Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T00:07:37.918Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Use of mannan oligosaccharide in broiler diets: an overview of underlying mechanisms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 October 2017

M.F.A. CHACHER*
Affiliation:
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
Z. KAMRAN
Affiliation:
University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
U. AHSAN
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09016, Turkey
S. AHMAD
Affiliation:
Training Operation Department, Al-Watania Poultry Institute of Technology, Al-Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
K.C. KOUTOULIS
Affiliation:
Department of Avian Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece 4310
H.G. QUTAB UD DIN
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240-Erzurum, Turkey
Ö. CENGIZ
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın 09016, Turkey
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance has led poultry nutritionists to find alternatives for antibacterial growth promoters in broilers. Among these substitutes, one is mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), a yeast cell wall derived prebiotic. MOS decreases the load of pathogenic bacteria through 1) binding bacterial type-1 fimbriae 2) increasing goblet cells which produce bactericidal mucin and 3) providing favourable environment for the growth of beneficial bacteria leading to competitive exclusion. Balance between pathogenic and beneficial bacteria causes increase in villus length and decrease in crypt depth which are biomarkers for gut morphological improvement. As structure is equal to function, improvement in intestinal morphology increases activity of digestive enzymes and ultimately improves digestion. Besides these, immunomodulatory effect of MOS activates macrophages of gut associated lymphoid tissues resulting in improvement in cellular, humoral and cutaneous immunity. MOS also increases production of butyric acid and decrease pH of intestine in broilers. Though these combined mechanisms, MOS improves growth rate and performance of broilers.

Type
Reviews
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AHSAN, U., CENGİZ, Ö., RAZA, I., KUTER, E., CHACHER, M.F.A., IQBAL, Z., UMAR, S. and CAKIR, S. (2016) Sodium butyrate in chicken nutrition: the dynamics of performance, gut microbiota, gut morphology, and immunity. World's Poultry Science Journal 72: 265-275.Google Scholar
ANDERSON, D.B., MCCRACKEN, V.J., AMINOC, R.T., SIMPSON, J.M., MACKIE, R.J., VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. and GASKINS, H.R. (2000) Gut microbiology and the mechanism of action of growth promoting antibiotics in swine. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, B; Livestock Feeds and Feeding 70: 101-108.Google Scholar
ASHAYERIZADEH, A., DABIRI, N., MIRZADEH, K. and GHORBANI, M.R. (2011) Effects of dietary inclusion of several biological feed additives on growth response of broiler chickens. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology 5: 61-65.Google Scholar
AUDISIO, M.C., OLIVER, G. and APELLA, M.C. (2000) Protective effect of Enterococcus faecium J96, a potential probiotic strain, on chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum . Journal of Food Protection 63: 1333-1337.Google Scholar
AWAAD, M.H.H., ATTA, A.M., EL-GHANY, W.A.A., ELMENAWEY, M., AHMED, , HASSAN, K. and ABDELALEEM, G.A. (2011) Effect of a specific combination of mannan-oligosaccharides and β-glucans extracted from yeast cell wall on the health status and growth performance of ochratoxicated broiler chickens. Journal of American Science 7: 82-96.Google Scholar
BAURHOO, B., FERKET, P.R. and ZHAO, X. (2009a) Effects of diets containing different concentrations of mannanoligosaccharide or antibiotics on growth performance, intestinal development, caecal and litter microbial populations, and carcass parameters of broilers. Poultry Science 88: 2262-2272.Google Scholar
BAURHOO, B., GOLDFLUS, F. and ZHAO, X. (2009b) Purified cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increases protection against intestinal pathogens in broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Sciences 8: 133-137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BAURHOO, B., LETELLIER, A., ZHAO, X. and RUIZ-FERIA, C.A. (2007a) Caecal populations of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli populations after in vivo Escherichia coli challenge in birds fed diets with purified lignin or mannanoligosaccharides. Poultry Science 86: 2509-2516.Google Scholar
