Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T10:24:32.217Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Review of Microbiological Aspects of Poultry Processing1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2007

H. E. Brune
Affiliation:
Departments of Infectious Diseases and Dairy–Poultry ScienceKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas66502
F. E. Cunningham
Affiliation:
Departments of Infectious Diseases and Dairy–Poultry ScienceKansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas66502
Get access

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1971

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Avens, J. S., and Miller, B. F. 1970. Quantifying bacteria on poultry carcass skin. Poultry Sci. 49: 13091315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ayres, J. C., 1959. Effect of sanitation, packaging and antibiotics on the microbial spoilage of commercially processed poultry. Iowa State J. Sci. 34: 2746.Google Scholar
Ayres, J. C., 1960. The relationship of organisms of the genus Pseudomonas to the spoilage of meat, poultry and eggs. J. Appl. Bact. 23: 471486.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayres, J. C., Ogilvy, W. S. and Stewart, G. F. 1960. Post mortem changes in stored meats. I. Microorganisms associated with development of slime on eviscerated cut–up poultry. Food Technol. 4: 199205.Google Scholar
Ayres, J. C., Walker, H. W.Fanelli, M. J.King, A. W. and Thomas, F. 1956. Use of antibiotics in prolonging storage life of dressed chicken. Food Technol. 10: 563568.Google Scholar
Baker, R. C., 1957. Determining the keeping quality of ice–packed and dry–packed poultry. Poultry Sci. 36: 859864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, R. C., Naylor, H. B.Pfund, M. C.Einset, E. and Staemfli, W. 1956. Keeping quality of ready–to–cook and dressed poultry. Poultry Sci. 35: 398406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banwart, G. J., 1969. Rapid detection of Salmonella in turkey rolls and on fresh chicken parts. Poultry Sci. 48: 15281532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, E. M., 1960a. The sources of different psychrophilic spoilage organisms on chilled eviscerated poultry. Progress in Refrigeration Sci. Technol. 3: 97101.Google Scholar
Barnes, E. M., 1960b. Bacteriological problems in broiler preparation and storage. Royal Soc. Health J. 80: 145148.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, E. M., and Shrimpton, D. H. 1958. The effect of the tetracycline compounds on the storage life and microbiology of chilled eviscerated poultry. J. Appl. Bact. 21: 313329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandly, P. J., 1948. Poultry inspection as part of the public health program. J. Am. Vet. M. A. 112: 1017.Google ScholarPubMed
Brandly, C. A., 1951. Poultry diseases as public health problems. Pub. Health Rep. 66: 668672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brewer, R. N., Edgar, S. A.Mora, E. C. and Pruett, J. 1961. A study of the sanitation of chilling operation in poultry processing plants in Alabama. Poultry Sci. 40: 1383.Google Scholar
Bobst, D., Greenberg, J. and Gezon, H. M. 1958. Salmonellosis in poultry and poultry processing plants in western Pennsylvania. J. Am. Vet. A.M. 133: 435437.Google Scholar
Bryan, F. L., Ayres, J. C. and Kraft, A. A. 1965. Salmonellae isolated from turkey processing plants and turkey products. Poultry Sci. 44: 13561357.Google Scholar
Burkhart, D., 1966. Dry ice cuts chill–pack costs for Park Poultry. Broiler Ind. 29: 2527.Google Scholar
Burton, M. O., 1949. Comparison of coliform and enterococcus organisms as indices of pollution in frozen foods. Food Research. 14: 434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carlin, A. F., Holl, B. E. and Walker, H. W. 1957. Correlation between flavor and number of micro–organisms associated with eviscerated chicken treated with chlortetracycline. Food Technol. 11: 573577.Google Scholar
Casale, J. O., May, K. N. and Powers, J. J. 1965. Effects of three chilling methods on bacteriological, organoleptic, and physical properties of broiler chickens. Food Technol. 19: 859861.Google Scholar
Castellani, A. G., Clarke, R. R.Gibson, M. J. and Meisner, E. F. 1953. Roasting time and temperature required to kill food poisoning organisms introduced experimentally into stuffing in turkeys. Food Research. 18: 131138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherry, W. B., Scherago, and Weaver, R. H. 1943. The occurrence of Salmonella in retail meat products. Am. J. Hyg. 37: 211215.Google Scholar
