Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T02:08:02.132Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Induced moulting issues and alternative dietary strategies for the egg industry in the United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

S.Y. Park ,
W.K. Kim ,
S.G. Birkhold ,
L.F. Kubena ,
D.J. Nisbet  and
S.C. Ricke
S.Y. Park
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
W.K. Kim
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
S.G. Birkhold
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
L.F. Kubena
Affiliation:
USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
D.J. Nisbet
Affiliation:
USDA-ARS, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
S.C. Ricke*
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843
*
*Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The United States (U.S.) poultry industry continues to implement induced moulting to extend egg production in commercial laying flocks. Achieving an optimal moult requires dietary manipulation to cause a complete regression of the reproductive organs and cessation of egg production. This is followed by rejuvenation and initiation of an additional egg laying cycle. Currently feed withdrawal is the primary means to initiate moult and is regarded as an optimal approach for achieving post-moult performance. However, removal of feed can lead to potential physiological stress in laying hens as well as an increased susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis colonization and invasion. To retain the ecological benefits of induced moult will require development, testing and implementation of alternative dietary approaches that minimizes these problems and increase the egg production and egg quality benefits associated with the additional egg laying cycles. Strategies for accomplishing this are discussed.

Keywords

induced moultingegg productionbone remodellingalternative moulting diets
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 60 , Issue 2 , June 2004 , pp. 196 - 209
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alodan, M.A. and Mashaly, M.M. (1999) Effect of induced moulting in laying hens on production and immune parameters. Poultry Science 78: 171–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, D.K., Berry, W.D. and Brake, J. (1987a) Effect of lighting program and nutrition on reproductive performance of moulted Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Poulfry Science 66: 1298–1305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, D.K., Berry, W.D. and Brake, J. (1987b) Effect of lighting program and nutrition on feather replacement of moulted Single Comb White Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 66: 1635–1639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ankney, C.D. and Macinnes, C.D. (1978) Nutrient reserves and reproductive performance of female lesser snow geese. Auk 95: 459–471.Google Scholar
Arnouts, S., Buyse, J., Cokelaere, M.M. and Decuypere, E. (1993) Jojoba meal (Simmondsia chinensis) in the diet of broiler breeder pullets: Physiological and endocrinological effects. Poulfry Science 72: 1714–1721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, M., Brake, J. and McDaniel, G.R. (1983) The relationship between body weight loss during an induced moult and post-moult egg production, egg weight, and shell quality in caged layers. Poultry Science 62: 409–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bar, A., Vax, E. and Striem, S. (1999) Relationships among age, eggshell thickness and vitamin D metabolism and its expression in the laying hen. Cormpararive Biochemistry and Physiology 123: 147–154.Google ScholarPubMed
Bar, A., Razaphkovsky, V., Shinder, D. and Vax, E. (2003) Alternative procedures for moult induction: practical aspects. Poultry Science 82: 543–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, E.M., Impey, C.S. and Stevens, B.J.H. (1979) Factors affecting the incidence and anti-salmonella activity of the anaerobic caecal flora of the young chick. Journal of Hygiene 82: 263–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, E.M., Impey, C.S. and Cooper, D.M. (1980) Manipulation of the crop and intestinal flora of the newly hatched chick. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33: 2426–2433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Begin, J.J. and Johnson, T.H. (1976) Effect of dietary salt on the performance of laying hens. Poultry Science 55: 2395–2404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, D. (1987) Is moulting still a viable replacement alternative? Poultry Tribune 93: 32–35.Google Scholar
