīkh Bhit Shāh Siqāfatī Markaz-1” [History of Bhit Shah Culture Centre-1]. Mehran, Quarterly of Sindhi Adabi Board 2014(2):2837.Google Scholar
Qazi, Azad. 2015. “Tārīkh Bhit Shāh Siqāfatī Markaz-2” [History of Bhit Shah Culture Centre-2]. Mehran, Quarterly of Sindhi Adabi Board 2015(1):3257.Google Scholar
Qureshi, Regula B. 1972. “Indo-Muslim Religious Music, an Overview.” Asian Music 3(2):1522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qureshi, Regula B.. 1981. “Music and Culture in Sind: An Ethnomusicological Perspective.” In Sind through the Centuries: Proceedings of an International Seminar Held in Karachi in Spring 1975 by the Department of Culture, Government of Sind, ed. Khuhro, Hamida, 237244. Karachi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Qureshi, Regula B.. 1986. Sufi Music of India and Pakistan: Sound, Context, and Meaning in Qawwālī. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Qureshi, Regula B.. 2002. “Mode of Production and Musical Production: Is Hindustani Music Feudal?” In Music and Marx: Ideas, Practice, Politics, ed. Qureshi, Regula, 81105. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Qureshi, Regula B.. 2013. “Sufism and the Globalization of Sacred Music.” In The Cambridge History of World Music, ed. Bohlman, Philip V., 584605. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehman, Uzma. 2012. “Spiritual Power and ‘Threshold’ Identities: The Mazārs of Sayyid Pīr Waris Shāh Abdul Latīf Bhitaī.” In South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny, ed. Bennett, Clinton and Ramsey, Charles M., 6182. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Rehman, Uzma. 2016. “Who Is in? Who Is out?: Social vs Political Space in the Sufi Shrines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai and Syed Pir Waris Shah in Sindh and Punjab, Pakistan.” In Islam, Sufism and Everyday Politics of Belonging in South Asia, ed. Dandekar, Deepra and Tschacher, Torsten, 139155. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Saarazin, Natalie. 2014. “Devotion or Pleasure? Music and Meaning in the Celluloid Performances of Qawwālī in South Asia and the Diaspora.” In Music, Culture and Identity in the Muslim World: Performance, Politics and Piety, ed. Salhi, Kamal, 194215. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sakata, Hiromi Lorraine. 1999. “Devotional Music.” In Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Volume 5South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent, ed. Arnold, Alison, 777787. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Salim, Agha Khalid. 1984. Sindh meṉ Mausīqī [Music in Sindh]. Islāmābād: Idārah-yi S̲aqāfat-i Pākistān.Google Scholar
Senay, Banu. 2015. “Artists, Antagonisms and the Ney in the Popularization of ‘Sufi Music’ in Turkey.” European Journal of Cultural Studies 18(1):5269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackle, Christopher. 2018. “Introduction.” In Risalo/Shah Abdul Latif, trans. Shackle, Christopher, viixxx. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Shannon, Jonathan H. 2003. “Sultans of Spin: Syrian Sacred Music on the World Stage.” American Anthropologist 105(2):266277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, Ryan Thomas. 2015. Bamako Sounds: The Afropolitan Ethics of Malian Music. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suvorova, Anna. 2004. Muslim Saints of South Asia: The Eleventh to Fifteenth Centuries. London: Routledge Curzon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verkaaik, Oskar. 2004. “Reforming Mysticism: Sindhi Separatist Intellectuals in Pakistan.” International Review of Social History 49 (Supplement S12):6586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werbner, Pnina. 1998. “Langar: Pilgrimage, Sacred Exchange and Perpetual Sacrifice in a Sufi Saint’s Lodge.” In Embodying Charisma: Modernity, Locality and the Performance of Emotion in Sufi Cults, ed. Werbner, Pnina and Basu, Helene, 95116. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Richard K. 2006. “The Poetics of ‘Sufi’ Practice: Drumming, Dancing, and Complex Agency at Madho Lāl Husain (and Beyond).” American Ethnologist 33(2):246268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Multimedia Sources

Qurban Fakir & Group. 2003. Shah-jo-raag Vol. 1. CD. World Sindhi Institute SJR0198.Google Scholar

Ethnographic Interviews

Akhund, Abdul Hamid. Interview by author. Karachi, 28 December 2019.Google Scholar
Chandio, Faqīr Khan Muhammad. Conversation with author. Bhit Shah, 15 January 2019.Google Scholar
Hingorjo, Akbar. Conversation with author. Hyderabad,16 January 2019.Google Scholar
Imdad, Khwaja. Interview by author. Hyderabad, 16 January 2019.Google Scholar
Junejo, Manthār Faqīr. Interview by author. Bhit Shah, 11 September 2017, 24 June 2018.Google Scholar
Laghari, Ali Dino. Interview by author. Shahdadpur, 1 March 2018.Google Scholar
Lanjwani, Jureel Faqīr. Interview by author. Bhit Shah, 5 February 2018.Google Scholar
Lanjwani, Qambar Faqīr. Interview by author. Bhit Shah, 3 February 2018.Google Scholar
Shah, Syed Zulqarnain. Interview by author. Bhit Shah, 21 April 2018.Google Scholar
Shaikh, Nafees Ahmad. Interview by author. Hyderabad, 11 January 2019.Google Scholar

Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials

Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials 1

Download Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials(Video)
Video 60.9 MB

Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials

Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials 2

Download Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials(Video)
Video 5.8 MB

Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials

Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials 3

Download Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials(Video)
Video 18.8 MB

Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials

Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials 4

Download Pei-Ling Supplementary Materials(Video)
Video 38.1 MB