Corey, R. R., and Byrnes, J. M. 1963. Oxytetracycline–resistant coliforms in commercial poultry products. Appl. Microb. 11: 481484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cotterill, O. J., 1956. Use of ultraviolet light to determine the apparent condition of fresh poultry. Poultry Sci. 35: 1138.Google Scholar
Dawson, L. E. and Stadelman, W. J. 1960. Microorganisms and their control on fresh poultry meat. NCM-7 Tech. Bull. 278, Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Dawson, L. E., Mallman, W. L.Mary Frang, and Sue Wallers, , 1956. The influence of chlorine treatments on bacterial population and taste panel evaluation of chicken fryers. Poultry Sci. 35: 1140.Google Scholar
Dixon, J. M. S., and Pooley, F. E. 1961. The effect of chlorination on chicken carcasses infected with Salmonellae. J. Hyg. 59: 348.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drewiak, E. E., Howe, M. A.Goresline, H. E. and Baush, E. R. 1954. Studies on sanitizing methods for use in poultry processing. U.S.D.A. Cir. No. 930.Google Scholar
Edwards, P. R., 1939. Incidence of Salmonella types in fowls in the United States. Proc. World's Poultry Cong., pp. 271274.Google Scholar
Edwards, P. R., and Bruner, D. W. 1943. The occurrence and distribution of Salmonella types in the United States. J. Infect. Diseases 72: 5867.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, P. R., Bruner, D. W. and Moran, A. B. 1948. The genus Salmonella: Its occurrence and distribution in the United States. Kentucky Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 525.Google ScholarPubMed
Eklund, M. W., Spencer, J. V.Sauter, E. A. and George, M. H. 1961. The effect of different methods of chlortetracycline application on the shelf life of chicken fryers. Poultry Sci. 40: 924928.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emmel, M. W., 1930. Bacterial flora in feces of the normal fowl. J. Infect. Diseases 46: 293297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essary, E. O., and Howes, C. E. 1960. Bacterial flora of poultry kidneys and effects of kidney removal on yield and shelf–life. Poultry Sci. 39: 5659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Essary, E. O., Moore, W. E. C. and Kramer, C. Y. 1958. Influence of scald temperatures, chill times, and holding temperatures on the bacterial flora and shelf life of freshly chilled, tray–packed poultry. Food Technol. 11: 684687.Google Scholar
Fahey, J. E., 1955. Some observations on “air sac” infection in chickens. Poultry Sci. 34: 982984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanelli, M. J., and Ayres, J. C. 1959. Methods of detection and effect of freezing on the microflora of chicken pies. Food Technol. 13: 294300.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, G. A., and Nickerson, J. T. 1939. Effect of time and temperature of holding poultry upon its quality. Proc. 7th World's Poultry Cong., pp. 509512.Google Scholar
Fromm, D., 1957. Bacterial contamination and shelf life of freshly eviscerated broilers as influenced by holding time in slush ice. Poultry Sci. 36: 10061009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fromm, D., 1959. An evaluation of techniques commonly used to quantitatively determine the bacterial population on chicken carcasses. Poultry Sci. 38: 887893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gage, G. E. 1911. A study showing bacteria and animal organisms determined in the feces and intestinal mucosa of healthy chickens. Maryland Exp. Sta. Bull. 153. pp. 201226.Google Scholar
Galton, M. M., and Arnstein, P. 1960. Poultry diseases in public health. Review for epidemiologists. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Sev. Pub. 767.Google Scholar
Galton, M. M., Mackel, D. C.Lewis, A. L.Haire, W. C. and Hardy, A. V. 1955. Salmonellosis in poultry and poultry processing plants in Florida. Am. J. Vet. Res. 16: 132137.Google ScholarPubMed
Goresline, H. E., and Haugh, R. R. 1958. Approximation of surface areas of cut–up chicken and use in microbiological analysis. Food Technol. 03: 241243.Google Scholar
Goresline, H. E., Howe, M. A.Bausch, E. R. and Gunderson, M. F. 1951. In–plant chlorination does a three way job. U.S. Egg and Poultry Mag. 57: 1213.Google Scholar
Gunderson, M. F., Swartz, P. M. and Rose, K. D. 1946. How much dressed poultry is as clean as it looks? U.S. Egg and Poultry Mag. 52: 389Google Scholar
Gunderson, M. F., Rose, K. D. and Henn, M. J. 1947. Poultry boning plants need bacteriological control. Food Ind. 19: 15161517.Google ScholarPubMed
Gunderson, M. F., Mcfadden, H. W. and Kyle, T. S. 1954. The Bacteriology of Commercial Poultry Processing. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, Minn.Google Scholar
Gwen, J. M., 1951. The weight and quality of fresh dressed poultry as affected by dressing, cooling. holding. Amer. Egg and Poultry Rev. 38: 40.Google Scholar
Haines, R. B., 1933a. Observations on the bacterial flora of some slaughter houses. J. Hyg. 33: 165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haines, R. B., 1933b. The bacterial flora developing on stored lean meat, especially with regard to “slimy” meat. J. Hyg. 33: 175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haines, R. B., 1934. The minimum temperatures of growth of some bacteria. J. Hyg. 34: 277CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrison, A. P., and Hanson, P. A. 1950. The bacterial flora of the cecal feces of healthy turkeys. J. Bact. 59: 197210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helwig, R. J., and Hart, R. W. 1951. Poultry sanitation standards. J. Publ. Health 41: 938943.Google Scholar
Hinshaw, W. R., and Mcneil, E. 1948. Avian salmonellosis, its economic and public health significance. Proc. 8th World's Poultry Cong., pp. 599604.Google Scholar
Hucker, G. J., and David, E. R. 1957. The effect of alternate freezing and thawing on the total flora of frozen chicken pies. Food Techol. 11: 354356.Google Scholar
Ingalls, W. L., 1950. The public health aspects of poultry diseases. Proc. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. pp. 282291.Google Scholar
Keel, J. E., and Parmelee, C. F. 1968. Improving the bacteriological quality of chicken fryers J. Milk and Food Technol. 31: 377381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, W. E., 1905. The bacterial flora of the intestinal mucosa and conjunctiva of the normal chicken. Am. Med. 10: 400404.Google Scholar
Kinsley, R. N., and Mountney, G. J. 1966. A comparison of methods used for the microbiological examination of poultry carcasses. Poultry Sci. 45: 12111215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klhler, A. R., Miller, W. H. and Broquist, H. P. 1955. Aureomycin chlortetracycline and the control of poultry spoilage. Food Technol. 9: 151154.Google Scholar
Kohler, A. R., Abbey, A.Darken, J. A.Furman, M. C.Kline, E. F.Maturi, V. F.Miller, W. H. and Upham, S. D. 1957. Comprehensive studies of the use of a food grade chlortetracycline in poultry processing. Antiobiotics Annual, 1956–57. Medical Encyclopedia, Inc.,N.Y.Google Scholar
Koonz, C. H., 1952. Plant sanitation and product quality go hand in hand. U.S. Egg and Poultry Mag. 58: 18.Google Scholar
Kotula, A. W., 1966. Variablity in microbiological sampling of chickens by the swab method Poultry Sci. 45: 233236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotula, A. W., Thomson, J. E. and Kinner, J. A. 1962. Bacterial counts associated with the chilling of fryer chickens. Poultry Sci. 41: 818821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kotula, A. W., Banwart, G. J. and Kinner, J. A. 1967. Effect of post–chill washing on bacterial counts of broiler chickens. Poultry Scil 46: 12101216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraft, A. A., and Ayres, J. C. 1961. Production of fluorescence on packaged chicken. Appl. Microb. 9: 549553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lea, C. H., 1934. The cold storage of poultry. II. Chemical changes in the fat of gas stored chickens. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 53: 347349.Google Scholar
Lemmons, T. J., 1966. Fresh poultry packaged by the CO2 -cell method. In a speech before the National Poultry, Butter and Egg Association Cellu–Products Co., Patterson, N. Carolina.Google Scholar
Lockhead, A. G. and Landerkin, G. B. 1935. Bacteriological studies of dressed poultry I. Preliminary investigations of bacterial action at chill temperatures. Scientific Agric. 15: 765769.Google Scholar
Longree, K., White, J. C.Cutlar, K.Hohue, D. V. and Hayter, J. M. 1958. Bacteria growth in poultry stuffings. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 34: 5057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallman, W. L., and Zaikowski, L. 1940. Effect of carbon dioxide on growth of meat spoilage organisms at low temperatures. Nat'l. Provisioner 103 (7): 16.Google Scholar
Mallman, W. L., Zaikowski, L. and Ruster, M. 1940. The effect of carbon dioxide on bacteria with particular reference to food poisoning organisms. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta. J. No. 489, p. 25.Google Scholar
Mallman, W. L., Dawson, L. E.Sultzer, B. M. and Wright, H. S. 1958. Studies on microbiological methods for predicting shelf life of dressed poultry. Food Technol. 12: 122126.Google Scholar
May, K. W., 1961. Skin contamination of broilers during commercial evisceration. Poultry Sci. 40: 531536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, K. N., 1969. Microbial counts on chicken purchased at retail. Poultry Sci. 48: 17621764.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
May, K. N., 1962. Bacterial contamination during cutting and packaging chicken in processing plants and retail stores. Food Technol. 16: 8991.Google Scholar
May, K. N., Irby, J. D. and Carman, J. L. 1962. Shelf–life and bacterial counts of excised poultry tissue. Food Technol. 16: 6668.Google Scholar
Mcvicker, R. J., Dawson, L. E.Mallman, W. L.Walters, Sue and Jones, E. 1958a. Effect of certain bacterial inhibitors on shelf life of fresh fryers. Food Technol, 12: 147149.Google Scholar
Mcvicker, R. J., Dawson, L. E.Mallman, W. L.Walters, Sue and Jones, E. 1958b. The effect of chlortetracycline on shelf life of fresh poultry meat treated in a commercial processing plant. Poultry Sci. 38: 337343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, T. G., and Ayres, J. C. 1960. Incidence of Salmonellae on commercially processed poultry. Poultry Sci. 39: 11311135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundt, J. O., Stokes, R. L. and Goff, O. E. 1954. The skin of broilers as a barrier to bacterial invasion during processing. Poultry Sci. 33: 799803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, C. W., Connolly, R. J.Vaughn, R. H. and Stewart, G. F. 1958. Want to extend shelf life? Here are some ways to do it. Proc. & Mkt. 65 (1): 1415.Google Scholar
Nagel, C. W., Simpson, K. L.Ng, H., Vaughn, R. H. and Stewart, G. F. 1960. Microorganisms associated with spoilage of refrigerated poultry. Food Technol. 14: 2123.Google Scholar
Newell, G. W., Gwen, J. M. and Jull, M. A. 1948. The effect of certain holding conditions on the quality of dressed poultry. Poultry Sci. 27: 251256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ng, H., Vaughn, R. H. and Stewart, G. F. 1957. Antibiotics in poultry meat preservation-development of resistance among spoilage organisms. Appl. Microb. 5: 331333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, T., and Regner, B. 1963. The effect of chlorine in the chilling water on salonellae in dressed chicken. Acta. Vet. Scand. 4: 307312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogilvy, W. S. and Ayres, J. C. 1951. Post mortem changes in stored meats. II. The effect of atmospheres containing carbon dioxide in prolonging the storage life of cut–up chicken. Food Technol. 5: 97102.Google Scholar
Perry, G. A., Lawerence, R. L. and Melnick, D. 1964. Extension of shelf life of poultry by processing with sorbic acid. Food Technol. 18: 891897.Google Scholar
Picket, L. D., and Miller, B. F. 1966. The effect of high temperature immersion on the microbial population of whole turkey carcasses. Poultry Scil 45: 1116.Google Scholar
Ranken, M. D., Clewlow, G.Shrpton, D. H. and Stevens, B. J. H. 1965. Chlorination in poultry processing. Brit. Poultry Sci. 6: 331337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadler, W. W., and Corstvet, R. E. 1965. Second survey of market poultry for Salmonella infection. Appl. Microb. 13: 348351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadler, W. W., Yamamato, R. and Corstvet, R. E. 1965. Bacteriological survey of market poultry livers. Poultry Sci. 44: 993998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sadler, W. W., Corstvet, R. E.Adler, H. E. and Yamamato, R. 1966. Relative prevalence of bacterial agents and histopathology in passed and condemned poultry carcasses and livers. J. Food Sci. 31: 773780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzer, R. H., Kraft, A. A. and Ayres, J. C. 1964. Bacteria associated with giblets of commercally processed turkeys. Poultry Sci. 34: 934938.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slazer, R. H., Kraft, A. A. and Ayres, J. C. 1965a. Effect of processing on bacteria associated with turkey giblets. Poultry Sci. 44: 952956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salzer, R. H., Kraft, A. A. and Ayres, J. C. 1965b. Microorganisms isolated from turkey giblets. Poultry Sci. 44: 14111412.Google Scholar