BAURHOO, B., PHILLIP, L. and RUIZ-FERIA, C.A. (2007b) Effects of purified lignin and mannan oligosaccharides on intestinal integrity and microbial populations in the caeca and litter of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 86: 1070-1078.Google Scholar
BELLEY, A., KELLER, K., GOTTKLE, M. and CHADEE, K. (1999) Intestinal mucins in colonisation and host defence against pathogens. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60: 10-15.Google Scholar
BENITES, V., GILHARRY, R., GERNAT, A.G. and MURILLO, J.G. (2008) Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide from Bio-Mos or SAF-mannan on live performance of broiler chickens. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 17: 471-475.Google Scholar
BLAKE, J.P., HESS, J.B., MAKLIN, K.S., BILGILI, S.F., SEFTON, A.E. and KOCHER, A. (2006) Mannan oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos®) supplementation of wheat-based diets for broilers. Proceeding of the EPC 2006-12th European Poultry Conference, Verona.Google Scholar
BORNET, F.R. and BROUNS, F. (2002) Immune-stimulating and gut health-promoting properties of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. Nutrition Reviews-Washington 60: 326-334.Google Scholar
BOZKURT, M., KÜÇÜKYILMAZ, K., ÇATLI, A.U. and ÇINAR, M. (2008) Growth performance and slaughter characteristics of broiler chickens fed with antibiotic, mannan oligosaccharide and dextran oligosaccharide supplemented diets. International Journal of Poultry Sciences 7: 969-977.Google Scholar
BOZKURT, M., KÜÇÜKYILMAZ, K., ÇATLI, A.U. and ÇINAR, M. (2009) Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide with or without oregano essential oil and hop extract supplementation on the performance and slaughter characteristics of male broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science 39: 223-232.Google Scholar
CAWLEY, T.N. and BALLOU, C.E. (1972) Identification of two Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall mannan chemotypes. Journal of Bacteriology 111: 690-695.Google Scholar
COTTER, P.F. (1997) Modulation of the immune response: current perceptions and future prospects with an example from poultry. Proceedings of the Alltech's 13th Annual Symposium, Nottingham, pp.195-203.Google Scholar
DE LANGE, L.L.M. (2007) Adding Bio Mos to broiler breeder diets and to starter diets for broiler chickens improves breeder and broiler performance, hatchability, economics and immune status. Proceedings of Alltech's 23rd Annual Symposium, UK, pp. 123-129.Google Scholar
DENEV, S.A., DINEV, I., NIKIFOROV, I. and KOINARSKI, V. (2006) Effects of mannanoligosaccharides on composition of caecal microflora and performance of broiler chickens. Bulgarian Journal of Ecological Science 1: 10-16.Google Scholar
FERKET, P.R., PARKS, C.W. and GRIMES, J.L. (2002) Benefits of dietary antibiotic and mannanoligosaccharide supplementation for poultry. Proceeding of the Multi-State Poultry Meeting 14.Google Scholar
FERNANDEZ, F., HINTON, M. and VAN GILS, B. (2002) Dietary mannan-oligosaccharides and their effect on chicken caecal microflora in relation to Salmonella enteritidis colonisation. Avian Pathology 31: 49-58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GARCES-NARRO, C., BARRAGAN, J.I., SOLER, M., ROS, J.M., ORTEGA, J., MOCE, M.L., MATEOS, M., GÓMEZ-MUÑOZ, M.T., LOPEZ-MENDOZA, M.C. and RODILLA, V. (2006) Effect of a mannan oligosaccharide used as a food additive for broilers. Proceeding of the World's Poultry Science Journal XII European Poultry Conference, pp. 10-14.Google Scholar
GIBSON, G.R. and WANG, X. (1994) Regulatory effects of Bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 77: 412-420.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GÓMEZ-VERDUZCO, G., CORTES-CUEVAS, A., LÓPEZ-COELLO, C., ÁVILA-GONZÁLEZ, E. and NAVA, G.M. (2009) Dietary supplementation of mannan-oligosaccharide enhances neonatal immune responses in chickens during natural exposure to Eimeria spp. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 51: 11.Google Scholar
HOOGE, D. (2004) Meta-analysis of broiler chicken pen trials evaluating dietary mannan oligosaccharide, 1993-2003. International Journal of Poultry Science 3: 163-174.Google Scholar