Bell, D.D. (2003) Historical and current moulting practices in the U.S. table egg industry. Poultry Science 82: 965–970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, D.D. and Weaver, W.D. (2001) Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production- Fifth Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Berry, W.D. (2003) The physiology of induced moulting. Poultry Science 82: 971–980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, W.D. and Brake, J. (1985) Comparison of parameters associated with moult induced by fasting, zinc, and low dietary sodium in caged layers. Poultry Science 64: 2027–2036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, W.D. and Brake, J. (1991) Research note: Induced moult increases egg shell quality and Calbindin-D28k content of egg shell gland duodenum of aging hens. Poultry Science 70: 655–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, H.R., Sunde, M.L., Said, N.W. and Sullivan, T.W. (1982) Evaluation of two force moulting procedures and their effect on productive performance of two strains of white leghorns. Poultry Science 61: 1418. (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Blair, R. and Gilbert, A.B. (1973) The influence of supplemental phosphorous in a low-calcium diet designed to induced a resting phase in laying hens. British Poultry Science 14: 131–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brake, J. and Thaxton, P. (1979) Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced moult. 2. Gross changes in organs. Poultry Science 58: 707–716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brake, J., Thaxton, P. and Benton, E.H. (1979) Physiological changes in caged layers during a forced moult. 3. Plasma thyroxine, plasma triiodothyronine, adrenal cholesterol and total adrenal steroids. Poultry Science 58: 1345–1350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brake, J. (1993) Recent advances in induced moulting. Poultry Science 72: 929–931.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brake, J. (1992) Mechanisms of and metabolic requirements for complete and rapid reproductive rejuvenation during an induced moult-A brief review. Ornis Scandinavica 23: 335–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownell, J.R., Sadler, W.W. and Fanelli, M.J. (1970) Role of caeca in intestinal infection of chickens with Salmonella typhimurium, Avian Diseases 14, 106–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campos, E.J. and BaiÃo, N.C. (1979) The effects of methods of forced moulting on performance of commercial layers. Poultry Science 58: 1040–1041. (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Chavassieux, P., Chenu, C., Valentin-Opran, A., Delmas, P.D., Boivin, G., Chapuy, M.C. and Meunier, P.J. (1993) In vitro exposure to sodium fluoride does not modify activity or proliferation of human osteoblastic cells in primary cultures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 8: 37–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corrier, D.E., Nisbet, D.J., Scanlan, C.M., Hollister, A.G. and Deloach, J.R. (1995) Control of Salmonella typhimurium colonization in broiler chicks with a continuous-flow characterized mixed culture of caecal bacteria. Poultry Science 74: 916–924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corrier, D.E., Nisbet, D.J., Hargis, B.M., Holt, P.S. and Deloach, J.R. (1997) Provision of lactose to moulting hens enhances resistance to Salmonella enteritidis colonization. Journal of Food Protection 60: 10–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davis, G.S., Anderson, K.E. and Carroll, A.S. (2000) The effects of long-term caging and moult of Single Comb White Leghorn hens on heterophil to lymphocyte ratios, corticosterone and thyroid hormones. Poultry Science 79: 514–518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Decuypere, E. and Verheyen, G. (1986) Physiological basis of induced moulting and tissue regeneration in fowls. World's Poultry Science 42: 56–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickerman, R.W. and Bahr, J.M. (1989) Moult induced by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist as a model for studying endocrine mechanisms of moulting in laying hens. Poultry Science 68: 1402–1408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilworth, B.C. and Day, E.J. (1976) Sodium depletion and repletion of white Leghorn hens in cages. Poultry Science 55: 1593. (Abstr.)Google Scholar
Duncan, I.J.H. and Wood-Gush, D.G.M. (1971) Frustration and aggression in the domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour 19: 500–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durant, J.A., Corrier, D.E., Byrd, J.A., Stanker, L.H. and Ricke, S.C. (1999) Feed deprivation affects crop environment and modulates Salmonella enteritidis colonization and invasion of Leghorn hens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 1919–1923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etches, R.J. (1987) Calcium logistics in the laying hen. Journal of Nutrition 117: 619–628.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etches, R.J. (1990) The ovulatory cycle of the hen. Critical Reviews in Poultry Biology. 2: 293–318.Google Scholar
Etches, R.J. and Cheng, K.W. (1981) Changes in the plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone and in the binding of follicle-stimulating hormone to the theca of follicles during the ovulation cycle of the hen (Callus domesticus). Journal of Endocrinology 91: 11–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etches, R.J. and Cunningham, F.J. (1976) The interrelationship between progesterone and luteinizing hormone during the ovulation cycle of the hen (Callus domesticus). Journal of Endocrinology 71: 51–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fanelli, M.J., Sadler, W.W., Franti, C.E. and Brownell, J.R. (1971) Localization of salmonellae within the intestinal tract of chickens. Avian Diseases 15: 366–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, R. (1977) The importance of lactobacilli in maintaining normal microbial balance in the crop. British Poultry Science 18: 85–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuller, R. and Brooker, B.E. (1974) Lactobacilli which attach to the crop epithelium of the fowl. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27: 1305–1312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garlich, J., Brake, J., Parkhurst, C.R., Thaxton, J.P. and Morgan, G.W. (1984) Physiological profile of caged layers during one production year, moult, and post-moult: Egg production, egg shell quality, liver, femur, and blood parameters. Poultry Science 63: 339–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gast, R.K. and Beard, C.W. (1993) Research to understand and control Salmonella enreriridis in chickens and eggs. Poulrry Science 72: 1157–1163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gast, R.K. and Ricke, S.C. (2003) Symposium: Current and future prospects for induced moulting in laying hens. Poultry Science 82: 964.Google Scholar
Gast, R.K. (1994) Understanding Salmonella enteritidis in laying chickens: the contributions of experimental infections. International Journal of Food Microbiology 21: 107–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, A.B. and Blair, R. (1975) A comparison of the effects of two low-calcium diets on egg production in the domestic fowl. British Poultry Science 16: 547–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, A.B., Peddie, J., Mitchell, G.G. and Teague, P.W. (1981) The egg-laying response of the domestic hen to variation in dietary calcium. British Poultry Science 22: 537–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, N.G. and Wilkins, L.J. (1989) Broken bones in domestic fowl: Handling and processing damage in end-of-lay battery hens. British Poultry Science 30: 555–562.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grynpass, M. (1993) Age and disease-related changes in the mineral of bone. Calcified Tissue International (Suppl. 1) 53: S57–S64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herbert, J.A. and Cerniglia, G.J. (1978) Comparison of low sodium chloride, high zinc oxide and high potassium iodide for force pausing layers. Poulrry Science 58: 1015 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Heryanto, B., Yoshimura, Y. and Tamur, T. (1997) Cell proliferation in the process of oviducal tissue remodeling during induced moulting in hens. Poultry Science 76: 1580–1586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herremans, M., Verheyen, G. and Decuypere, E. (1988) Effect of temperature during induced moulting on plumage renewal and subsequent production. British Poultry Science 29: 853–861.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, P.S. (1992) Effects of induced moulting on immune responses of hens. British Poultry Science 33: 165–175.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, P.S. (1993) Effect of induced moulting on the susceptibility of White Leghorn hens to a Salmonella enteritidis infection. Avian Diseases 37: 412–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, P.S. (1999) Chapter 33: Impact of induced moulting on immunity and Salmonella enrerica serovar Enteritidis infection in laying hens. pp. 367–375. In: Saeed, A. M., Gast, R. K., Potter, M. E., and Wall, P. G. (eds.). Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in humans and animals-Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.Google Scholar
Holt, P.S. (2003) Moulting and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis infection: The problem and some solutions. Poulrry Science 82: 1008–1010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, P.S., Buhr, R.J., Cunningham, D.L. and Porter, R.E. Jr. (1994) Effect of two different moulting procedures on a Salmonella enteritidis infection. Poultry Science 73: 1267–1275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, P.S., Macri, N.P. and Porter, R.E. Jr. (1995) Microbiological analysis of the early Salmonella enteritidis infection in moulted and unmoulted hens. Avian Diseases 39: 55–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, P.S., Mitchell, B.W. and Gast, R.K. (1998) Airborne horizontal transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in moulted laying chickens. Avian Diseases 42: 45–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holt, P.S. and Porter, R.E. Jr. (1992a) Microbiological and histopathological effects of an induced-moult fasting procedure on a Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Diseases 36: 610–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, P.S. and Porter, R.E. Jr., (1992b) Effect of induced moulting on the course of infection and transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in White Leghorn hens of different ages. Poultry Science 71: 1842–1848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoshino, S., Suzuki, M., Kakegawa, T., Imai, K., Wakita, M., Kobayashi, Y. and Yamada, Y. (1988) Changes in plasma thyroid hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, progesterone and corticosterone of laying hens during a forced moult. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology A-Comparative Physiology 90: 355–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, B.O. and Whitehead, C.C. (1974) Sodium deprivation, feather pecking and activity in laying hens. British Poultry Science 15: 435–439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, B.O. and Whitehead, C.C. (1979) Behavioural changes associated with the feeding of low-sodium diets to laying hens. Applied Animal Ethology: 5: 255–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurwitz, S., Bornstein, S. and Lev, Y. (1975) Some responses of laying hens to induced arrest of egg production. Poultry Science 54: 415–422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurwitz, S., Wax, E., Nisenbaum, Y., Benmoshe, M. and Plavinik, I. (1998) The response of laying hens to induced moult as affected by strain and age. Poultry Science 77: 22–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Imai, K. (1973) Effects of avian and mammalian pituitary preparations on induction of ovulation in the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 33: 91–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Impey, C.S. and Mead, G.C. (1989) Fate of salmonellas in the alimentary tract of chicks pre-treated with a mature caecal microflora to increase colonization resistance. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66: 469–475.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ingram., D.R., Wilson, H.R. and Mather, F.B. (1982) The response of the oviduct to White Leghorn hens to two methods of induced resting. Poultry Science 61: 1482–1483 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Isobe, T. and Lillehoj, H.S. (1992) Effects of corticosteroids on lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphokine secretion in chickens. Avian Diseases 36: 590–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, A.L. and Van Tienhoven, A. (1980) Plasma concentrations of six steroids and LH during the ovulatory cycle of the hen (Gallus domesticus), Biology of Reproduction 23: 386–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, A.L. and Van Tienhoven, A. (1984) Effects of aminoglutethimide on luteinizing hormone and steroid secretion, and ovulation in the hen, Gallus domesticus, Endocrinology 114: 2276–2283.Google ScholarPubMed
Józsa, R., Korf, H.-W., Csernus, V. and Mess, B. (1988) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive structures in the brain of the domestic mallard. Cell and Tissue Research 251: 441–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Juhn, M. and Harris, P.C. (1956) Responses in moult and lay of fowl to progestins and gonadotrophins. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 92: 709–711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juhn, M. and Harris, P.C. (1958) Moult of capon feathering with prolactin. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 98: 669–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kassem, M., Mosekilde, L. and Eriksen, E.F. (1994) Effects of fluoride on human bone cells in vitro: Differences in responsiveness between stromal osteoblast precursors and mature osteoblasts. European Journal of Endocrinology 130: 381–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kobayashi, H., Maruyama, K. and Kambara, S. (1955) Effect of thyroxine on the phosphatase activity of pigeon skin. Endocrinology 57: 129–133.Google ScholarPubMed
Kuenzel, W.J. (2003) Neurobiology of moult in avian species. Poultry Science 82: 981–991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kwon, Y.M., Kubena, L.F., Woodward, C.L., Byrd, J.A., Moore, R.W., Nisbet, D.J. and Ricke, S.C. (2001) Use of an alfalfa diet for moulting in Leghorn hens to reduce Salmonella enteritidis colonization and invasion. Poultry Science 80: (Suppl. 