Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T18:34:02.576Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Amino acid efficiency with dietary glycine supplementation: Part 2

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 August 2014

D.O. AKINDE
D.O. AKINDE*
Affiliation:
Nutrition Biotechnology Division, Fusion BioSystems, Lerchenstr. 2, 49393 Lohne, Germany
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Glycine is a multi-tasking amino acid involved in multiple metabolic and functional systems, including sulphur amino acids, proteins and immunoglobulins syntheses, blood haem and bile production. Glycine is also capable of eliciting responses at whole animal level, such as those promoting gut and immune health, animal welfare as well as feed/food safety. Empirical evidence shows that glycine supplementation can arrest systemic inflammation via deletion of cytokine production. Some investigators have corrected gut wall damage in challenge studies via gastric infusion of glycine. Efficacy data further document that glycine aids bone accretion in broilers fed reduced protein diets. Given these glycine bioefficacies, particularly in broilers, its nutrition needs to be critically assessed in the light of modern paradigms of animal welfare, feed-food safety, efficiency, reduced antibiotic application, and eco-sustainability. Such efforts should concentrate on precise estimation of inevitable ileal flow of glycine so as to generate a database on the digestible glycine levels in feedstuffs. Only this can provide for proper control of feed glycine density.

Controversies on dietary glycine optimum for broilers also need to be addressed, as this has significant ramifications for raw materials selection and eco-sustainability. Based on a meta-analysis of published reports a range of 1.91-2.27% of total glycine+serine is recommended in young broilers diets, depending on production goals. But clarity is still needed on how this may be modified by practical stress conditions. The efficacy of copious supplementation of crystalline glycine to promote key parameters of poultry health and zootechnical performance under different rearing conditions still needs to be resolved.

Keywords

glycineimmune and gut health efficiencydietary optimumfeed evaluation
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 70 , Issue 3 , September 2014 , pp. 575 - 584
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AKINDE, O.A. (2007) Studies on inevitable losses of amino acids and nitrogen in the pekin duck and their consequences for maintenance nitrogen requirement. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Halle-Wittenberg.Google Scholar
AKINDE, O.A. (2011) Safe feeds save the bottom line in unsafe times. All About Feed 2 (8): 30-32.Google Scholar
AKINDE, O.A., KLUTH, H. and RODEHUTSCORD, M. (2011) Inevitable endogenous amino acid and CP losses in the terminal ileum of pekin ducks as affected by cellulose supplementation. Poultry Science 90 (E-Suppl. 1): 133.Google Scholar
AKINDE, O.A. and ETOP, S.C. (2014) Efficacy of dietary glycine and the glycine+serine requirement in laying hens fed a nutritionally marginal basal diet. Book of Abstracts. ХIV European Poultry Conference, 23-27 June, Stavanger, Norway. In press.Google Scholar
AKRABAWI, S.S. and KRATZER, F.H. (1968) Effects of arginine or serine on the requirement for glycine by the chick. Journal of Nutrition 95: 41-48.Google Scholar
BALL, R.O., LAW, G., BERTOLO, R.F.P. and PENCHARZ, P.B. (1999) Adequate oral threonine is critical for mucin production and mucosal growth by neonatal piglet gut. EAAP Publication 96: 31.Google Scholar
CORZO, A., KIDD, M.T., BURNHAM, D.J. and KERR, B.J. (2004) Dietary glycine needs of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 83: 1382-1384.Google Scholar
CORZO, A. (2012) Determination of the arginine, tryptophan, and glycine ideal-protein ratios in high-yield broiler chicks . Journal of Applied Poultry Research 21: 79-87.Google Scholar
DAHIYA, J.P., HOEHLER, D., VAN KESSEL, A.G. and DREW, M.D. (2007) Dietary encapsulated glycine influences Clostridium perfringens and Lactobacilli growth in the gastrointestinal tract of broiler chickens. Journal of Nutrition 137: 1408-1414.Google Scholar
DE AGUIAR PICANÇO, E., LOPES-PAULO, F., MARQUES, R.G., DIESTEL, C.F., CAETANO, C.E., DE SOUZA, M.V., MOSCOSO, G.M. and PAZOS, H.M. (2011) L-arginine and glycine supplementation in the repair of the irradiated colonic wall of rats. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 26: 561-568.Google Scholar
DEAN, D.W., BIDNER, T.D. and SOUTHERN, L.L. (2006) Glycine supplementation to low crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets supports optimal performance of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 85: 288-296.Google Scholar
DREW, M.D., SYED, N.A., GOLDADE, B.G., LAARVELD, B. and VAN KESSEL, A.G. (2004) Effects of dietary protein source and level on intestinal populations of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 83: 414-420.Google Scholar
FRIEDMAN, M. (1994) Improvement in the safety of foods by sulfhydryl-containing amino acids and peptides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 42: 3-20.Google Scholar
GRIMBLE, R.F. (1990) Nutrition and cytokine action. Nutrition Research Reviews 3: 193-210.Google Scholar
GRIMBLE, R.F., JACKSON, A.A., PERSAUD, C., WRIDE, M.J., DELERS, F. and ENGLER, R. (1992) Cysteine and glycine supplementation modulate the metabolic response to tumour necrosis factor α in rats fed a low protein diet. Journal of Nutrition 122: 2066-2073.Google Scholar
HEGER, J. (2003) Essential to non-essential amino acid ratios, in: D'MELLO, J.P.F. (Ed.) Amino acids in animal nutrition, 2 ed., pp. 103-124 (CAB international, Oxon, UK).Google Scholar
HEGER, J. and PACK, M. (1996) Effects of dietary glycine+serine on starting broiler chick performance as influenced by dietary crude protein levels. Agribiology Research 49: 257-265.Google Scholar
KADIM, I.T., MOUGHAN, P.J. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2002) Ileal amino acid digestibility assay for growing meat chicken- comparison of ileal and excreta amino acid digestibility in the chicken. British Poultry Science 44: 588-597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEESON, S. and SUMMERS, J.D (2005) Commercial poultry nutrition. 3rd ed., University Books, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.Google Scholar
LE FLOC'H, N., MELCHIOR, D. and OBLED, C. (2004) Modifications of protein and amino acid metabolism during inflammation and immune system activation. Livestock Production Science 87: 37-45.Google Scholar
MELÉNDEZ-HEVIA, E., DE PAZ-LUGO, P., CORNISH-BOWDEN, A. and CÁRDENAS, M.L. (2009) A weak link in metabolism: the metabolic capacity for glycine biosynthesis does not satisfy the need for collagen synthesis. Journal of Biosciences 34: 853-872.Google Scholar
MORAN, E. (2010) Absorptive surface, mucin and phytin. Proceedings of the 1st International Phytase Summit 2010, Washington DC, pp. 91-99.Google Scholar
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (1994) Nutrient requirements of poultry, 9th Edition (revised). National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
NGO, A. and COON, C.N. (1976) The effect of feeding a pre-experimental diet to 1-day-old chicks on their subsequent glycine requirement. Poultry Science 55: 1672-1677.Google Scholar
NGO, A., COON, C.N. and BEECHER, G.R. (1977) Dietary glycine requirements for growth and cellular development in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 107: 1800-1808.Google Scholar
OHTA, Y. and ISHIBASHI, T. (1995) Effect of dietary glycine on reduced performance by deficient and excessive methionine in broilers. Japanese Poultry Science 32: 81-89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAVINDRAN, V. and HENDRIKS, W.H. (2004) Endogenous amino acid flows at the terminal ileum of broilers, layers and adult roosters. Animal Science 79: 265-271.Google Scholar
ROSS, R.T., HOLTMAN, D.F. and GILFILLAN, R.F. (1955a) The effect of Salmonella pullorum infection on amino acids of the chick. Journal of Bacteriology 70: 272-275.Google Scholar
ROSS, R.T., HOLTMAN, D.F. and GILFILLAN, R.F. (1955b) The effect of the introduction of amino acids into chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum. Journal of Bacteriology 70: 276-278.Google Scholar
SAUVANT, D., PEREZ, J.M. and TRAN, G. (2004) Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials: pigs, poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, rabbits, horses, fish, in: SAUVANT, D., PEREZ, J.M. & TRAN, G. (Eds) (Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen and INRA Editions, Versailles).Google Scholar
SCHUTTE, J.B., SMINK, W. and PACK, M. (1997) Requirement of young broiler chicks for glycine and serine. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 61: 43-47.Google Scholar
SEKHAR, R.V., PATEL, S.G., GUTHIKONDA, A.P., REID, M., BALASUBRAMANYAM, A., TAFFET, G.E. and JAHOOR, F. (2011) Deficient synthesis of glutathione underlies oxidative stress in aging and can be corrected by dietary cysteine and glycine supplementation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94: 847-853.Google Scholar
SELLE, P.H., RAVINDRAN, V., COWIESON, A.J. and BEDFORD, M.R. (2010a) Phytate and Phytase, in: BEDFORD, M. & PARTRIDGE, G. (Eds( Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition, 2.ed., pp. 160-205 (Wallingford, UK).Google Scholar
SELLE, P.H, COWIESON, A. and COWIESON, N. (2010b) The negative impact of phytase on protein utilization. International phytase summit, Washington DC. Downloaded at http://ips2010.com/Session3/session3c.html (March 6th, 2013).Google Scholar
TAKAHASHI, K., AOKI, A., TAKIMOTO, T. and AKIBA, Y. (2008) Dietary supplementation of glycine modulates inflammatory response indicators in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 100: 1019-1028.Google Scholar
VEDENOV, D. and PESTI, G.M. (2008) A comparison of methods of fitting several models to nutritional response data. Journal of Animal Science 86: 500-507.Google Scholar
VELTMANN, J.R., WYATT, R.D., VOIGHT, M.N. and SHAMSUDDIN, Z. (1983) Influence of dietary sulphur amino acid levels on performance, free amino acids and biochemical parameters in plasma and hepatic glutathione of broilers chicks fed aflatoxin. Poultry Science 62: 1518.Google Scholar
WAGUESPACK, A.M., POWELL, S., BIDNER, T.D. and SOUTHERN, L.L. (2009) The glycine plus serine requirement of broiler chicks fed low-crude protein, corn-soybean meal diets. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 18: 761-765.Google Scholar