Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T06:48:27.710Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Outdoor egg production using local forages in the tropics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 November 2012

F.M.K. ABOUELEZZ ,
L. SARMIENTO-FRANCO ,
R. SANTOS-RICALDE  and
F. SOLORIO-SANCHEZ
F.M.K. ABOUELEZZ*
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut (71526), Egypt
L. SARMIENTO-FRANCO
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
R. SANTOS-RICALDE
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
F. SOLORIO-SANCHEZ
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan (UADY), Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The following review discusses the findings of existing research surrounding the nutritional impact of leaf meals as incorporated in chicken diets, the importance of forages in sustainable poultry production and the capacity of hens to digest high fibre diets. The potential of conventional and/ or outdoor based systems for developing countries, the effects of outdoor production systems on the welfare of laying hens, and methods used in measuring forage intake and the feed items obtained by hens from the outdoor area are also discussed. This review highlights those factors affecting range utilisation, behaviours of free range hens and the recommendations for better range utilisation by laying hens, particularly in the tropics.

Keywords

tropical forageslaying hensoutdoor systemsforage intakehen welfareegg production
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 68 , Issue 4 , December 2012 , pp. 679 - 692
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABOU-ELEZZ, F.M.K., SARMIENTO-FRANCO, L., SANTOS-RICALDE, R. and SOLORIO-SANCHEZ, F. (2011) Nutritional effects of dietary inclusion of Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera leaf meal on Rhode Island Red hens' performance. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 45(2): 163-169.Google Scholar
ADENIJI, A.A. (2010) Effect of diet grit inclusion on the utilisation of rice husk by pullet chicks. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 12: 175-180.Google Scholar
AERNI, V., EL-LETHY, H. and WECHSLER, B. (2000) Effect of foraging material and food form on feather pecking in laying hens. British Poultry Science Journal 41: 16-21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AGBEDE, J.O. (2003) Equi-protein replacement of Fishmeal with Leucaena leaf protein concentrate: An assessment of performance characteristics and muscle development in the chicken. International Journal of Poultry Science 2(6): 421-429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AKANDE, T.O., ADEYERI, M.K. and LONGE, O.G. (2008) Nutritional and economic value of leaf meal (Tephrosia bracteolate) in Diet of laying hens. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 7(7): 784-788.Google Scholar
ALALDE, O.A. and LYAYI, E.A. (2006) Chemical composition and the feeding value of azolla (Azolla pinnata) meal for egg-type chicks. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(2): 137-141.Google Scholar
AL-HARTHI, M.A. (2006) Increasing Mangrof leaves meal allowance in layers diets through enhancing its nutritive value. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(6): 502-516.Google Scholar
AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, (2010) Welfare implication of laying hen housing. Online in URL address [http://www.avma.org/issues/-animal_welfare/laying_hen_housing_bgnd.asp] Consulted: 10 August 2011.Google Scholar
ANTELL, S. and CISZUK, P. (2006) Forage consumption of laying hens- the crop as indicator of feed intake and AME content of ingested feed. Archive für Geflügelkunde 70: 154-160.Google Scholar
ATAWODI, S.E., MARI, D., ATAWODI, J.C. and YAHAYA, Y. (2008) Assessment of Leucaena leucocephala leaves as feed supplement in laying hens. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(3): 317-321.Google Scholar
AYSSIWEDE, S.B., DIENG, A., CHRYSOSTOME, C., OSSEBI, W., HORNICK, J.L. and MISSOHOU, A. (2010) Digestibility and metabolic utilisation and nutritional value of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) leaves meal incorporated in the diets of indigenous seneghal chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 9(8): 767-776.Google Scholar
BASAK, B.M.D., PRAMANIK, A.H. and RAHMAN, M.S. (2002) Azolla (Azolla pinnata) as a feed ingredient in broiler ration. International Journal of Poultry Science 1(1): 29-34.Google Scholar
BERG, C. (2002) Health and Welfare in Organic Poultry Production. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 43 (Suppl 1): S37-S45 doi:10.1186/1751-0147-43-S1-S37.Google Scholar
BERRY, S. and D'MELLO, J.P.F. (1981) A of Leucaena leucocephala and grass meals as sources of yolk pigments in diets for laying hens. Tropical Animal Production 6: 2.Google Scholar
BLAIR, R. (2008) Nutrition and feeding of organic poultry. Book. CAB international, Faculty of land and food systems the University of British Columbia. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.Google Scholar
BOLTON, W. and BLAIR, R. (1974) Poultry nutrition. Book, fourth edition. Ministry of Agriculture, fisheries and food. London: her majesty's stationery office.Google Scholar
BREWBAKER, J.L. and SORENSSON, C.T. (1990) New tree crops from interspecific Leucaena hybrids, n: JANICK, J. & SIMON, J.E. (Eds) Advances in New Crops, pp. 283-289 (Timber Press, Portland). Online in URL address [http://www.hort.purdue.edu-/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-283.html] consulted: 10th of August 2011.Google Scholar
BREWBAKER, J.L., HEGDE, N., HUTTON, E.M., JONES, R.J., LOWRY, J.B., MOOG, F. and BELDT, R.V.D. (1985) Leucaena - Forage Production and Use. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association, Hawaii, 39 pp.Google Scholar
BUBIER, N.E. and BRADSHAW, R.H. (1998) Movements of flocks of laying hens in and out of the hen house in four free range systems. British Poultry Science 39: S3-S18.Google Scholar
CALVERT, C.C. (1979) Use of animal excreta for microbial and insect protein synthesis. Journal of Animal Science 48: 178-191.Google Scholar
COOPER, J.J. and ALBENTOSA, M.J. (2003) Behavioral priorities of laying hens. Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 14: 127-149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CRESSWELL, D.C. and KOMPLANG, P. (1980) Studies on snail meal as a protein source for chickens. 1. Chemical composition, metabolizable energy and feeding value for broilers. Metabolism and Nutrition 60: 1854-1860.Google Scholar
DANIELSSON, J., SJELIN, K. and CISZUK, P. (1994) Ekologisk eggproduktion i traktorflyttad volj.r p. vall - inledande observationer 1993-1994. Rapport 227, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, department of Animal nutrition and management, ISSN 0347-9838. 11 pp. (In Swedish).Google Scholar
D'MELLO, J.P. and TAPLIN, D.E. (1978) Leucaena leucocephala in poultry diets for the tropics. World Review of Animal Production 24: 41-47.Google Scholar
D'MELLO, J.P.F. and ACAMOVIC, T. (1982) Growth performance and mimosine excretion by young chicks fed on Leucaena leucocepha. Animal Feed Science and Technology 26: 1-28Google Scholar
D'MELLO, J.P.F. and ACAMOVIC, T. (1989) Leucaena leucocephala in poultry nutrition. A review. Animal Feed Science and Technology 26: 1-28Google Scholar
D'MELLO, J.P.F., ACAMOVIC, T. and WALKER, A.G. (1987) Evaluation of Leucaena leaf meal for broiler growth and pigmentation. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 64: 33-35.Google Scholar
EKENYEM, B.U. and MADUBUIKE, F.N. (2006) An assessment of Impomoea asarifolia leaf meal as feed ingredient in broiler chick production. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 5(1): 46-50.Google Scholar
ELKHALIFA, A.O., AHMED, S.A. and SARA, A. (2007) Nutritional evaluation of Moringa Oleifera leaves and extract. (Report). Ahfad Journal, 01-Dec.Google Scholar
EL-LETHY, H., AERNI, W., JUNGI, T.W. and WECHSLER, B. (2000) Stress and feather pecking in laying hens in relation to housing conditions. British Poultry Science 41: 22-28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EMIOLA, I.A., OJEBIYI, O.O., HAMZAT, R.A., RAFIU, T.A., OGUNWUI, G. and LAWAL, A. (2006) Growth response, nutrient digestibility and organ characteristics of broiler chicken fed graded levels of Kola pod husk meal in a derived Savannah zone of Nigeria. International Journal of Poultry Science 5(9): 885-889.Google Scholar
ESONU, B.O., OPARA, M.N., OKOLI, I.C., OBIKAONU, H.O., UDEDIBIE, C. and IHESHIULOR, O.O.M. (2006) Physiological Response Of Laying Birds To Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Leaf Meal-Based Diets: Body Weight Organ Characteristics And Haematology. Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences 2: 4.Google Scholar