HOOGE, D.M., SIMS, M.D., SEFTON, A.E., CONNOLLY, A. and SPRING, P. (2003) Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide, with or without bacitracin or virginiamycin, on live performance of broiler chickens at relatively high stocking density on new litter. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12: 461-467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IJI, P.A. and TIVEY, D.R. (1999) The use of oligosaccharides in broiler diets. Proceeding of the12th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Veldhoven, pp. 193-201.Google Scholar
IJI, P.A. and TIVEY, D.R. (1998) Natural and synthetic oligosaccharides in broiler chicken diets. World's Poultry Science Journal 54: 129-143.Google Scholar
IJI, P.A., SAKI, A.A. and TIVEY, D.R. (2001) Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a mannan oligosaccharide. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 81: 1186-1192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JAMROZ, D., WILICZKIEWICZ, A., ORDA, J., WERTELECKI, T. and SKORUPINSKA, J. (2004) Response of broiler chickens to the diets supplemented with feeding antibiotic or mannan-oligosaccharides. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities 7: 1-6.Google Scholar
JOERGER, R.D. (2003) Alternatives to antibiotics: bacteriocins, antimicrobial peptides and bacteriophages. Poultry Science 82: 640-647.Google Scholar
KATAYAMA, T., FUJITA, K. and YAMAMOTO, K. (2005) Novel Bifidobacteria l glycosidases acting on sugar chains of mucin glycoprotein. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 99: 457-465.Google Scholar
KHALAJI, S., ZAGHARI, M. and NEZAFATI, S. (2011) The effects of manan-oligosaccharides on caecal microbial populations, blood parameters, immune response and performance of broiler chicks under controlled condition. African Journal of Biochemistry Research 5: 160-164.Google Scholar
KOC, F., SAMLI, H., OKUR, A., OZDUVEN, M. and SENKOYLU, H.A.N. (2010) Effects of Sacchromyces Cerevisiae and/or Mannanoligosacchride on performance, blood parameters and intestinal microbiota of broiler chicks. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 16: 643-650.Google Scholar
KOCHER, A., DENEV, S.A., DINEV, I., NIKIFOROV, I. and SCHEIDEMANN, C. (2005b) Effects of mannanoligosaccharides on composition of the caecal microflora and performance of broiler chickens. Proceeding 4 BOKU-Symp. Tierernähr., Tierernähr. ohne antibiotische Leistingsförderer, Vienna, pp. 216-220.Google Scholar
KOCHER, A., GELIOT, P. and TUCKER, L.A. (2005a) Benefits of feeding Bio-Mos to commercial broilers in a large scale study. Proceedings of the 15th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Balatonfüred, pp. 314-315.Google Scholar
KLIS, F.M., BOORSMA, A. and DE GROOT, P.W. (2006) Cell wall construction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 23: 185-202.Google Scholar
KUMPRECHT, I. and ZOBAC, F. (1997) The effect of mannan-oligosaccharides in feed mixtures on the performance of broilers. Zivocisna Vyroba 42: 117-124.Google Scholar
KWIATKOWSKI, S. and KWIATKOWSKI, S.E. (2012) Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Glucan Polysaccharides-Occurrence, Separation and Application in Food, Feed and Health Industries, in: KARUNARATNE, D.N. (Eds) The Complex World of Polysaccharides, Chapter. 2 (InTech).Google Scholar
LAN, Y., XUN, S., TAMMINGA, S., WILLIAMS, B.A., VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. and ERIDI, G. (2004) Real-time PCR detection of lactic acid bacteria in caecal contents of Eimeria tenella-infected broilers fed soybean oligosaccharides and soluble soybean polysaccharides. Poultry Science 83: 1696-1702.Google Scholar
LEE, D.J., DRONGOWSKI, R.A., CORAN, A.G. and HARMON, C.M. (2000) Evaluation of probiotic treatment in a neonatal animal model. Pediatric Surgery International 16: 237-242.Google Scholar
LESAGE, G. and BUSSEY, H. (2006) Cell wall assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review 70: 317-343.Google Scholar
LIANGPING, S., LUNJIANG, Z., GUOPING, L. and FANPING, L. (1999) Effects of different levels of mannan-oligosaccharide on cellular immune response and gastrointestinal microecology in chickens. Journal of Fujain Agricultural University 1: 016.Google Scholar
LIPKE, P.N. and OVALLE, R. (1998) Cell wall architecture in yeast: new structure and new challenges. Journal of Bacteriology 180: 3735-3740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LODDI, M.M., MORAES, V.M.B., NAKAGHI, L.S.O., TUCCI, F.M., HANNAS, M.I., ARIKI, J. and BRUNO, L.D.G. (2002) Mannanoligosaccharide and organic acids on intestinal morphology integrity of broilers evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Proceeding of the 11th European Poultry Science Conference, Bremen, pp. 6-10.Google Scholar
MARKOVIĆ, R., ŠEFER, D., KRSTIĆ, M. and PETRUJKIĆ, B. (2009) Effect of different growth promoters on broiler performance and gut morphology. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria 41: 163-169.Google Scholar
MATEO, C.D. and BILLENA, M.S. (2000) Comparative effects of chromium, mannan oligosaccharides and zinc bacitracin on production performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 26: 175-184.Google Scholar
MATEO, C.D., BILLENA, M.S. and CARANDANG, N.F. (2000) Performance and carcass characteristics of broiler fed diets supplemented with organic chromium, mannan oligosaccharides, and zinc bacitracin. The Philippine Agricultural Scientist 83: 92-97.Google Scholar
MATEO, C.D. (1999) Comparative effects of organic chromium, mannan oligosaccharides and zinc bacitracin on broiler performance and carcass characteristics. Proceedings of the PSAS 36th Annual Convention, Metro Manila, pp. 90-100.Google Scholar
MILES, R.D., BUTCHER, G.D., HENRY, P.R. and LITTELL, R.C. (2006) Effect of antibiotic growth promoters on broiler performance, intestinal growth parameters, and quantitative morphology. Poultry Science 85: 476-485.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MOHAMMED, M.A., HASSAN, H.M.A. and EL-BARKOUKY, E.M.A. (2008) Effect of mannan oligosaccharide on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences 4: 13-17.Google Scholar
MRSA, V., KLEBL, F. and TANNER, W. (1993) Purification and characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae BGL2 gene product, a cell wall endo-beta-1, 3-glucanase. Journal of Bacteriology 175: 2102-2106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NEWMAN, K. (1994) Manna-oligosaccharides: Natural polymers with significant impact on the gastrointestinal microflora and the immune system. Biotechnology in the Feed Industry 10: 167-174.Google Scholar
NOLLET, L., HUYGHEBAERT, G. and SPRING, P. (2007) Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on live performance of broiler chickens given an anticoccidial vaccination followed by a mild coccidial challenge. Proceedings of the 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Strasbourg, pp. 365-368.Google Scholar
OLIVEIRA, M.C.D., CANCHERINI, L.C., MARQUES, R.H., GRAVENA, R.A. and MORAES, V.M.B.D. (2009b) Mannan oligosaccharides and enzymatic complex in broiler diets. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 38: 879-886.Google Scholar
OLIVEIRA, M.C., FIGUEIREDO-LIMA, D.F., FARIA FILHO, D.E., MARQUES, R.H. and MORAES, V.M.B. (2009a) Effect of mannanoligosaccharides and/or enzymes on antibody titres against infectious bursal and Newcastle disease viruses. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 61: 6-11.Google Scholar
OLIVEIRA, M.C., RODRIGUES, E.A., MARQUES, R.H., GRAVENA, R.A., GUANDOLINI, G.C. and MORAES, V.M.B. (2008) Performance and morphology of intestinal mucosa of broilers fed mannan-oligosaccharides and enzymes. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 60: 442-448.Google Scholar
OZDUVEN, M.L., SAMLI, H.E., OKUR, A.A., KOC, F., AKYUREK, H. and SENKOYLU, N. (2009) Effects of mannanoligosaccharide and/or organic acid mixture on performance, blood parameters and intestinal microbiota of broiler chicks. Italian Journal of Animal Science 8: 595-602.Google Scholar
OZPINAR, H., ERHARD, M., AHRENS, F., KUTAY, C. and ESECELI, H. (2010) Effects of vitamin E, vitamin C and mannanoligosaccarides (Bio-MOS) supplementation on performance and immune system in broiler chicks. Journal of Veterinary and Animal Advances 9: 2647-2654.Google Scholar
PATTERSON, J.A. and BURKHOLDER, K.M. (2003) Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production. Poultry Science 82:627-631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ROLFE, R.D. (2000) The role of probiotic cultures in the control of gastrointestinal health. Journal of Nutrition 130: 396-402.Google Scholar
ROSEN, G.D. (2007) Holo-analysis of the efficacy of Bio-Mos® in broiler nutrition. British Poultry Science 48: 21-26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RUAS-MADIEDO, P., GUEIMONDE, M., FERNANDEZ-GARCIA, M., DE LOSREYES-GAVILAN, C.G. and MARGOLLES, A. (2008) Mucin degradation by Bifidobacterium strains isolated from the human intestinal microbiota. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 1936-1940.Google Scholar
SARICA, S., ERDOGAN, S., KOC, A. and ERDOGAN, Z. (2005) Addition of avilamycin, mannanoligosaccharide and organic acids mixture to corn-soybean meal based broiler diets. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 75: 961-964.Google Scholar
SAVAGE, T.F., ZAKRZEWSKA, E.I. and ANDREASAN, J.R. (1997) The effects of feeding mannan oligosaccharide supplemented diets to poults on performance and the morphology of the small intestine. Poultry Science 76: 139 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
SCHOENI, J.L. and WONG, A.C. (1994) Inhibition of Campylobacter jejuni colonisation in chicks by defined competitive exclusion bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 1191-1197.Google Scholar
SHAFEY, T.M., AL-MUFAREJ, S., SHALABY, M.I. and JARELNABI, A.J. (2001) The effect of feeding mannan-oligosaccharides (Bio-Mos) on the performance of meat chickens under two different vaccination programmes. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14: 559-563.Google Scholar
SHANE, M.S. (2001) Mannan oligosaccharides in poultry nutrition. Mechanisms and benefits. Proceedings of the Altech's 17th Annual Symposium, Nottingham, pp. 65-77.Google Scholar
SHASHIDHARA, R.G. and DEVEGOWDA, G. (2003) Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on broiler breeder production traits and immunity. Poultry Science 82: 1319-1325.Google Scholar
SHENDARE, R.C., GONGLE, M.A., RAJPUT, A.B., WANJARI, B.V. and MANDLEKAR, S.M. (2008) Effect of supplementation of manno-oligosaccharide and b-glucans on maize based meal on commercial broilers. Veterinary World 1: 13-15.Google Scholar
SINOVEC, Z., MARKOVIC, R. and GLEDIC, D. (2005) Influence of Bio-Mos on broiler performances and gut morphology. Proceedings of the 15th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, pp. 339-341.Google Scholar
SPRING, P. (1996) Effects of mannanoligosaccharide on different caecal parameters and on caecal concentrations of enteric pathogens in poultry. Ph.D. Dissertation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.Google Scholar
SPRING, P., WENK, C., DAWSON, K.A. and NEWMAN, K.E. (2000) The effects of dietary mannanoligosaccharides on caecal parameters and the concentrations of enteric bacteria in the caeca of Salmonella-challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Science 79: 205-211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VAN DER WIELEN, P.W., LIPMAN, L.J., VAN KNAPEN, F. and BIESTERVELD, S. (2002) Competitive exclusion of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis by Lactobacillus crispatus and Clostridium lactatifermentans in a sequencing fed-batch culture. Applied Environmental Microbiology 68: 555-559.Google Scholar
VESNA, T., LAZAREVIĆ, M., SINOVEC, Z. and TOKIĆ, A. (2007) The influence of different feed additives to performances and immune response in broiler chicken. Acta Veterinaria 57: 217-229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VINOGRADOV, E., PETERSEN, B. and BOCK, K. (1998) Structural analysis of the intact polysaccharide mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy at 750 MHz. Carbohydrate Research 307: 177-184.Google Scholar
YANG, Y., IJI, P.A. and CHOCT, M. (2009) Dietary modulation of gut microflora in broiler chickens: a review of the role of six kinds of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics. World's Poultry Science Journal 65: 97-114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
YANG, Y., IJI, P.A. and CHOCT, M. (2007b) Effects of different dietary levels of mannanoligosaccharide on growth performance and gut development of broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 20: 1084-1091.Google Scholar
YANG, Y., IJI, P.A., KOCHER, A., MIKKELSEN, L.L. and CHOCT, M. (2007a) Effects of mannanoligosaccharide on growth performance, the development of gut microflora and gut function of broiler chickens raised on new litter. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 16: 280-288.Google Scholar
ZAKERI, A. and KASHEFI, P. (2011) The comparative effects of five growth promoters on broiler chickens humoral immunity and performance. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10: 1097-1101.Google Scholar
ŽIKIĆ, D., PERIĆ, L., UŠĆEBRKA, G., STOJANOVIĆ, S., MILIĆ, D. and NOLLET, L. (2011) Influence of dietary mannanoligosaccharides on histological parameters of the jejunal mucosa and growth performance of broiler chickens. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 6172-6176.Google Scholar