Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:12:22.015Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Phytochemistry and beneficial impacts of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) as a dietary supplement in poultry diets

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 April 2018

M. SAEED ,
A.A. KAMBOH ,
S.F. SYED ,
D. BABAZADEH ,
I. SUHERYANI ,
Q.A. SHAH ,
M. UMAR ,
I. KAKAR ,
M. NAVEED  and
M.E. ABD EL-HACK
...Show all authors
M. SAEED
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China, 712100
A.A. KAMBOH*
Affiliation:
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam 70060, Pakistan
S.F. SYED
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, 3800, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
D. BABAZADEH
Affiliation:
Avian Diseases Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
I. SUHERYANI
Affiliation:
Faculty of Pharmacy, Sindh University of Jamshoro, Pakistan
Q.A. SHAH
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, 3800, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
M. UMAR
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, 3800, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
I. KAKAR
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery Lasbella University of Agriculture, Water and Marine sciences Uthal BalochitanPakistan
M. NAVEED
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 211198, PR China
M.E. ABD EL-HACK
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
M. ALAGAWANY
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
S. CHAO*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China, 712100
*
Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected]
Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Cinnamon is a common spice obtained from the bark of the cinnamon tree (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). It has been used for culinary, as well as medicinal, purposes since ancient times in various countries. Apart from substantial amounts of several nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, choline, vitamins (A, K, C, B3), and minerals, several biological active compounds are present in the extract of oil, which contribute to immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antiviral, lowering blood cholesterol, antimicrobial, lipid-lowering, antihypertension, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, gastroprotective, antidiabetic, neuroprotective and blood purifying properties. Cinnamon roots serve as a hepatic stimulant by improving bile production, eliminating toxins, restoring electrolyte balance and regulating hydration and can be used for enhancing digestion. In addition, nutritional properties of cinnamon powder include positive effects regarding growth, digestion, enhanced activity of gut microflora, improvement of immune response, as well as improved feed efficiency and health improvement of poultry birds. Recently, research focus has been directed towards supplementing broiler diets with cinnamon powder as a phytobiotic in order to replace synthetic growth promoters. After reviewing the literature, it was found that the research at the molecular level to elucidate the mechanisms behind the potential of cinnamon as a feed additive in poultry is limited, despite its promising impacts. Furthermore, supplementation doses vary significantly, i.e., from 0.02 to 7%. So, the aim of this review was to compile the published research related to cinnamon. Hence explore its beneficial properties, find out its optimal dosage for uses by veterinarians, researchers, and nutritionists, as well as its potential to use as a natural feed additive to replace the synthetic antibiotic growth promoters in poultry feed.

Keywords

cinnamonspicemeat qualityfeed additivepoultry
Type
Review
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 74 , Issue 2 , June 2018 , pp. 331 - 346
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AGUIHE, P.C., KEHINDE, A.S., OSPINA-ROJAS, I.C. and MURAKAMI, A.E. (2017) Comparative effect of different detoxified rubber seed meal on haematological and serum biochemical indices of broilers. Journal of Animal Health and Production 5: 50-57.Google Scholar