FANATICO, A. (1998) Sustainable egg production. ATTRA. Sustainable chicken production. Online in URL address [http://orgprints.org/10463/01/10463.pdf] Consulted in 10 August 2011.Google Scholar
FANATICO, A. (2006) Alternative poultry production systems and outdoor access. A publication of ATTRA – National sustainable Agriculture information service, 10 800-346-9140. Online in URL address: [http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/poultryoverview.html] Consulted, 1st May, 2011.Google Scholar
FASUYI, A.O., FAJEMILEHIN, S.O.K. and OMOJOLA, A.B. (2005) The egg quality characteristics of layers fed varying dietary inclusions of Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) leaf meal (SWLM). International Journal of Poultry Science 4(10): 752-757.Google Scholar
GAIN REPORT, (2006) Organic products law, Mexico. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. GAIN Report MX 6501. Available at [http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/-200605/146187681.pdf] Consulted: 15th Sept. 2011.Google Scholar
HARLANDER-MATAUSCHEK, A., FELSENSTEIN, K., NIEBUHR, K. and TROXLER, J. (2006) Effect of pop holes dimensions on the number of laying hens outside in the range. British Poultry Science 47(2): 131-134.Google Scholar
HEGELUND, L., SORENSEN, J.T., KJAER, J.B. and KRISTENSEN, I.S. (2005) Use of the range area in organic egg production systems: effect of climatic factors, flock size, age and artificial cover. British Poultry Science 46(1): 1-8.Google Scholar
HEGELUND, L., SØRENSEN, J.T. and HERMANSEN, J.E. (2006) Welfare and productivity of laying hens in commercial organic egg production systems in Denmark. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 54(2): 147-155.Google Scholar
HORSTED, K. (2006) Increased foraging in organic layers. PhD thesis, University of Aarhus, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agroecology, Denmark. Online in URL address: [http://orgprints.org/10463/01/10463.pdf] Consulted: 24th May 2011.Google Scholar
HORSTED, K., MARIANNE H.J., and HERMANSEN, J.E. (2006) Short-term effects on productivity and egg quality in nutrient restricted versus non-restricted organic layers with access to different forage crops. Acta Agriculture Scand 56: 42-54.Google Scholar
HORSTED, K., HERMANSEN, J.E. and RANVIG, H. (2007) Crop content in nutrient-restricted versus non-restricted organic laying hens with access to different forage vegetations. British Poultry Science 48: 177-184.Google Scholar
HUGHES, B.O. and DUN, P. (1983) A comparison of laying stock Housed intensively in cages and outside on range. Research and Development Publication No. 18, the West of Scotland Agricultural College, Auchincruive, Ayr, 13 pp.Google Scholar
IGE, A.O., ODUNSI, A.A., AKINLADE, J.A., OJEDAPO, L.O., AMEEN, S.A., ADERINOLA, O.A. and RAFIU, T.A. (2006) Gliricidia leaf meal in layer's diet effect on performance, nutrient digestibility and economy of production. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 5(6): 483-486.Google Scholar
IHEUKWUMERE, F.C., NDUBUISI, E.C., MAZI, E.A. and ONYEKWERE, M.U. (2008) Performance, Nutrient utilisation, and organ characteristics of fed cassava leaf meal (Manihot esculenta crantz). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 7(1): 13-16.Google Scholar
JENSEN, G.H. and KORSCHGEN, L.J. (1947) Contents of crops, gizzards and droppings of bobwhite quail force-fed known kinds and quantities of seeds. Journal of Wildlife Management 11: 37-43.Google Scholar
KAIJAGE, J.T., SARWATT, S.V. and MUTAYOBA, S.K. (2004) Moringa oleifera leaf meal can improve quality characteristics and consumer preference of marketable eggs. URL online [http://www.costech.or.tz/Proceedings/-Papers/Alphabetical/Moringa%20Oleifera%20Leaf%20Meal%20%20Kaijage-Sarwatt-Mutayoba.doc] Consulted: 10th of August 2011.Google Scholar
KAKENGI, A.M.V., KAIJAGE, J.T., SARWATT, S.V., MUTAYOBA, S.K., SHEM, M.N. and FUJIHARA, T. (2007) Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal as a substitute for sunflower seed meal on performance of laying hens in Tanzania. Livestock Research and Rural Development, Volume 19, Article #120. Online in URL link [http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/8/kake19120.htm], Consulted on 29 September 2012.Google Scholar
KEELING, L.J., HUGHES, B.O. and DUN, P. (1988) Performance of free range laying hens in a polythene house and their behaviour on range . Farm Building Progress 94: 21-28.Google Scholar
KJAER, J.B. and SORENSEN, P. (2002) Feather pecking and cannibalism in free-range laying hens as affected by genotype, level of dietary methionine+cystine, light intensity during rearing and age at access to the range area. Applied Animal Behavior Science 76: 21-39.Google Scholar
LAY, D.C. JR., FULTON, R.M., HESTER, P.Y., KARCHER, D.M., KJAER, J.B., MENCH, J.A., MULLENS, B.A., NEWBERRY, R.C., NICOL, C.J., O'SULLIVAN, N.P. and PORTER, R.E. (2011) Hen welfare in different housing systems. Poultry Science 90: 278-294.Google Scholar
LEESON, S., ZUBAIR, A.K., SQUIERES, E.J. and FORSBERG, C. (1997) Influence of dietary levels of fat and fibre and copper sulphate and fat rancidity on cecal activity in the growing turkey. Poultry science 76: 59-66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LOMU, A., GLATZ, P.C. and RU, Y.J. (2004) Metabolizable Energy of Crop Contents in Free-range Hens. International Journal of Poultry Science 3(11): 728-732.Google Scholar
MAHBOUB, H.D.H. (2004) Feather pecking, body condition and outdoor use of two genotypes of laying hens housed in different free range systems. Ph.D. Thesis. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany.Google Scholar
MAHBOUB, H.D.H., MULER, J. and VON-BORELL, E. (2004) Outdoor use, tonic immobility, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio and feather condition is free range laying hens of different genotype. British Poultry Science 45(6): 738-744.Google Scholar
MAKKAR, H.P.S. and BECKER, K. (1997) Nutrient and anti quality factors on different morphological parts of the Moringa tree. Journal of Agricultural Science 128: 311-322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MATTOCKS, J. (2002) Pastured-raised poultry nutrition. Book. The Fertel company. Prepared for Heifer international. , Online in URL address: [http://www.sustainablepoultry.ncat.org/downloads/chnutritionhpinew.pdf] Consulted: 1st May 2011.Google Scholar
MELESSE, A., TIRUNEH, W. and NEGESSE, T. (2011) Effects of feeding Moringa stenopetala leaf meal on nutrient intake and growth performance of Rhode Island Red chicks under tropical climate. Tropical and Subtropical Agoecosystems 14: 485-492.Google Scholar
MEULEN, U.T., STRUCK, S., SCHULKE, E. and EL-HARITH, E.A. (1979) A review on the nutritive value and toxic aspects of leucaena leucocephala. Tropical Animal Production 4: 2.Google Scholar
MIRABITO, L. and LUBAC, S. (2001) Descriptive study of outdoor run occupation by Red label type chickens. British Poultry Science 42 (Suppl.): S16-S17.Google Scholar
MORTON, J.F. (1991) The Horseradish Tree, Moringa pterygosperma (Moringaceae) - A Boon to Arid Lands? Economic Botany 45: 318-333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MUTAYOBA, S.K., MUTAYOBA, B.M. and OKOT, P. (2003) The performance of growing pullets fed diets with varying energy and leucaena leaf meal levels. Livestock Research and Rural Development 15(8). Online in URL Address [http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd15/8/muta158.htm], consulted on 29 September, 2012.Google Scholar
NWORGU, F.C. and FASOGBON, F.O. (2007) Centrosema (Centrosema pubescens) Leaf Meal as Protein Supplement for Pullet Chicks and Growing Pullets. International Journal of Poultry Science 6(4): 255-260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NYMAN, M., SCHWEIZER, T.F., TYREN, S., REIMANN, S. and ASP, N.G. (1990) Fermentation of vegetable fibre in the intestinal tract of rats and effects on fecal bulking and bile acid excretion. Journal of Nutrition 120: 459-466Google Scholar
ODUNSI, A.A., OGUNLEKE, M.O., ALAGBE, O.S. and AJANI, T.A. (2002) Effect of feeding Gliricidia sepium leaf meal on the performance and egg quality of layers. International Journal of Poultry Science 1(1): 26-28.Google Scholar
ODUNSI, A.A. (2003) Assessment of Lablab (Lablab purpureus) leaf meal as a feed ingredient and yolk colouring agent in the diet of layers. International Journal of Poultry Science 2(1): 71-74.Google Scholar
OLUGBEMI, T.S., MUTAYOBA, S.K. and LEKULE, F.P. (2010) Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) inclusion in Cassa based diets fed to broiler chickens. International Journal of Poultry Science 9(4): 363-367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
PARROTTA, J.A. (1992) Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leucaena, tantan. SO-ITFSM-52. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 8 p.Google Scholar
PATERSON, R.T., ROOTHAERT, R.L. and KIRUIRO, E. (2000) The feeding of leaf meal of Calliandra calothyrsus to laying hens. Tropical Animal Health and Production 32: 51-61.Google Scholar
PETERS, M., HORNE, P., SCHMIDT, A., HOLMANN, F. KERRIDGE, P.C., , TARAWALI, S.A., SCHULTZE-KRAFT, R., LASCANO, C.E., ARGEL, P., STÜR, W., FUJISAKA, S., MÜLLER-S.MANN, K. and WORTMANN, C. (2001) The role of forages in reducing poverty and degradation of natural resources in tropical production systems. Network Paper No. 117, Agricultural Research, July. & Extension Network.Google Scholar
PRICE, L.M. (2000) The moringa tree. Online in URL address: [http://www.biotechforlife.com.ph/allaboutmalunggay/images/The%20Moringa%20Tree.pdf] Consulted: 18 April 2011.Google Scholar
REDDY, C.V. and QUDRATULLAH, S. (2004) Strategic feeding supplementation through locally available resources. xx world poultry congress. Fao Corporate Document. Online in URL address: [http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/ac150e/ac150e01.htm] Consulted: 18 April 2011.Google Scholar
RIVERA-FERRE, M.G. and LANTINGA E.A., KWAKKEL R.P. (2007) Herbage intake and use of outdoor area by organic broilers: effect of vegetation type and shelter addition. NJAS Wageningen journal of life sciences 54-3: 279-291.Google Scholar
SARMIENTO, F.L. (2001) Evaluation of Chaya (Cnidoscolous aconitifolius) leaf meal as an ingredient in poultry diets: digestibility and performance of chickens. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 218 pp.Google Scholar
SARMIENTO, L.F., MCNAB, J.M., PEARSON, R.A. and BELMAR-CASSO, R. (2002) Performance of broilers fed on diets containing different amounts of Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf meal. Tropical Animal Health and Production 34: 257-269.Google Scholar
SHELTON, H.M. and BREWBAKER, J.L. (1994) Leucaena leucocephala - the most widely used forage tree legume, in: GUTTERIDGE, R.C. & SHELTON, H.M. (Eds) Forage trees as legumes in tropical agriculture, pp. 15-29 (CAB International, Wallingford).Google Scholar
SOIL ASSOCIATION, (2004a) Rearing organic poultry for meat. Soil Association Technical Guides. Bristol, U.K. 42 p.Google Scholar
SOIL ASSOCIATION, (2004b) Managing organic laying hens. Soil Association Guides. Bristol, U.K. 42 p.Google Scholar
SON, J.H., RAGLAND, D. and ADEOLA, O. (2002) Quantification of digesta flow into de caeca. British Poultry Science 43: 322-324.Google Scholar
STEENFELDT, S., KJAER, J.B. and ENGBERGE, R.M. (2007) Effect of feeding silages or carrots as supplements to laying hens on production performance, nutrient digestibility, gut structure, gut microflora and feather pecking behaviour. British Poultry Science 48(4): 454-468.Google Scholar
SUKSOMBAT, W. and BUAKEEREE, K. (2006) Utilisation of Hedge Lucerne meal (Desmathus virgatus) as protein supplement in layer diets. Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 13(2): 181-187.Google Scholar
TOGOBA, L. (1980) Nutritional value of earthworms for chickens. British Poultry Science 21:405-410.Google Scholar
TOGUN, V.A., FARINU, G.O., OJEBIYI, O.O., AKINALDE, J.A. and LAOGUN, T.A.O. (2006) Performance of Brown egg-type pullets fed diets containing graded levels of wild sun flower (Tithonia diversifolia), Hemls. A. Gray forage meal as replacement for maize. World Journal of Agricultural Science 2(4): 443-449.Google Scholar
UDEDIBIE, A.B.I. and OPARA, C.C. (1998) Responses of growing broilers and laying hens to the dietary inclusion of leaf meal from Alchornia cordifolia. Animal Feed Science and Technology 71(1): 157-164.Google Scholar
UNION NACIONAL DE AVICULTORES, (2010) Online in URL address [http://www.una.org.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=180&Itemid=138] Consulted at 20 August 2011.Google Scholar
WECHSLER, B. and HUBER-EICHER, B. (1998) The effect of foraging material and perch height on feather pecking and feather damage in laying hens. Applied Animal Behavior Science 58: 131.Google Scholar
ZELTNER, E. and HIRT, H. (2003) Effect of artificial structuring on the use of laying hen in a free-range system. British Poultry Science 44: 533-537.Google Scholar