Seekins, J. G., Guenther, E. and Walker, W. G. 1958. A comparison of six methods for determining numbers of bacteria on poultry under three types of handling. Proc. Mo. Acad. Sci. 18: 1318.Google Scholar
Shannon, W. G., and Stadelman, W. J. 1957. The efficacy of chlortetracycline at several temperatures in controlling spoilage of poultry meat. Poultry Sci. 36: 121123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shchennikov, S., Petrovskaya, E.Kustova, L. and Krasnitskaya, E. 1955. Testing the freshness of meat and fat of poultry. Myasnaya Ind. 26: 551.Google Scholar
Silliker, J. H., and Andrews, H. P. 1957. A new non–destructive method for bacteriological sampling of meats. Food Technol. 11: 317318.Google Scholar
Silliker, J. H., Shank, J. L. and Andrews, H. P. 1958. Simultaneous determination of total count and fluorescent pseudomonads in fresh meat and poultry. Food Technol. 12: 255259.Google Scholar
Silvestrini, D. A., Anderson, G. W. and Snyder, E. S. 1958. Chlortetracycline as related to the microbiology and preservation of poultry meat. Poultry Sci. 37: 179185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, K. L., Nagel, C. W.Ng, H., Vaughn, R. H. and Stewart, G. F. 1959. Influence of acronizing on organisms causing spoilage in commerically processed fryers. Food Technol. 13: 153154.Google Scholar
Smibert, R. M., Dvolt, H. M. and Faber, J. E. 1958. A study of the bacterial flora of the respiratory system of normal chickens. Poultry Sci. 37: 159166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smibert, R. M., Faber, J. E. and Dvolt, H. M. 1960. Studies on “air sac” infection in poultry. III. Bacterial flora of the respiratory system of poultry associated with avian PPLO (Pleuro–pneumonia–like organisms) in natural cases of aero saccitis. Poutlry Sci. 39: 417426.Google Scholar
Spencer, J. V., and Stadelman, W. J. 1955. Effect of certain holding conditions on shelf life of fresh poultry meat. Poultry Sci. 34: 358360.Google Scholar
Spencer, J. V., and Stadelman, W. J. 1958a. Development of yeasts on antibiotic treated poultry. Appl. Microb. 6: 420422.Google Scholar
Spencer, J. V., and Stadelman, W. J. 1958b. Effect of packaging materials and techniques on shelf life of fresh poultry meat. Food Technol. 12: 425427.Google Scholar
Spencer, J. V., Sauter, E. A. and Stadelman, W. J. 1955. Shelf life of frozen poultry meat after thawing. Poultry Sci. 34: 12221223.Google Scholar
Spencer, J. V., and Smith, L. E. 1962. The effect of chilling chicken fryers in a solution of polyphosphates upon moisture uptake, microbial spoilage, tenderness, Juiciness and flavor. Poultry Sic. 41: 1685.Google Scholar
Spencer, J. V., Eklund, M. W.Sauter, E. A. and Hard, M. M. 1956. The effect of different packaging materials on the shelf life of antibiotic treated chicken fryers. Poultry Sci. 35: 1173.Google Scholar
Stevenson, J. R., and Edgar, S. A. 1968. Shelf life and microflora of broiler carcasses and parts. Poultry Sci. 47: 1722.Google Scholar
Surkiewicz, B. F., Johnston, R. W.Moran, A. B. and Krumm, G. W. 1969. A bacteriological survey of chicken eviscerating plants. Food Technol. 23: 10661069.Google Scholar
Tarver, F. R., and May, K. N. 1963. Effect of bleed time prior to scald and refrigerated storage upon bacterial counts in the axillary diverticula of the interclavicular air sac of chickens. Food Technol. 17: 198200.Google Scholar
Tarver, F. R., and May, K. N. 1963. Effect of slaughter technique, immersion scald, and refrigerated storage on bacterial counts of poultry air sacs. Poultry Sci. 42: 11411145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, M. H., Helbacka, N. V. L. and Bigbee, D. E. 1968. The effect of packaging giblets separately on quality of fresh broilers. Poultry Sci. 47: 19631966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, J. E., 1970. Microbial counts and rancidity of fresh fryer chickens as affected by packaging materials, storage atmosphere, and temperature. Poultry Sci. 49: 11041109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, J. E., and Kotula, A. W. 1959. Contamination of the air sac areas of chicken carcasses and its relationship to scalding and method of killing. Poultry Sci. 38: 14331437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, J. E., Banwart, G. J.Sanders, D. H. and Mercuri, A. J. 1967. Effect of chlorine, antibiotics, beta–propiolactone, acids and washing on Salmonella typhimurium on evicerated fryer chickens. Poultry Sci. 46: 146151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughn, R. H., and Steawrt, G. F. 1960. Antibiotics as food preservatives. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 174: 13081310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaughn, R. H., Nagel, C. W.Sawyer, F. M. and Stewart, G. F. 1957. Antibiotics in poultry meat preservation: A comparison of the tetracyclines. Food Techol. 11: 426429.Google Scholar
Wabeck, C. J., Schall, D. V.Evancho, G. M.Heck, J. C. and Rogers, A. B. 1967. Salmonella reduction, chlorine uptake, and organoleptic changes in poultry treated with sodium hypochlorite. Poultry Sci. 46: 1333.Google Scholar
Wabeck, C. J., Parmelee, C. E. and Stadelman, W. J. 1968. Carbon dioxide preservation of fresh poultry. Poultry Sci. 47: 468474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, H. W., and Ayres, J. C. 1956. Incidence and kinds of organisms associated with commercially dressed poultry. Appl. Microb. 4: 345349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, H. W., and Ayres, J. C. 1958. Antibiotic residual and microbial resistance in poultry treated with tetracyclines. Food Research 23: 525531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, H. W., and Ayres, J. C. 1959. Microorganisms associated with commercially processed turkeys. Poultry Sci. 38: 13511355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wells, F. E., 1959. Resazurin reduction tests for shelf–life estimates of poultry meats. Food Technol 13: 584586.Google Scholar
Wells, F. E., Fry, J. L.Marion, W. W. and Stadelman, W. J. 1957. Relative efficacy of three tetracyclines with poultry meat. Food Technol. 11: 6566568.Google Scholar
Wilder, A. N. and Maccready, R. A. 1966. Isolation of Salmonella from poultry. poultry products and poultry processing plants in Massachusetts. New England J. Med. 274: 14531460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkams, C. V., Bengsch, H. K. and Wilkins, G. 1962. A screening test for determining the sanitary quality of processed poultry. J. Milk and Food Technol. 25: 315317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkerson, W. B., Ayres, J. C. and Kraft, A. A. 1961. Occurrence of enterococci and coliform organisms on fresh and stored poultry. Food Technol. 15: 286292.Google Scholar
Wilson, E., Paffenbarger, R. S.Foter, M. J. and Lewis, K. H. 1961. Prevalance of Salmonella in meat and poultry products. J. Infect. Diseases 109: 166171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodburn, M. 1964. Incidence of Salmonella in dressed broiler–fryer chickens. Appl. Microb. 12: 492495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodburn, M., Harrington, R. and Stadelman, W. J. 1966. Frying chickens purchased in retail markets in one area. Microbiological aspects. Poultry Sci. 45: 253259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yacowitz, H., Pansy, F.Wind, S.Stander, H.Sassaman, H. L.Pagano, J. F. and Trejo, W. H. 1957. Use of mystatin (Mycostatin) to retard yeast growth on chlortetracycline-treated chicken meat. Poultry Sci. 36: 843849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeigler, F., Spencer, J. V. and Stadelman, W. J. 1954. A rapid method for determining spoilage in fresh poultry meat. Poultry Sci. 23: 12531255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeigler, F., and Stadelman, W. J. 1955a. The effect of different scald water temperatures on shelf life of fresh, non–frozen fryers. Poultry Sci. 34: 237238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeigler, F., and Stadelman, W. J. 1955b. The effect of Aureomycin treatment on the shelf life of fresh poultry meat. Food Technol. 9: 107108.Google Scholar
Zeigler, F., and Stadelman, W. J. 1945c. Increasing shelf life of fresh chicken meat by using chlorination. Poultry Sci. 34: 13891391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar