Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T00:55:20.875Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Non-starch plant polysaccharides in broiler nutrition – towards a physiologically valid approach to their determination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

Coen H.M. Smits  and
Geoffrey Annison
Coen H.M. Smits
Affiliation:
CLO Institute for Animal Nutrition De Schothorst, Meerkoetenweg 26, 8218 NA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
Geoffrey Annison
Affiliation:
CSIRO Division of Human Nutrition, Glenthorne Laboratory, Majors Road, O'Halloran Hill, SA 5158, Australia
Get access

Abstract

The physicochemical properties of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) are responsible for their antinutritive activities in the broiler chicken. In particular, soluble viscous NSPs depress the digestibilities of protein, starch and fat. On the other hand, insoluble and non-viscous NSPs may have a beneficial effect. Fat digestion is used here to illustrate how the physicochemical properties of NSP may interfere with digestion and absorption. It is suggested that the gut microflora can mediate the antinutritive effects of soluble and viscous NSP. It is concluded that the determinations of crude fibre and/or acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre in feedstuffs are not appropriate for predicting and understanding the physiological action of NSPs in broilers. The determination of the in vitro solubility of NSP and the viscosity of the feed ingredient could become of major importance for ‘antinutritional’ evaluation. More research needs to be conducted to study the interactions of NSPs with the microbial activity in the intestinal tract of the broiler chicken.

Keywords

Broilersfibrenon-starch polysaccharidesnutritionphysiology
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 52 , Issue 2 , July 1996 , pp. 203 - 221
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Annison, G. (1991) Relationship between the levels of non-starch polysaccharides and the apparent metabolisable energy of wheats assayed in broiler chickens. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 39: 1252–1256Google Scholar
Annison, G. (1993) The role of wheat non-starch polysaccharides in broiler nutrition. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44: 405–422Google Scholar
Annison, G., Choct, M. and Cheetham, M.W. (1992) Analysis of wheat pentosans from a large scale isolation. Carbohydrate Polymers 19: 151–159Google Scholar
Antoniou, T., Marquardt, R.R. and Cansfield, E. (1981). Isolation, partial characterization and anti nutritional activity of a factor (pentosans) in rye grain. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 29: 1240–1247Google Scholar
Bedford, M.R. and Classen, H.L. (1993) An in vitro assay for prediction of broiler intestinal viscosity and growth when fed rye-based diets in the presence of exogenous enzymes. Poultry Science 72: 137–143Google Scholar
Bedford, M.R., Classen, H.L. and Campbell, G.L. (1991) The effect of pelleting, salt and pentosanase on the viscosity of intestinal contents and the performance of broilers fed rye. Poultry Science 70: 1571–1577Google Scholar
Bezard, J. and Buguat, M. (1986) Absorption of glycerides containing short, medium and long chain fatty acids. In: Fat Absorption, Volume I (Ed Kuksis, A.), CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 119–158Google Scholar
Borgström, B., Dahlqvist, A., Lundh, G. and Sjövall, J. (1957) Studies of intestinal digestion and absorption in the human. Journal of Clinical Investigation 36: 1521–1536Google Scholar
Campbell, G.L., Campbell, L.D. and Classen, H.L. (1983a) Utilisation of rye by chickens: effect of microbial status, diet gamma irradiation and sodium taurocholate supplementation. British Poultry Science 24: 191–203Google Scholar
Campbell, G.L., Classen, H.L., Reichert, R.D. and Campbell, L.D. (1983b) Improvement of the nutritive value of rye for broiler chickens by gamma irradiation-induced viscosity reduction. British Poultry Science 24: 205–212Google Scholar
Campbell, G.L., Rossnagel, B.G., Classen, H.L. and Thacker, P.A. (1989) Genotypic and environmental differences in extract viscosity of barley and their relationship to its nutritive value for broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 26: 221–230Google Scholar
Carré, B. (1992) The chemical and biological bases of a calculation system developed for predicting dietary energy values: a poultry model. In: In Vitro Digestion for Pigs and Poultry (Ed. Fuller, M.F.), C.A.B. International, Wallingford, pp. 67–85Google Scholar
Carré, B. (1993) Digestibility of carbohydrates in poultry. Preliminary Proceedings 9th European Symposium on Poultry NutritionSeptember 5–9Jelenia Gora, Poland, 120–131Google Scholar
Chang, K.C., Chang, D.C. and Phatak, L. (1989) Effect of germination on oligosaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides in Navy and Pinto beans. Journal of Food Science 54: 1615–1619Google Scholar
Cherry, J.A. and Jones, D.E. (1982) Dietary cellulose, wheat bran and fish meal in relation to hepatic lipids, serum lipids and lipid excretion in laying hens. Poultry Science 61: 1873–1878Google Scholar
Cheung, P.C-K. (1991) The carbohydrates of Lupinus angustifolius. A composite study of the seeds and structural elucidation of the kernel cell-wall polysaccharides of Lupinus angustifolius. PhD Thesis, University of NSW, Sydney, AustraliaGoogle Scholar
Choct, M. and Annison, G. (1990) Antinutritive activity of wheat pentosans in broiler diets. British Poultry Science 31: 811–821Google Scholar
Choct, M. and Annison, G. (1992a) The inhibition of nutrient digestion by wheat pentosans. British Journal of Nutrition 67: 123–132Google Scholar
Choct, M. and Annison, G. (1992b) Anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler-chickens: Role of viscosity and gut microflora. British Poultry Science 33: 821–834Google Scholar
Choct, M., Annison, G. and Trimble, R.P. (1992) Soluble wheat pentosans exhibit different anti-nutritive activities in intact and cecetomized broiler chickens. Journal of Nutrition 122: 2457–2465Google Scholar
Classen, H.L. and Bedford, M.R. (1991) The use of enzymes to improve the nutritive value of poultry feeds. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (Eds Haresign, W. and Cole, D.J.A.), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 95–116Google Scholar
Davidson, N.O. and Glickman, R.M. (1983) Lipid absorption in man. In: Progress in Gastroenterology, Volume IV (Eds Jerzy Glass, G.B. and Sherlock, P.), Grune & Stratton, New York, pp. 57–75Google Scholar
Ebihara, K. and Schneeman, B.O. (1989) Interaction of bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol and triglyceride with dietary fibers in the small intestinal of rats. Journal of Nutrition 119: 1100–1106Google Scholar
Edwards, C.A., Johnson, I.I. and Read, N.W. (1988) Do viscous polysaccharides slow absorption by inhibiting diffusion or convection? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42: 307–312Google Scholar
Edwards, H.M. (1962) Observations on feeding cholic acid to broilers. Poultry Science 41: 340–341Google Scholar
Elwinger, K. and Teglöf, B. (1991) Performance of broiler chickens as influenced by a dietary enzyme complex with and without antibiotic supplementation. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 55: 69–73Google Scholar
Englyst, H. (1989) Classification and measurement of plant polysaccharides. Animal Feed Science and Technology 23: 27–42Google Scholar
Englyst, H. and Cummings, J.H. (1988) Improved method for measurement of dietary fiber as non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 71: 808–814Google Scholar
Englyst, H., Quigley, M.E., Hudson, G.J. and Cummings, J.H. (1992) Determination of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography. Analyst 117: 1707–1714Google Scholar
Fengler, A.I. and Marquardt, R.R. (1988) Water-soluble pentosans from rye: II. Effects on rate of dialysis and on the retention of nutrients by the chick. Cereal Chemistry 65: 298–302Google Scholar
Fincher, G.B. and Stone, B.A. (1974) A water soluble arabino-galactan-peptide from wheat endosperm. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 27: 117–132Google Scholar
Fincher, G.B. and Stone, B.A. (1986) Cell walls and their components in cereal grain technology. In: Advances in Cereal Science and Technology, Volume 8 (Ed. Pomeranz, Y.), Minnesota, AACC, pp. 207–295Google Scholar
Flourie, B., Vidon, N., Florent, C.H. and Bernier, J.J. (1984) Effect of pectin on jejunal glucose absorption and unstirred layer thickness in normal man. Gut 25: 936–941Google Scholar
Freeman, C.P. (1976) Digestion and absorption of fat. In: Digestion in the fowl. Proceedings of the 11th Poultry Science Symposium, 17–19 September (Eds Boorman, K.N. and Freeman, B.M.), British Poultry Science Ltd, Edinburgh, pp. 117–142Google Scholar
Freeman, C.P. (1984) The digestion, absorption and transport of fats in non-ruminants. In: Fats in Animal Nutrition (Ed. Wiseman, J.), Butterworths, London, pp. 105–122Google Scholar
Gomez, M.X. and Polin, D. (1974) Influence of cholic acid on the utilization of fats in the growing chicken. Poultry Science 53: 773–781Google Scholar
Gomez, M.X. and Polin, D. (1976) The use of bile salts to improve absorption of tallow in chicks one to three weeks of age. Poultry Science 55: 2189–2195CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, J. and Kellog, T.F. (1987) Bile acid concentrations in serum, bile, jejunal contents and excreta of male broiler chicks during the first six weeks post-hatch. Poultry Science 66: 535–540Google Scholar
Haddam, G. and Aman, P. (1987) Whole-crop peas II. Digestion of early and late harvested crops in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 17: 33–43Google Scholar
Hoffmann, R.A. (1991) Structural characterisation of arabinoxylans from white wheat flour, PhD Thesis, University Utrecht, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Ikegami, S., Tsuchihashi, F., Harada, H., Tsuchihashi, N., Nishide, E. and Innami, S. (1990) Effect of viscous indigestible polysaccharides on pancreatic-biliary secretion and digestive organs in rats. Journal of Nutrition 120: 353–360CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ĩnarrea, P., Simon, M., Manzano, M. and Palacios, J. (1989) Changes in the concentration and composition of biliary and serum bile acids in the young domestic fowl. British Poultry Science 30: 353–359Google Scholar
Isaksson, G., Lundquist, I. and Ihse, I. (1982) Effect of dietary fiber on pancreatic enzyme activity in vitro; the importance of viscosity, pH, ionic strength, adsorption, and time of incubation. Gastroenterology 82: 918–924Google Scholar
Johnson, I.T. and Gee, J.M. (1981) Effect of gel-forming gums on the intestinal unstirred layer and sugar transport in vitro. Gut 22: 398–403Google Scholar
Johnson, I.T. and Gee, J.M. (1986) Gastrointestinal adaption in response to soluble non-available polysaccharides in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 55: 497–505Google Scholar
Johnson, I.T., Gee, J.M. and Mahoney, R.R. (1984) Effect of dietary supplements of guar gum and cellulose on intestinal cell proliferation, enzyme levels and sugar transport in the rat. British Journal of Nutrition 52: 447–487Google Scholar
Klis, J.D. Van Der and Voorst, A. Van (1993) The effect of carboxy methyl cellulose (a soluble polysaccharide) on the rate of marker excretion from the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Poultry Science 72: 503–512Google Scholar
Kritchevsky, D. (1988) Dietary fibre. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 8: 301–328Google Scholar
Kussaibati, R., Guillaume, J. and Leclercq, B. (1982a) The effect of endogenous energy, type of diet and addition of bile salts on true metabolizable energy values in young chick. Poultry Science 61: 2218–2223Google Scholar
Kussaibati, R., Guillaume, B., Leclercq, B. and Lafont, J.P. (1982b) Effects of intestinal microflora and added bile salts on metabolizable energy and digestibility of saturated fats in the chicken. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 46: 42–46Google Scholar
Larsen, F.M., Moughan, P.J. and Wilson, M.N. (1993) Dietary fiber viscosity and endogenous protein excretion at the terminal ileum of growing rats. Journal of Nutrition 123: 1898–1904Google Scholar
Larsen, F.M., Wilson, M.N. and Moughan, P.J. (1994) Dietary fiber viscosity and amino acid digestibility, proteolytic digestive enzyme activity and digestive organ weights in growing rats. Journal of Nutrition 124: 833–841Google Scholar
Lee, S.C., Prosky, L. and De Vries, J.W. (1992) Determination of total, soluble and insoluble dietary fibre in foods – enzymatic-gravimetric method, MES-TRIS buffer: collaborative study. Journal of the AOAC International 75: 395–416CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCleary, B.V. and Glennie-Holmes, M. (1985) Enzymatic quantification of (1-3),(1-4)-β-D-glucan in barley and malt. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 91: 285–295Google Scholar
Mead, G.C. (1993) Microorganisms in the digestive tract of poultry. Preliminary Proceedings 9th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition5–9 SeptemberJelenia Gora, Poland, pp. 112–119Google Scholar
Misir, R. and Marquardt, R.R. (1978) Factors affecting rye (Secale cereale L.) utilization in growing chicks. I. The influence of rye level, ergot and penicillin supplementation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 58: 691–701CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monro, J.A. (1993) A nutritionally valid procedure for measuring soluble dietary fibre. Food Chemistry 47: 187–193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, E.R. and Ross-Murphy, S.B. (1981) Chain flexibility of polysaccharides and glycoprotein form viscosity measurements. Techniques in Carbohydrate Metabolism B310: 1–46Google Scholar
Noble, R.C. and Connor, K. (1984) A unique lipid pattern associated with the gall bladder bile of the chick embryo. Lipids 19: 64–67CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noble, R.C., Connor, K., McCartney, R. and Brown, D. (1988) Comparative study of the lipid composition of the liver and bile from broiler birds during growth and egg laying. Research in Veterinary Science 44: 33–37Google Scholar
Patel, M.B., Jami, M.S. and McGinnis, J. (1980) Effect of gamma irradiation, penicillin and or pectic enzyme on chick growth depression and fecal stickiness by rye, citrus pectin and guar gum. Poultry Science 59: 2105–2110Google Scholar
Petersen, S., Wiseman, J. and Bedford, M. (1993) Influence of diet on viscosity of digesta in broilers. Animal Production 56: 434AGoogle Scholar
Poksay, K.S. and Schneeman, B.O. (1983) Pancreatic and intestinal response to dietary guar gum in rats. Journal of Nutrition 113: 1544–1549Google Scholar
Polin, P. and Hussein, T.H. (1982) The effect of bile acid on lipid and nitrogen retention, carcass composition and dietary metabolizable energy in very young chicks. Poultry Science 61: 1697–1707Google Scholar
Polin, P., Wing, T.L., Ki, P. and Pell, K.E. (1980) The effect of bile acids and lipase on absorption of tallow in young chicks. Poultry Science 59: 2738–2743Google Scholar
Potter, B.J., Sorrentino, D. and Berk, P.D. (1989) Mechanism of cellular uptake of free fatty acids. Annual Reviews of Nutrition 9: 253–270Google Scholar
Robertson, J.A. (1988) Physicochemical characteristics of food and the digestion of starch and dietary fibre during gut transit. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 43: 143–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robertson, J.A. and Eastwood, M.A. (1981) An examination of factors which may affect the water holding capacity of dietary fibre. British Journal of Nutrition 45: 83–88Google Scholar
Rogel, A.M., Annison, E.F., Bryden, W.L. and Balnave, D. (1987) The digestion of wheat starch in broiler chickens. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38: 639–649Google Scholar
Rotter, B.A., Marquardt, R.R., Guenter, W., Biliaderis, C. and Newman, C.W. (1989) In vitro viscosity measurements of barley extracts as predictors of growth responses in chicks fed barley-based diets supplemented with a fungal enzyme preparation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69: 431–439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakata, T. (1987) Stimulatory effect of short-chain fatty acids on epithelial cell proliferation in the rat intestine: a possible explanation for trophic effects of fermentable fibre, gut microbes and luminal trophic factors. British Journal of Nutrition 58: 95–103Google Scholar
Satchithanandam, S., Vargofcak-Apker, M., Calvert, R.S., Leeds, A.R. and Cassidy, M.M. (1990) Alteration of gastrointestinal mucin by fibre feeding in rats. Journal of Nutrition 120: 1179–1184Google Scholar
Selvendran, R.R., Stevens, B.J.H. and Du Pont, M.S. (1987) Dietary fiber: chemistry, analysis and properties. Advances in Food Research 31: 117–209Google Scholar
Smithson, K.W., Millar, D.B., Jacobs, L.R. and Gray, G.M. (1981) Intestinal diffusion barrier: unstirred water layer or membrane surface mucous coat. Science 214: 1241–1244Google Scholar
Soest, P.J. Van (1984) Some physical characteristics of dietary fibres and their nutritional influence on the microbial ecology of the human colon. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 43: 25–33Google Scholar
Story, J.A. (1986) Modification of steroid excretion in response to dietary fiber. In: Dietary Fiber, Basic and Clinical Aspects (Eds Vahouny, G.V. and Kritchevsky, D.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 253–265CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Story, J.A. and Kritchevsky, D. (1976) Comparison of the binding of various bile acids and bile salts in vitro to several types of fibre. Journal of Nutrition 106: 1292–1294Google Scholar
Stremmel, W. (1987) Absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins. In: Structure and Function of the Small Intestine, Diabetes Forum Series, Volume I (Ed. Caspary, W.F.), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 175–184Google Scholar
Stremmel, W., Lotz, G., Strohmeijer, G. and Berk, P.D. (1985) Identification, isolation and partial characterization of a fatty acid binding protein from rat jejunal microvillous membranes. Journal of Clinical Investigation 75: 1068–1076Google Scholar
Wang, L., Newman, R.K., Newman, C.W. and Hofer, P.J. (1992) Barley β-glucans alter intestinal viscosity and reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 122: 2292–2297Google Scholar
White, W.B., Bird, H.R., Sunde, M.L., Prentice, N., Burger, W.C. and Martlett, J.A. (1981) The viscosity interaction of barley β-glucan with Trichoderma viride cellulase in the chick intestine. Poultry Science 62: 853–862Google Scholar
White, W.B., Bird, H.R., Sunde, M.L., Martlett, J.A., Prentice, N. and Burger, W.C. (1983) Viscosity of β-D-glucan as a factor in the enzymatic improvement of barley for chicks. Poultry Science 62: 853–862Google Scholar
Wilson, F.A. and Dietschy, J.M. (1974) The intestinal unstirred layer: its surface area and effect on active transport kinetics. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 363: 112–126Google Scholar
Wilson, F.A., Sallee, V.L. and Dietschy, J.M. (1971) Unstirred water layers in the intestine: rate determinant of fatty acid absorption from micellar solutions. Science 174: 1031–1033Google Scholar