Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T04:10:40.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Drift variants of low pathogenic avian influenza virus: observations from India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 November 2014

J.L. VEGAD
J.L. VEGAD*
Affiliation:
Adviser, Phoenix Group, 201/15, Ratan Colony, P.B. 75, Gorakhpur, Jabalpur-482001; Former Professor and Head, Department of Pathology, Veterinary College, Jabalpur-482001, India
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

This review examines the emergence of drift variants of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, with particular focus on their occurrence in India. Influenza viruses are dynamic and continuously evolving, and variants emerge from the instability of these viruses due to their constant mutations through antigenic drift. The drift variants emerging from the LPAI viruses gradually acquire higher virulence, inflicting heavy mortality and severe economic losses. Different aspects covered in reference to the Indian observations include mortality, clinical signs, post mortem lesions, and differential diagnosis. In addition, the cause of death based on the typical lesions encountered, and the limitations of any vaccination programme to control the variants are discussed in a global context.

Keywords

avian influenza virusdrift variantsvaccination
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 70 , Issue 4 , December 2014 , pp. 767 - 774
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ALEXANDER, D.J. (2008) Orthomyxoviridae – Avian influenza, in: PATTISON, M., MCMULLIN, P.F., BRADBURY, J.M. & ALEXANDER, D.J. (Eds) Poultry Diseases, 6th edn, pp. 317-332 (Saunders, 11830, Westline Industrial Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63146).Google Scholar
AVIAN INFLUENZA MUTATION, H5N1 (2012) Avian influenza mutation, H5N1 Avian influenza, News & Information, www.avianinfluenza.org/mutated-avian-influenza-virus-h5n1.php-symptoms.Google Scholar
CATTOLI, G., MILANI, A., TEMPERTON, N., ZECCHIN, B., BURATIN, A., MOLESTI, E., ALY, M.M., ARAFA, A. and CAPUA, I. (2011) Antigenic drift in H5N1 influenza virus in poultry is driven by mutations in major antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin molecule analogous to those for human influenza virus. Journal of Virology 85: 8718-8724.Google Scholar
CAVANAGH, D. and GELB, J. Jr (2008) Infectious bronchitis, in: SAIF, Y.M., FADLY, A.M., GLISSON., J.R., McDOUGALD, L.R., NOLAN, L.K. & SWAYNE, D.E. (Eds) Diseases of Poultry, 12th edn, pp.117-135 (Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014, USA).Google Scholar
GUY, J.S. and GARCIA, M. (2008) Laryngotracheitis, in: SAIF, Y.M., FADLY, A.M., GLISSON, J.R., McDOUGALD, L.R., NOLAN, L.K. & SWAYNE, D.E. (Eds) Diseases of Poultry, 12th edn, pp. 137-152 (Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014, USA).Google Scholar
JOHNSON, A.P. (2005) Cytokine storm and the influenza pandemic. www.cytokinestorm.com.Google Scholar
LEE, C.W., SENNE, D.A. and SUAREZ, D.L. (2004) Effect of vaccine use in the evolution of Mexican lineage H5N2 avian influenza virus. Journal of Virology 78: 8372-8381.Google Scholar
LI, C., YU, K., TIAN, G., YU, D., LIU, L., JING, B., PING, J. and CHEN, H. (2005) Evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses from domestic poultry in Mainland China. Virology 340: 70-83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LU, C., SHOU-CHUAN, L., JUN, Z., CHUAN-QING, W. and ZE-LIN, W. (2011) Characteristics of pathogenic and HA antigenic variation of H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses isolated from 1998 to 2008 in China. China Agriculture Science 44: 5100-5107.Google Scholar
PARK, K.J., KWON, H-I., SONG, M-S., PASCUA, P.N.Q., BAEK, Y.H., LEE, J.H., JANG, H-L., LIM, J-Y., MO, I-P., MOON, H-J., KIM, C-J. and CHOI, Y.K. (2011) Rapid evolution of low- pathogenic H9N2 avian influenza viruses following poultry vaccination programmes. Journal of General Virology 92: 36-50.Google Scholar
SUN, Y., PU, J., FAN, L., SUN, H., WANG, J., ZHANG, Y., LIU, L. and LIU, J. (2012) Evaluation of the protective efficacy of a commercial vaccine against different antigenic groups of H9N2 influenza viruses in chickens. Veterinary Microbiology 156: 193-199.Google Scholar
SWAYNE, D.E. and HALVORSON, D.A. (2008) Influenza, in: SAIF, Y.M., FADLY, A.M., GLISSON, J.R., McDOUGALD, L.R., NOLAN, L.K. & SWAYNE, D.E. (Eds) Diseases of Poultry, 12th edn, pp. 153-184 (Blackwell Publishing Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014, USA).Google Scholar
TURNER, P., MCLENNAN, A., BATES, A. and WHITE, M. (2005) RNA Viruses, in: Molecular Biology, 3rd edn, pp. 302-305 (Taylor & Francis Group, 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN, U.K.).Google Scholar
US, D. (2008) Cytokine storm in avian influenza. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni. 42: 365-380.Google Scholar
VEGAD, J.L. (2007) Inflammation, in: VEGAD, J.L. (Ed.) ’S A Textbook of Veterinary General Pathology, 2nd edn, pp. 105-182 (International Book Distributing Company, 7, Meerabai Marg, Lucknow-226001, U.P., India).Google Scholar
VEGAD, J.L. (2008) Avian influenza (Bird flu), in: VEGAD, J.L. (Ed.) ’S Poultry Diseases: A Guide for Farmers & Poultry Professionals, 2nd edn, pp. 42-64 (International Book Distributing Company, 7, Meerabai Marg, Lucknow-226001, U.P., India).Google Scholar
WIKIPEDIA (2012a) Antigenic drift. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic_drift.Google Scholar
WIKIPEDIA (2012b) Cytokine storm. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokine_storm.Google Scholar