ALI, A.B.E. (2015) Effect of feeding cinnamon as growth promoter on broiler chick's performance and meat quality. http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/123456789/24311.Google Scholar
ALI, A.H., ABDUL-AZEEZ, L.A., HUMOOD, J.K., ALI, Z.A., HELAL, Z.H. and WAHAB, F.L. (2016) The effect of ethanolic extract of hibiscus sabdariffa on some physiological and antioxidant parameters in female rabbits. Journal of Animal Health and Production 4: 37-41.Google Scholar
AL-JIFFRI, O., EL-SAYED, Z. and AL-SHARIF, F. (2011) Urinary tract infection with Escherichia coli and antibacterial activity of some plants extracts. International Journal of Microbiology Research 2: 01-07.Google Scholar
AL-KASSIE, G.A. (2009) Influence of two plant extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon on broiler performance. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 29: 169-173.Google Scholar
ALQASOUMI, S. (2012) Anti-secretagogue and antiulcer effects of cinnamon cinnamomum zeylanicum in rats. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy 4: 53-61.Google Scholar
ALQASOUMI, S., AL-DOSARY, M., AL-YAHYA, M. and AL-MOFLEH, I. (2011) Gastroprotective effect of a popular spice cinnamon “Cinnamomum zeylanicum” in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 668: e42.Google Scholar
ALTSCHULER, J.A., CASELLA, S.J., MACKENZIE, T.A. and CURTIS, K.M. (2007) The effect of cinnamon on a1c among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes care 30: 813-816.Google Scholar
AMR, R. and MAYSA, E. (2010) Antiulcer effect of cinnamon and chamomile aqueous extracts in rats models. Journal of American Sciences 6: 209-216.Google Scholar
ANDERSON, R.A., BROADHURST, C.L., POLANSKY, M.M., SCHMIDT, W.F., KHAN, A., FLANAGAN, V.P., SCHOENE, N.W. and GRAVES, D.J. (2004) Isolation and characterization of polyphenol type-a polymers from cinnamon with insulin-like biological activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52: 65-70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ARAIN, M.A., MEI, Z., HASSAN, F.U., SAEED, M., ALAGAWANY, M., SHAR, A.H. and RAJPUT, I.R. (2018) Lycopene: a natural antioxidant for prevention of heat-induced oxidative stress in poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal74 (1) (Accepted).Google Scholar
BANSODE, V. (2012) A review on pharmacological activities of Cinnamomum cassia Blume. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 6: 102.Google Scholar
BARCELOUX, D.G. (2009) Cinnamon (cinnamomum species). Disease-a-Month 55: 327-335.Google Scholar
BEDFORD, M. (2000) Removal of antibiotic growth promoters from poultry diets: Implications and strategies to minimise subsequent problems. World's Poultry Science Journal 56: 347-365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CALUCCI, L., PINZINO, C., ZANDOMENEGHI, M., CAPOCCHI, A., GHIRINGHELLI, S., SAVIOZZI, F., TOZZI, S. and GALLESCHI, L. (2003) Effects of gamma-irradiation on the free radical and antioxidant contents in nine aromatic herbs and spices. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 927-934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHANG, S.T. and CHENG, S.S. (2002) Antitermitic activity of leaf essential oils and components from cinnamomum osmophleum. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 50: 1389-1392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CHANGXING, L., CHENLING, M., ALAGAWANY, M., JIANHUA, L., DONGFANG, D., GAICHAO, W., WENYIN, Z., SYED, S.F., ARAIN, M.A., SAEED, M., HASSAN, F.U. and CHAO, S. (2018) Health benefits and potential applications of anthocyanins in poultry feed industry. World's Poultry Science Journal 74: (Accepted).Google Scholar
CHAUDHARY, S.S., TARIQ, M., ZAMAN, R. and IMTIYAZ, S. (2014) The in vitro anti-acne activity of two unani drugs. Ancient Science of Life 33: 35-38.Google Scholar
CHENG, B. (1983) A review of cinnamon. Zhong Cao Yao 14: 4762-4765.Google Scholar
CHENG, S.S., LIU, J.Y., HSUI, Y.R. and CHANG, S.T. (2006) Chemical polymorphism and antifungal activity of essential oils from leaves of different provenances of indigenous cinnamon (cinnamomum osmophloeum). Bioresource Technology 97: 306-312.Google Scholar
CHERICONI, S., PRIETO, J.M., IACOPINI, P., CIONI, P. and MORELLI, I. (2005) In vitro activity of the essential oil of cinnamomum zeylanicum and eugenol in peroxynitrite-induced oxidative processes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 4762-4765.Google Scholar
CIFTCI, M., SIMSEK, U.G., YUCE, A., YILMAZ, O. and DALKILIC, B. (2010) Effects of dietary antibiotic and cinnamon oil supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activities, cholesterol levels and fatty acid compositions of serum and meat in broiler chickens. Acta Veterinaria Brno 79: 33-40.Google Scholar
DHAMA, K., LATHEEF, S.K., MANI, S., SAMAD, H.A., KARTHIK, K., TIWARI, R., KHAN, R.U., ALAGAWANY, M., FARAG, M.R., ALAM, G.M., LAUDADIO, V. and TUFARELLI, V. (2015) Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production-a review. International Journal of Pharmacology11: 152-176.Google Scholar
DORMAN, H.J. and DEANS, S.G. (2000) Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology 88: 308-316.Google Scholar
EL-HACK, M.A. and ALAGAWANY, M. (2015) Performance, egg quality, blood profile, immune function, and antioxidant enzyme activities in laying hens fed diets with thyme powder. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 24: 127-133.Google Scholar
EUROPEAN MEDICINES AGENCY (2011) Assessment Report on Cinnamomum verum J.S. Presl, cortex and corticis aetheroleum. EMA/HMPC/246773/2009. Available online: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_HMPC_assessment_report/2011/08/WC500110090.pdf.Google Scholar
FAGHANI, M., RAHIMIAN, Y., RAFIEE, A. and NAMJOO, A.R. (2014) Effect of garlic and cinnamon in comparison to virginiamycin on performance and some haematological parameters in broiler chicks. Research Opinions in Animal and Veterinary Sciences 4: 504-507.Google Scholar
FATIMA, M., ZAIDI, N.S., AMRAIZ, D. and AFZAL, F. (2016) In vitro antiviral activity of cinnamomum cassia and its nanopartilces against h7n3 influenza a virus. Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 26: 151.Google Scholar
GALIB, A.M., AL-KASSIE, G. and WITWIT, N.M. (2010) A comparative study on diet supplementation with a mixture of herbal plants and dandelion as a source of prebiotics on the performance of broilers. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 9: 67-71.Google Scholar
GOPI, M., KATHIRVELAN, C., PREMCHANDER, D., VASANTHAKUMAR, P., PANGAYARSELVI, B., SASIKUMAR, P. and CHANDRASEKARAN, D. (2012) Effect of cinnamon powder (cinnamomum zeylanicum) supplementation on growth performance of broilers. Commercial and rural poultry production: Novel concepts and strategies to meet growing demand and changing consumer needs. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference and National Symposium of Indian Poultry Science Association, pp. 35-36.Google Scholar
GOWDA, D.C. and SARATHY, C. (1987) Structure of an l -arabino- d -xylan from the bark of cinnamomum zeylanicum. Carbohydrate Research 166: 263-269.Google Scholar
GUERRA, F.Q., MENDES, J.M., SOUSA, J.P., MORAIS-BRAGA, M.F., SANTOS, B.H., MELO COUTINHO, H.D. and LIMA EDE, O. (2012) Increasing antibiotic activity against a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp by essential oils of Citrus limon and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Natural Products Research 26: 2235-2258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HARDY, B. (2002) The issue of antibiotic use in the livestock industry: What have we learned? Animal Biotechnology 13: 129.Google Scholar
HASHEMI, S. and DAVOODI, H. (2010) Phytogenics as new class of feed additive in poultry industry. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 9: 2295-2304.Google Scholar
HAYASHI, K., IMANISHI, N., KASHIWAYAMA, Y., KAWANO, A., TERASAWA, K., SHIMADA, Y. and OCHIAI, H. (2007) Inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde, derived from cinnamomi cortex, on the growth of influenza a/pr/8 virus in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Research 74: 1-8.Google Scholar
HOSSEIN, N., ZAHRA, Z., ABOLFAZL, M., MAHDI, S. and ALI, K. (2013) Effect of cinnamon zeylanicum essence and distillate on the clotting time. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 7: 1339-1343.Google Scholar
IMANI, A., BANI, M.S., NOORI, F., FARZANEH, M. and MOGHANLOU, K.S. (2017) The effect of bentonite and yeast cell wall along with cinnamon oil on aflatoxicosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss): Digestive enzymes, growth indices, nutritional performance and proximate body composition. Aquaculture 476: 160-167.Google Scholar
ISABEL, B. and SANTOS, Y. (2009) Effects of dietary organic acids and essential oils on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18: 472-476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ISOGAI, A., MURAKOSHI, S., SUZUKI, A. and TAMURA, S. (1977) Chemistry and biological activities of cinnzeylanine and cinnzeylanol, new insecticidal substances from cinnamonum zeylanicum nees. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 41: 1779-1784.Google Scholar
JAKHETIA, V. (2010) Cinnamon: A pharmacological review. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 1: 19-23.Google Scholar
JANTAN, I.B., KARIM MOHARAM, B.A., SANTHANAM, J. and JAMAL, J.A. (2008) Correlation between chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of eight cinnamomum. Species. Pharmaceutical Biology 46: 406-412.Google Scholar
JAYAPRAKASHA, G.K., RAO, L.J. and SAKARIAH, K.K. (2002) Chemical composition of volatile oil from cinnamomum zeylanicum buds. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 57: 990-993.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KESKIN, D. and and TOROGLU, S. (2011) Studies on antimicrobial activities of solvent extracts of different spices. Journal of Environmental Biology 32: 251-256.Google Scholar
KHAN, A., SAFDAR, M., KHAN, M.M.A., KHATTAK, K.N. and ANDERSON, R.A. (2003) Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 26: 3215-3218.Google Scholar
KHASNAVIS, S. and PAHAN, K. (2012) Sodium benzoate, a metabolite of cinnamon and a food additive, upregulates neuroprotective Parkinson disease protein dj-1 in astrocytes and neurons. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology 7: 424-435.Google Scholar
KIM, S.H., HYUN, S.H. and CHOUNG, S.Y. (2006) Anti-diabetic effect of cinnamon extract on blood glucose in db/db mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104: 119-123.Google Scholar
KIM, Y.G., LEE, J.H., KIM, S.I., BAEK, K.H. and LEE, J. (2015) Cinnamon bark oil and its components inhibit biofilm formation and toxin production. International Journal of Food Microbiology 195: 30-39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KOOCHAKSARAIE, R.R., IRANI, M. and GHARAVYSI, S. (2011) The effects of cinnamon powder feeding on some blood metabolites in broiler chicks. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 13: 197-201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KWON, H.K., HWANG, J.S., LEE, C.G., SO, J.S., SAHOO, A., IM, C.R., JEON, W.K., KO, B.S., LEE, S.H., PARK, Z.Y. and IM, S.H. (2011) Cinnamon extract suppresses experimental colitis through modulation of antigen-presenting cells. World Journal of Gastroenterology 17: 976-986.Google Scholar
LEE, B.J., KIM, Y.J., CHO, D.H., SOHN, N.W. and KANG, H. (2011) Immunomodulatory effect of water extract of cinnamon on anti-cd3-induced cytokine responses and p38, jnk, erk1/2, and stat4 activation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 33: 714-722.Google Scholar
LEE, C.W., HONG, D.H., HAN, S.B., PARK, S.H., KIM, H.K., KWON, B.M. and KIM, H.M. (1999) Inhibition of human tumor growth by 2'-hydroxy- and 2'-benzoyloxycinnamaldehydes. Planta Medica 65: 263-266.Google Scholar
LEE, E.J., CHEN, H.Y., HUNG, Y.C., CHEN, T.Y., LEE, M.Y., YU, S.C., CHEN, Y.H., CHUANG, I.C. and WU, T.S. (2009) Therapeutic window for cinnamophilin following oxygen-glucose deprivation and transient focal cerebral ischemia. Experimental Neurology 217: 74-83.Google Scholar
LEE, J.S., CHOI, M.S., JEON, S.M., JEONG, T.S., PARK, Y.B., LEE, M.K. and BOK, S.H. (2001) Lipid-lowering and antioxidative activities of 3,4-di(oh)-cinnamate and 3,4-di(oh)-hydrocinnamate in cholesterol-fed rats. Clinica Chimica Acta 314: 221-229.Google Scholar
LEE, S.H., LEE, S.Y., SON, D.J., LEE, H., YOO, H.S., SONG, S., OH, K.W., HAN, D.C., KWON, B.M. and HONG, J.T. (2005) Inhibitory effect of 2′-hydroxycinnamaldehyde on nitric oxide production through inhibition of NF-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 69: 791-799.Google Scholar
LIN, C.C., WU, S.J., CHANG, C.H. and NG, L.T. (2003) Antioxidant activity of cinnamomum cassia. Phytotherapy Research 17: 726-730.Google Scholar
MADAN, M. and KANNAN, S. (2004) . Economics and Marketing of Cinnamon and Cassia–A Global View, in: RAVINDRAN, P.N. & BABU, K.N. (Eds) Cinnamon and Cassia: The Genus Cinnamomum (CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA).Google Scholar
MANDAL, S., DEBMANDAL, M., SAHA, K. and PAL, N.K. (2011) In vitro Antibacterial Activity of three Indian Spices against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Oman Medical Journal 26: 319-323.Google Scholar
NADERI, M., AKBARI, M.R., ASADI-KHOSHOEI, E., KHAKSAR, K. and KHAJALI, F. (2014) Effects of dietary inclusion of turmeric (curcuma longa) and cinnamon (cinnamomum verum) powders on performance, organs relative weight and some immune system parameters in broiler chickens. Poultry Science Journal 2:153-163.Google Scholar
NAJAFI, S. and TAHERPOUR, K. (2014) Effects of dietary ginger (zingiber ofjicinale), cinnamon (cinnamo¬mum), synbiotic and antibiotic supplementation on performance of broilers. Journal of Animal Science Advances 4: 658-667.Google Scholar
NAVEED, R., HUSSAIN, I., TAWAB, A., TARIQ, M., RAHMAN, M., HAMEED, S., MAHMOOD, M.S., SIDDIQUE, A.B. and IQBAL, M. (2013) Antimicrobial activity of the bioactive components of essential oils from Pakistani spices against Salmonella and other multi-drug resistant bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13: 265-275.Google Scholar
ORAYAGA, K.T., OLUREMI, O.I.A. and ADENKOLA, A.Y. (2016) Effect of water soaking of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peels on haematology, carcass yield and internal organs of finisher broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Health and Production 4: 65-71.Google Scholar
OTSUKA, H., FUJIOKA, S., KOMIYA, T., MIZUTA, E. and TAKAMOTO, M. (1982) [studies on anti-inflammatory agents. Vi. Anti-inflammatory constituents of cinnamomum sieboldii meissn (author's transl)]. Yakugaku Zasshi 102: 162-172.Google Scholar
OUSSALAH, M., CAILLET, S. and LACROIX, M. (2006) Mechanism of action of Spanish oregano, Chinese cinnamon, and savoury essential oils against cell membranes and walls of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Listeria monocytogenes Journal of Food Protection 69: 1046-1055.Google Scholar
PARK, B.S. (2008) Effect of dietary cinnamon powder on savor and quality of chicken meat in broiler chickens. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science & Nutrition 37: 618-624.Google Scholar
PARK, R.-J. and PARK, Y.-G. (2000) Studies on the effects of the parts of cinamomum cassia presl on the antixidation (ⅰ). The Korea Journal of Herbology 15: 45-45.Google Scholar
PREMANATHAN, M., RAJENDRAN, S., RAMANATHAN, T. and KATHIRESAN, K. (2000) A survey of some Indian medicinal plants for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity. Indian Journal of Medical Research 112: 73.Google Scholar
PREUSS, H.G., ECHARD, B., POLANSKY, M.M. and ANDERSON, R. (2006) Whole cinnamon and aqueous extracts ameliorate sucrose-induced blood pressure elevations in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 25: 144-150.Google Scholar
QIN, B., NAGASAKI, M., REN, M., BAJOTTO, G., OSHIDA, Y. and SATO, Y. (2003) Cinnamon extract (traditional herb) potentiates in vivo insulin-regulated glucose utilization via enhancing insulin signaling in rats. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 62: 139-148.Google Scholar
RANASINGHE, P., GALAPPATHTHY, P., CONSTANTINE, G.R., JAYAWARDENA, R., WEERATUNGA, H.D., PREMAKUMARA, S. and KATULANDA, P. (2017) Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) as a potential pharmaceutical agent for type-2 diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 18: 446.Google Scholar
RANATUNGA, J., SENANAYAKE, U. and WIJESEKERA, R. (2004) Cultivation and management of cinnamon. Cinnamon and Cassia The genus Cinnamomum.Google Scholar
RAO, P.V. and GAN, S.H. (2014) Cinnamon: A multifaceted medicinal plant. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: article ID 642942.Google Scholar
SACCA-SIDI, I.Y.M., ALOWANOU, G.G., OLOUNLADÉ, P.A., NADÈGE-DEDEHOU, V.F.G. and HOUNZANGBÉ-ADOTÉ, S.M. (2016) In vitro combined effects of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and Newbouldia laevis methanolic extracts on three life-cycle stages of the parasitic nematode, Haemonchus contortus. Journal of Animal Health and Production 4: 128-133.Google Scholar
SADEGHI, G.H., KARIMI, A., JAHROMI, S.H.P., AZIZI, T. and DANESHMAND, A. (2012) Effects of cinnamon, thyme and turmeric infusions on the performance and immune response in of 1-to 21-day-old male broilers. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 14: 15-20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAEED, M., BABAZADEH, D., ARIF, M., ARAIN, M.A., BHUTTOZ, A., SHAR, A.H., KAKAR, M.U., ANZOOR, R. and CHAO, S. (2017a) Silymarin: a potent hepatoprotective agent in poultry industry. World's Poultry Science Journal 73 (3): 483-492.Google Scholar
SAEED, M., BALOCH, A.R., WANG, M., SOOMRO, R.N., BALOCH, A.M., BUX, B.A., ARIAN, M.A., FARAZ, S.S. and ZAKRIYA, H.M. (2015) Use of cichorium intybus leaf extract as growth promoter, hepatoprotectant and immune modulent in broilers. Journal of Animal Production Advances 5: 585-591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAEED, M., NAVEED, M., ARAIN, M.A., ARIF, M., EL-HACK, M.E.A., ALAGAWANY, M., SIYAL, F.A., SOOMRO, R.N. and SUN, C. (2017b) Quercetin: Nutritional and beneficial effects in poultry. Worlds Poultry Science Journal 73: 355-364.Google Scholar
SAEED, M., XU, Y.T., REHMAN, Z.U., ARAIN, M.A., SOOMRO, R.N., ABD EL-HACK, M.E., BHUTTO, Z.A., ABBASI, B., DHAMA, K., SARWAR, M. and CHAO, S. (2017c) Nutritional and healthical aspects of yacon (smallanthus sonchifolius) for human, animals and poultry. International Journal of Pharmacology 13: 361-369.Google Scholar
SANGOH, P., CHAEMIN, R., BYUNGSUNG, P. and JONG, H. (2013) The meat quality and growth performance in broiler chickens fed diet with cinnamon powder. Journal of Environmental Biology 34: 127.Google Scholar
SCHOENE, N.W., KELLY, M.A., POLANSKY, M.M. and ANDERSON, R.A. (2005) Water-soluble polymeric polyphenols from cinnamon inhibit proliferation and alter cell cycle distribution patterns of hematologic tumor cell lines. Cancer Letters 230: 134-140.Google Scholar
SHEN, Y., FUKUSHIMA, M., ITO, Y., MURAKI, E., HOSONO, T., SEKI, T. and ARIGA, T. (2010) Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 74: 2418-2425.Google Scholar
ŞIMŞEK, Ü.G., ÇIFTÇI, M., DOĞAN, G. and ÖZÇELIK, M. (2013) Antioxidant activity of cinnamon bark oil (cinnamomum zeylanicum l.) in Japanese quails under thermo neutral and heat stressed conditions. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 19: 889-894.Google Scholar
SINGH, J., SETHI, A.P.S., SIKKA, S.S., CHATLI, M.K. and KUMAR, P. (2014) Effect of cinnamon (cinnamomum cassia) powder as a phytobiotic growth promoter in commercial broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 14: 471-479.Google Scholar
SU, L., YIN, J.J., CHARLES, D., ZHOU, K.Q., MOORE, J. and YU, L.L. (2007) Total phenolic contents, chelating capacities, and radical-scavenging properties of black peppercorn, nutmeg, rosehip, cinnamon and oregano leaf. Food Chemistry 100: 990-997.Google Scholar
SU, M.-J., CHEN, W.-P., LO, T.-Y. and WU, T.-S. (1999) Ionic mechanisms for the antiarrhythmic action of cinnamophilin in rat heart. Journal of Biomedical Science 6: 376-386.Google Scholar
SULAIMAN, S.A. (2013) .Extraction of essential oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum by various methods as a perfume oil. Thesis for Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Chemical engineering Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang. (Accessed on http://umpir.ump.edu.my/5808/1/CD6995.pdf).Google Scholar
TABATABAEI, S.M., BADALZADEH, R., MOHAMMADNEZHAD, G.R., BALAEI, R., TABATABAEI, S.M., BADALZADEH, R., MOHAMMADNEZHAD, G.R. and BALAEI, R. (2015) Effects of cinnamon extract on biochemical enzymes, tnf-α and nf-κb gene expression levels in liver of broiler chickens inoculated with escherichia coli. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 35: 781-787.Google Scholar
TAHER, M., FADZILAH ADIBAH, A.M. and MOHOMAD, R.S.A. (2006) Proanthocyanidin from Cinnamomum zeylanicum stimulates phosphorylation of insulin receptor in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Teknologi 44: 53-68.Google Scholar
THANKAMANI, C., SIVARAMAN, K., KANDIANNAN, K. and PETER, K. (1994) Agronomy of tree spices (clove, nutmeg, cinnamon and allspice) - A review. Journal of Spices & Aromatic Crops 2: 105-123.Google Scholar
TOGHYANI, M., TOGHYANI, M., GHEISARI, A., GHALAMKARI, G. and EGHBALSAIED, S. (2011) Evaluation of cinnamon and garlic as antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on performance, immune responses, serum biochemical and haematological parameters in broiler chicks. Livestock Science 138: 167-173.Google Scholar
TORKI, M., AKBARI, M. and KAVIANI, K. (2015) Single and combined effects of zinc and cinnamon essential oil in diet on productive performance, egg quality traits, and blood parameters of laying hens reared under cold stress condition. International Journal of Biometeorology 59: 1169-1177.Google Scholar
TUNG, Y.T., CHUA, M.T., WANG, S.Y. and CHANG, S.T. (2008) Anti-inflammation activities of essential oil and its constituents from indigenous cinnamon (cinnamomum osmophloeum) twigs. Bioresource Technology 99: 3908-3913.Google Scholar
UPADHYAYA, I., UPADHYAY, A., KOLLANOOR-JOHNY, A., MOOYOTTU, S., BASKARAN, S.A., YIN, H.B., SCHREIBER, D.T., KHAN, M.I., DARRE, M.J., CURTIS, P.A. and VENKITANARAYANAN, K. (2015) In-feed supplementation of trans-cinnamaldehyde reduces layer-chicken egg-borne transmission of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81: 2985-2994.Google Scholar
VALERO, M. and SALMERON, M.C. (2003) Antibacterial activity of 11 essential oils against bacillus cereus in tyndallized carrot broth. International Journal of Food Microbiology 85: 73-81.Google Scholar
VANGALAPATI, M., SATYA, N.S., PRAKASH, D.V.S. and AVANIGADDA, S. (2012) A review on pharmacological activities and clinical effects of cinnamon species. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Biological & Chemical Sciences 3: 653-663.Google Scholar
WIJESEKERA, R.O. (1977) Historical overview of the cinnamon industry. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 10: 1.Google Scholar
YAP, P.S., LIM, S.H., HU, C.P. and YIAP, B.C. (2013) Combination of essential oils and antibiotics reduce antibiotic resistance in plasmid-conferred multidrug resistant bacteria. Phytomedicine 20: 710-713.Google Scholar
YU, S.M., WU, T.S. and TENG, C.M. (1994) Pharmacological characterization of cinnamophilin, a novel dual inhibitor of thromboxane synthase and thromboxane a2 receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology 111: 906-912.Google Scholar
ZHENG, X., GUO, Y., WANG, L., ZHANG, H., WANG, S., WANG, L., AN, L., ZHOU, X., LI, X. and YAO, C. (2015) Recovery profiles of T-cell subsets following low-dose total body irradiation and improvement with cinnamon. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics 93: 1118-1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZHOU, L., CHEN, Z.X. and CHEN, J.Y. (1995) Effect of wu lin powder and its ingredients on atrial natriuretic factor level in mice. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 15: 36-37.Google Scholar