1): 90 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Lee, P.J.W., Gulliver, A.L. and Morris, T.R. (1971) A quantitative analysis of the literature concerning the restricted feeding of growing pullets. British Poultry Science 12: 413–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, K. (1982) Effects of forced moult period on post-moult performance of Leghorn hens. Poultry Science 61: 1594–1598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Len, R.E., Abplanalp, H. and Johnson, E.A. (1964) Second year production of force moulted hens in the California random sample test. Poultry Science 43: 638–646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lien, R.J. and Siopes, T.D. (1989) Turkey plasma thyroid hormone and prolactin concentrations throughout an egg laying cycle and in relation to photorefractoriness. Poulrry Science 68: 1409–1417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macri, N.P., Porter, R.E. and Holt, P.S. (1997) The effects of induced moult on the severity of acute intestinal inflammation caused by Salmonella enteritidis. Avian Diseases 41: 117–124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marie, P.J. and Hott, M. (1986) Short-term effects of fluoride and strontium on bone formation and resorption in the mouse. Metabolism 35: 547–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marie, P.J., De Vernejoul, M.C. and Lomri, A. (1992) Stimulation of bone formation in osteoporosis patients treated with fluoride associated with increased DNA synthesis by osteoblastic cells in vitro. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 7: 103–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mather, F.B., Ingram, D.R. and Wilson, H.R. (1982) Performance and oviductal histology of hens as influenced by low calcium and/or low sodium diets during a force moult. Poultry Science 61: 1385–1386. (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Mazzuco, H., Grader, I. and Hester, P.Y. (2003) The effect of a feed removal moulting program on the skeletal integrity of White Leghorns. Poultry Science 82 (Suppl. 1): 82 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
McCormick, C.C. and Cunningham, D.L. (1987) Performance and physiological profiles of high dietary zinc and fasting as methods of inducing a forced rest: A direct comparison. Poultry Science 66: 1007–1013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Medvedev, K., Woodward, C., Li, X., Kubena, L., Nisbet, D. and Ricke, S. (2001) Egg production and quality response of commercial laying hens moulted with alfalfa diets. Poultry Science 80 (Suppl. 1): 54.Google Scholar
Medvedev, K.L., Moore, R.W., Woodward, C.L., Landers, D.A., Howard, Z.R., Byrd, J.A., Kubena, L.F., Nisbet, D.J. and Ricke, S.C. (2002) Effects of alfalfa and feed deprivation moulting methods on leucocyte percentages in laying hens. Poultry Science 81 (suppl. 1): 100. (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Merkley, J.W. (1976) Increased bone strength in coop-reared broilers provided fluoridated water. Poultry Science 55: 1313–1319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merkley, J.W. (1981) The effect of sodium fluoride on egg production, egg quality, and bone strength of caged layers. Poultry Science 60: 771–776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Modrowski, D., Miravet, L., Fuega, M., Bannie, F. and Marie, P.J. (1992) Effect of fluoride on bone and bone cells in ovariectomized rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 7: 961–969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monsi, A. and Enos, H.L. (1977) The effects of low dietary salt on egg production. Poultry Science 56: 1373–1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, R.W., Park, S.Y., Kubena, L.F., Byrd, J.A., McReynolds, J.L., Burnham, M.R., Hume, M.E., Birkhold, S.G., Nisbet, D.J. and Ricke, S.C. (2003) Comparison of zinc acetate and propionate addition on gastrointestinal tract fermentation and susceptibility of laying hens to Salmonella enteritidis during forced moult. Poultry Science (Submitted).Google Scholar
Mrosovsky, N. and Sherry, D.F. (1980) Animal anorexias. Science 207: 837–842.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesbeth, W.G., Douglas, C.R. and Harms, R.H. (1974) Response of laying hens to a low salt diet. Poultry Science 53: 1961 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Nesbeth, W.G., Douglas, C.R. and Harms, R.H. (1976a) Response of laying hens to a low salt diet. Poultry Science 55: 2128–2133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nesbeth, W.G., Douglas, C.R. and Harms, R.H. (1976b) The potential use of dietary salt deficiency for the force resting of laying hens. Poultry Science 55: 2375–2379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nevalainen, T.J. (1969) The effect of calcium-deficient diet on the reproductive organs of the hen (Gallus domesticus). Poultry Science 48: 653–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Newman, S. and Leeson, S. (1999) The effect of feed deprivation and subsequent refeeding on the bone characteristics of aged hens. Poultry Science 78: 1658–1663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ngou Ngoupayou, J.D., Maiorino, P.M. and Reid, B.L. (1982) Jojoba meal in poultry diets. Poultry Science 61: 1692–1696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbet, D.J., Ricke, S.C., Scanlan, C.M., Corrier, D.E., Hollister, A.G. and Deloach, J.R. (1994) Inoculation of broiler chicks with a continuous-flow derived bacterial culture facilitates early caecal bacterial colonization and increases resistance to Salmonella ryphimurium. Journal of Food Protection 57: 12–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nurmi, E. and Rantala, M. (1973) New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Nature 241: 210–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nys, Y., Parkers, C.O. and Thomasset, M. (1986) Effects of suppression and resumption of shell formation and parathyroid hormone on uterine calcium binding protein, carbonic anhydrase activity, and intestinal calcium absorption in hens. General Comparative Endocrinology 64: 293–299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nys, Y., Mayel-Afshar, S., Bouillon, R., Van-Baelen, H. and Lawson, D.E.M. (1989) Increases in calbindin D28k mRNA in the uterus of the domestic fowl induced by sexual maturity and shell formation. General Comparative Endocrinology 76: 322–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pageaux, J.F., Laugier, C., Pal, D. and Pacheco, H. (1983) Analysis of progesterone receptor in the quail oviduct. Correlation between plasmatic estradiol and cytoplasmic progesterone receptor concentrations. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 18: 209–214.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, S.Y., Birkhold, S.G., Kubena, L.F., Nisbet, D.J. and Ricke, S.C. (2004) Effects of high zinc diets using zinc propionate on moult induction, organs, and post-moult egg production and quality in laying hens. Poultry Science 83: 24–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Péczely, P. (1992) Hormonal regulation of feather development and moult on the level of feather follicles. Ornis Scandinavica 23: 346–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Porter, R.E. Jr. and Holt, P.S. (1993) Effect of induced moulting on the severity of intestinal lesions caused by Salmonella enteritidis infection in chickens. Avian Diseases 37: 1009–1016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Proudman, J.A. and Opel, H., (1981) Turkey prolactin: validation of a radioimmunoassay measurement of changes associated with broodiness. Biology of Reproduction. 25: 573–580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ream, L.J. (1981) The effects of short-term fluoride ingestion on bone formation and resorption in the rat femur. Cell and Tissue Research 221: 421–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reinert, B.D. and Wilson, F.E. (1997) The effects of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3) replacement therapy on the programming of seasonal reproduction and postnuptial moult in thyroidectomized male American tree sparrows (Spizella arborea) exposed to long days. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 279: 367–376.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rennie, J.S., Fleming, R.H., McCormack, H.A., McCorquodale, C.C. and Whitehead, C.C. (1997) Studies on effects of nutritional factors on bone structure and osteoporosis in laying hens. British Poultry Science 38: 417–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricke, S.C. (2003) The gastrointestinal tract ecology of Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in moulting hens. Poultry Science 82: 1003–1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricke, S.C., Park, S.Y., Moore, R.W., Kwon, Y.M., Woodward, C.L., Byrd, J.A., Nisbet, D.J. and Kubena, L.F. (2003) Feeding low calcium and zinc moult diets sustains gastrointestinal fermentation and limits Salmonella enferica serovar Enteritidis colonization in laying hens. Journal of Food Safety (Submitted).Google Scholar
Roberson, R.H. and Francis, D.W. (1979) The effect of two moulting methods on Hyline and Shaver hens. Poultry Science 58: 1098 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Rodríuez, J.P. and Rosselot, G. (2001) Sodium fluoride induces changes on proteoglycans synthesized by avian osteoblasts in culture. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 83: 607–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roland, D.A. Sr., Holcombe, D.J. and Harms, R.H. (1977) Further studies with hens producing a high incidence of non-calcified and partially calcified egg shells. Poultry Science 56: 1232–1236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roland, D.A. Sr. and Brake, J. (1982) Influence of pre-moult production on post-moult performance with explanation for improvement in egg production due to force moulting. Poultry Science 61: 2473–2481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rolon, A., Buhr, R.J. and Cunningham, D.L. (1993) Twenty-four-hour feed withdrawal and limited feeding as alternative methods for induction of moult in laying hens. Poultry Science 72: 776–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, E. and Herrick, R.B. (1981) Forced rest induced by moult or low-salt diet and subsequent hen performance. Poultry Science 60: 63–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozenboim, I., Silsby, J.L., Tabibzadeh, C., Pitts, G.R., Youngren, O.M. and El Halawani, M.E. (1993) Hypothalamic and posterior pituitary content of vasoactive intestinal peptide and gonadotropin-releasing hormones I and II in the turkey hen. Biology of Reproduction 49: 622–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruszler, P.L. (1998) Health and husbandry considerations of induced moulting. Poultry Science 77: 1789–1793.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Said, N.W., Sullivan, T.W., Bird, H.R. and Sunde, M.L. (1984) A comparison of the effect of two force moulting methods on performance of two commercial strains of laying hens. Poultry Science 63 2399–2403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scanes, C.G., Godden, P.M.M. and Sharp, P.J. (1977) An homologous radioimmunoassay for chicken follicle-stimulating hormone: Observations on the ovulatory cycle. Journal of Endocrinology 73: 473–481CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scott, J.T. and Creger, C.R. (1976) The use of zinc as an effective moulting agent in laying hens. Poultry Science 55: 2089 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Seo, K-H., Holt, P.S. and Gast, R.K. (2001) Comparison of Salmonella Enteritidis infection in hens moulted via long-term feed withdrawal versus full-fed wheat middling. Journal of Food Protection. 64: 1917–1921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shahabi, N.A., Bahr, J.M. and Nalbandov, A.V. (1975) Effect of LH injection on plasma and follicular steroids in the chicken. Endocrinology 96: 969–972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherry, D.F., Mrosovsky, N. and Hogan, J.A. (1980) Weight loss and anorexia during incubation in birds. Journal of Compararive and Physiological Psychology 94: 89–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shippee, R.L., Stake, P.E., Koehn, U., Lambert, J.L. and Simmons, R.W. III (1979) High dietary zinc or magnesium as force-resting agents for laying hens. Poultry Science 58: 949–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soerjadi, A.S., Stehman, S.M., Snoeyenbos, G.H., Weinack, O.M. and Smyser, C.F. (1981) Some measurements of protection against paratyphoid Salmonella and Escherichia coli by competitive exclusion in chickens. Avian Diseases 25: 706–712.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takada, J., Chevalley, T., Baylink, D.J. and William Lau, K.-H. (1996) Dexamethasone enhances the osteogenic effects of fluoride in human TE85 osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Calcified Tissue International 58 355–361.Google ScholarPubMed
Tanabe, Y., Himeno, K. and Nozaki, H. (1957) Thyroid and ovarian function in relation to moulting in the hen. Endocrinology 61: 661–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tenenbaum, H.C., Richards, J., Holmyard, D., Mamujee, H. and Grynpas, M.D. (1991) The effect of fluoride on osteogenesis in vitro. Cells & Marerials 1(4): 317–327.Google Scholar
Turnbull, P.C.B. and Snoeyenbos, G.H. (1974) Experimental salmonellosis in the chicken. 1. Fate and host response in alimentary canal, liver, and spleen. Avian Diseases 18: 153–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verheyen, G., Decuypere, E., Chiasson, R.B., Kuhn, E.R. and Michels, H. (1987) Effect of exogenous LH on plasma concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol in relation to the cessation of egg laying induced by different moulting methods Journal of Reproducrion and Fertility 81: 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vermaut, S., De Coninck, K., Flo, G., Cokelaere, M., Onagbesan, M. and Decuypere, E. (1997) Effect of de-oiled jojoba meal on feed intake in chickens: Satiating or taste effect? Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45: 3158–3163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, A.B. (2003) Physiology and behaviour of the hen during induced moult. Poultry Science 82: 992–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, C.C. and Fleming, R.H. (2000) Osteoporosis in cage layers. Poultry Science 79: 1033–1041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitehead, C.C. and Shannon, D.W.F. (1974) The control of egg production using a low-sodium diet. British Poultry Science 15: 429–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitehead, C.C. and Sharp, P.J. (1976) An assessment of the optimal range of dietary sodium for inducing a pause in laying. British Poultry Science 17: 601–611.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, S.C. and Cunningham, F.J. (1980) Concentrations of corticosterone and luteinizing hormone in plasma during the ovulatory cycle of the domestic hen and after the administration of gonadal steroids. Journal of Endocrionology 85: 209–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yosefi, S., Braw-Tal, R. and Bar, A. (2003) Intestinal and eggshell calbindin, and bone ash of laying hens as influenced by age and moulting. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 136: 673–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar