Hostname: page-component-6bf8c574d5-w79xw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-17T19:13:59.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Uses and management of poultry litter

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2010

N.S. BOLAN ,
A.A. SZOGI ,
T. CHUASAVATHI ,
B. SESHADRI ,
M.J. ROTHROCK JR  and
P. PANNEERSELVAM
N.S. BOLAN*
Affiliation:
Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, SA – 5095, Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Contaminants Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, SA-5095
A.A. SZOGI
Affiliation:
USDA-ARS, Coastal Plains Soil, Water and Plant Research Center, 2611 W. Lucas St., Florence, SC, 29501, USA
T. CHUASAVATHI
Affiliation:
Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, SA – 5095, Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Contaminants Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, SA-5095
B. SESHADRI
Affiliation:
Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, SA – 5095, Australia Cooperative Research Centre for Contaminants Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), University of South Australia, SA-5095
M.J. ROTHROCK JR
Affiliation:
USDA-ARS, Coastal Plains Soil, Water and Plant Research Center, 2611 W. Lucas St., Florence, SC, 29501, USA
P. PANNEERSELVAM
Affiliation:
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore – 560 089, India
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The poultry industry is one of the largest and fastest growing agro-based industries in the world. This can be attributed to an increasing demand for poultry meat and egg products. However, a major problem facing the poultry industry is the large-scale accumulation of wastes including manure and litter which may pose disposal and pollution problems unless environmentally and economically sustainable management technologies are evolved. Most of the litter produced by the poultry industry is currently applied to agricultural land as a source of nutrients and soil amendment. However environmental pollution, resulting from nutrient and contaminant leaching can occur when poultry litter is applied under soil and climatic conditions that do not favour agronomic utilisation of the manure-borne nutrients. This review examines the composition of poultry litter in relation to nutrient content and environmental contaminants, its value as a nutrient source, soil amendment, animal feed and fuel source, and cost-effective innovative technologies for improving its value. Poultry litter provides a major source of nitrogen, phosphorus and trace elements for crop production and is effective in improving physical and biological fertility, indicating that land application remains as the main option for the utilisation of this valuable resource. The alternative use of poultry litter; as an animal feed and fuel source, is limited by contaminants, and high moisture content, respectively. The review proposes best management practices to mitigate environmental consequences associated with air and water quality parameters that are impacted by land application in order to maintain the continued productivity, profitability, and sustainability of the poultry industry.

Keywords

poultry litternutrientstrace elementsantibioticsfeed managementland application
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 66 , Issue 4 , December 2010 , pp. 673 - 698
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ACOSTA-MARTINEZ, V. and HARMEL, R.D. (2006) Soil microbial communities and enzyme activities under various poultry litter application rates. Journal of Environmental Quality 35: 1309-1318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ADELI, A., TEWOLDE, H., SISTANI, K.R. and ROWE, D.E. (2009) Broiler litter fertilization and cropping system impacts on soil properties. Agronomy Journal 110: 1304-1310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AGBEDE, T.M. and OJENIYI, S.O. (2009) Tillage and poultry manure effects on soil fertility and sorghum yield in southwestern Nigeria . Soil and tillage research 104: 74-81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ALVA, A.K., HUANG, B. and PARAMASIVAM, S. (2000) Soil pH affects copper fractionation and phytotoxicity. Soil Science Society of America Journal 64: 955-962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ANEJA, V.P., SCHLESSINGER, W.H., NIYOGI, D., JENNINGS, G., GILLIAM, W., NIGHTON, R.E., DUKE, C.S., BLUNDEN, J. and KRISHNAN, S. (2006) Emerging national research needs for agricultural air quality. Eos, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union 87: 25-36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ASABE, (2005) Manure production characteristics. ASABE Standard D384.2. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. St. Joseph, MI.Google Scholar
AXTELL, R.C. (1986) Fly management in poultry production - cultural, biological, and chemical. Poultry Science 65: 657-667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BERNHART, M., FASINA, O.O., FULTON, J. and WOOD, C.W. (2010) Compaction of poultry litter. Bioresource technology 101: 234-238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BHATTACHARYA, A.C. and TAYLOR, J.C. (1975) Recycling animal wastes as a feedstuff: A review. Journal of Animal Science 41: 1438-1457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BITZER, C.C. and SIMS, J.T. (1988) Estimating the availability of nitrogen in poultry manure through laboratory and field studies. Journal of Environmental Quality 17: 47-54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BLAKE, J.P., HESS, J.B. and BOCK, B.R. (2007) Nutritional and economic value of poultry litter ash as a feed stock. Proceedings International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture Proceedings, Broomfield, CO., ASABE Pub. No. 701P0907cd.Google Scholar
BOLAN, N.S., MAHIMAIRAJA, S. and HEDLEY, M.J. (1992) Improving the fertilizer value of poultry manures. Proceedings of the Seminar on ‘Eggs '92- winning in a deregulated environment,’ Egg Producers Federation of New Zealand, pp. 1-15.Google Scholar
BOLAN, N.S., ADRIANO, D.C. and MAHIMAIRAJA, S. (2004) Distribution and Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Livestock and Poultry Manure By-Products. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 34: 291-338CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BRINSON, S.E., JR., , CABRERA, M.L. and TYSON, S.C. (1994) Ammonia volatilisation from surface-applied, fresh and composted poultry litter. Plant and Soil 167: 213-218.Google Scholar
BROOKS, J.P, ADELI, A., READ, J.J. and MCLAUGHLIN, M.R. (2009) Rainfall simulation in greenhouse microcosms to assess bacterial-associated runoff from land applied poultry litter. Journal of Environmental Quality 38: 218-229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BULL, S.A., ALLEN, V.M., DOMINGUE, G., JORGENSEN, F., FROST, J.A., URE, R., WHYTE, R., TINKER, D., CORRY, J.E.L., GILLARD-KING, J. and HUMPHREY, T.J. (2006) Sources of Campylobacter spp. colonizing housed broiler flocks during rearing. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 645-652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BUREL, C. and VALAT, C. (2009) The effect of the feed on the host-microflora interactions in poultry: an overview. Proceedings in International Symposium on Sustainable animal production - the challenges and potential developments for professional farming for 13th Congress of the International Society for Animal Hygiene pp.365-383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAPER, S.G., TANNER, J.T., FRIEDMAN, M.H. and BOYER, K.W. (1978) Multielement analysis of animal feed, animal wastes, and sewage sludge. Environmental Science and Technology 12: 785-790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CASEY, K.D., BICUDO, J.R., SCHMIDT, D.R., SINGH, A., GAY, S.W., GATES, R.S., JACOBSEN, L.D. and HOFF, S.J. (2006) Air quality and emissions from livestock and poultry production/waste management systems, in: RICE, J.M., CALDWELL, D.F. & HUMENIK, F.J. (Eds.) Animal Agriculture and the Environment: National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management White Papers, Publication No 913C0306, pp. 1-40 (St. Joseph, MI, ASABE).Google Scholar
CHAN, K.Y., VAN ZWIETEN, L., MESZAROS, L., DOWNIE, A. and JOSEPH, S. (2008) Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments, Australian Journal of Soil Research 46: 437-444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CHRISTEN, K. (2001) Chickens, manure, and arsenic. Environmental Science and Technology 35: 184A-185A.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COLBORN, T., VOM SAAL, F.F. and SOTO, A.M. (1993) Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101: 378-384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COOK, K.L., ROTHROCK, M.J., WARREN, J.G., SISTANI, K.R. and MOORE, P.A. (2008) Effect of alum treatment on the concentration of total and ureolytic microorganisms in poultry litter. Journal of Environmental Quality 37: 2360-2367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DE ABREU, M.F. and BERTON, R.S. (1996) Comparison of methods to evaluate heavy metals in organic wastes. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 27: 1125-1135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DE BOER, E. and HAHNE, M. (1990) Cross-contamination with Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. from raw chicken products during food preparation. Journal of Food Protection 53: 1067-1068.Google Scholar
DELAUNE, P.B., MOORE, P.A. JR, DANIEL, T.C. and LEMUNYON, J.L. (2004) Effect of chemical and microbial amendment on ammonia volatilisation from composting poultry litter. Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 728–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DIAZ, D.A.R., SAWYER, J.E. and MALLARINO, A.P. (2008) Poultry manure supply of potentially available nitrogen with soil. Agronomy journal100: 1310-1317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ECK, H.V. and STEWART, B.A. (1995) Manures, in: REICHIGL, J.E. (Ed.) Soil Amendments and Environmental Quality, pp. 169-198 (Boca Raton, FL, Lewis Publishers).Google Scholar
EDWARDS, D.R. and DANIEL, T.C. (1992) Environmental impacts of on-farm poultry waste disposal-A review. Bioresource Technology 41: 9-33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EDWARDS, J.H. and SOMESHWAR, A.V. (2000) Chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of agricultural and forest by-products for land application, in: DICK, W.A. (Ed.) Land Application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal By-products, pp. 1-62 (Madison, WI, Soil Science Society of America).Google Scholar
ENEJI, A.E., INANAGA, S., LI, X., AN, P., LI, J., DUAN, L. and LI, Z. (2008) Effectiveness of mulching vs. incorporation of composted cattle manure in soil water conservation for wheat based on eco-physiological parameters. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 194: 26-33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ENTICKNAP, J.J., NONOGAKI, H., PLACE, A.R. and HILL, R.T. (2006) Microbial diversity associated with odor modification for production of fertilizers from chicken litter. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 4105-4114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EPSTEIN, E. and MOSS, L.H. (2006) A comparison of characteristics of manures, biosolids, and mineral fertilizers. Journal of Residuals Science and Technology 3: 35-42.Google Scholar
FDA, (2009) Food and Drug Administration; Center for Veterinary Medicine. The Use of Chicken Manure/Litter in Animal Feed. Available at: http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/chicken-litter-animal-feed.htm.Google Scholar
FIBROWATT, (2008) Power from poultry litter. Available at: http://fibrowattusa.com.Google Scholar
FILAY-MOORE, O., HARTEL, P.G. and CABRERA, M.L. (2000) 17β-estradiol and testosterone in soil and runoff from grasslands amended with broiler litter. Journal of Environmental Quality 29: 1694-1611.Google Scholar
FOGARTY, A.M. and TUOVINEN, O.H. (1991) Microbiological degradation of pesticides in yard waste composting. Microbiological reviews 55: 225-233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FONTENOT, J.P. and WEBB, K.E. JR (1975) Health aspects of recycling animal wastes by feeding. Journal of Animal Science 40: 1267-1277.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FRANZLUEBBERS, A.J. and DORAISWAMY, P.C. (2007) Carbon sequestration and land degradation. Climate and land degradation in: International Workshop on Climate and Land Degradation: 343-358 (Arusha, Tanzania).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FRIEND, A.L., ROBERTS, S.D., SCHOENHOLTZ, S.H., MOBLEY, J.A. and GERARD, P.D. (2006) Poultry litter application to Loblolly pine forests: Growth and nutrient containment. Journal of Environmental Quality 35: 837-848.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FSA, (2007) Feedlot Services Australia Pty Ltd. Available at: http://www.fsaconsulting.net/.Google Scholar
GALE, P.M. and GILMOUR, J.T. (1986) Carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics for poultry litter. Journal of Environmental Quality15: 423-426.Google Scholar
GRIMES, J.L., SMITHI, J. and WILLIAMS, C.M. (2002) Some alternative litter materials used for growing broilers and turkeys. World's Poultry Science Journal 58: 515-526,CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GUO, M. and SONG, W. (2009) Nutrient value of alum-treated poultry litter for land application. Poultry science 88: 1782-1792.Google Scholar
GUPTA, G. and CHARLES, S. (1999) Trace elements in soils fertilized with poultry litter. Poultry Science 78: 1695-1698.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HANSELMAN, T.A., GRAETZ, D.A. and WILKIE, A.C. (2003) Manure-borne estrogens as potential environmental contaminants: A review. Environmental Science and Technology 37: 5471-5478.Google Scholar
HARMEL, R.D., TORBERT, H.A., HAGGARD, B.E., HANEY, R. and DOZIER, M. (2004) Water quality impacts of converting to a poultry litter fertilization strategy. Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 2229-2242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HARMEL, R.D., SMITH, D.R., HANEY, R.L. and DOZIER, M. (2009) Nitrogen and phosphorus runoff from cropland and pasture fields fertilized with poultry litter. Journal of soil and water conservation 64: 400-412.Google Scholar
HE, Z., ENDALE, D.M., SCHOMBERG, H.H. and JENKINS, M.B. (2009) Total phosphorus, zinc, copper, and manganese concentrations in Cecil soil through 10 years of poultry litter application. Soil Science 174: 687-695.Google Scholar
HOBSON-FROHOCK, A. and JOHNSON, H.A. (2006) Coccidiostat residues in poultry excreta. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 34: 37-44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IZAT, A.L., GARDNER, F.A. and GOLAN, F.A. (1988) Incidence and level of Campylobacter jejuni contamination in modern broilers production and processing systems. Journal of Food Protection 54: 259-262.Google Scholar
JACKSON, B.P. and BERTSCH, P.B. (2001) Determination of arsenic speciation in poultry wastes by IC-ICP-MS. Environmental Science and Technology 35: 4868-4873.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JACKSON, B.P. and MILLER, W.P. (2000) Soil solution chemistry of a fly ash-, poultry litter-, and sewage sludge-amended soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 29: 430-436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JACKSON, B.P., BERTSCH, P.M., CABRERA, M.L., CAMBERATO, J.J., SEAMAN, J.C. and WOOD, C.W. (2003) Trace element speciation in poultry litter. Journal of Environmental Quality 32: 535-540.Google Scholar
JENKINS, M.B., ENDALE, D.M., SCHOMBERG, H.H. and SHARPE, R.R. (2006) Fecal bacteria and sex hormones in oil and runoff from cropped watersheds amended with poultry litter. Science of the Total Environment 358: 164-177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JENKINS, M.B., ENDALE, D.M., SCHOMBERG, H.H., HARTEL, P.G. and CABRERA, M.L. (2009a) 17β-Estradiol and testosterone in drainage and runoff from poultry litter applications to tilled and no-till crop land under irrigation. Journal of Environmental Management 90: 2659-2664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JENKINS, M.B., TRUMAN, C.C., SIRAGUSA, G., LINE, E., BAILEY, J.S., FRYE, J., ENDALE, D.M., FRANKLIN, D.H., SCHOMBERG, H.H., FISHER, D.S. and SHARPE, R.R. (2009b) Rainfall and tillage effects on transport of fecal bacteria and sex hormones 17β-Estradiol and testosterone from broiler litter applications to a Georgia Piedmont Ultisol. Science of the Total Environment 403: 154-163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JONGBLOED, A.W. and LENIS, N.P. (1998) Environmental concerns about animal manure. Journal of Animal Science 76: 2641-2648.Google Scholar
KAISER, D.E., MALLARINO, A.P. and HAQ, M.U. (2009) Runoff phosphorus loss immediately after poultry manure application as influenced by the application rate and tillage. Journal of Environmental Quality 38: 299-308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KARCI, A. and BALCIOGLU, I.A. (2009) Investigation of the tetracycline, sulfonamide, and fluoroquinolone antimicrobial compounds in animal manure and agricultural soils in Turkey. Science of the total environment 407: 4652-4664.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KAWATA, K., NISSATO, K., SHIOTA, N., HORI, T., ASADA, T. and OIKAWA, K. (2006) Variation in pesticide concentrations during composting of food waste and fowl droppings. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 77: 391-398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KELLEHER, B.P., LEAHY, J.J., HENIHAN, A.M., O'DWYER, T.F., SUTTON, D. and LEAHY, M.J. (2002) Advances in poultry litter disposal technology – a review. Bioresource Technology 83: 27-36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KELLEY, T.R., PANCORBO, O.C., MERKA, W.C. and BARNHART, H.M. (1998) Antibiotic resistance of bacterial litter isolates. Poultry Science 77: 243-247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KELLEY, T.R, PANCORBO, O.C., MERKA, W.C., THOMPSON, S.A., CABRERA, M.L. and BRNHAT, H.M. (1996) Elemental concentrations of stored whole and fractionated broiler litter. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 5: 276-281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KIM, W.K. and PATTERSON, P.H. (2003) Effect of minerals on activity of microbial uricase to reduce ammonia volatilisation in poultry manure. Poultry Science 82: 223-231.Google Scholar
KITHOME, M., PAUL, J.W. and BOMKE, A.A. (1999) Reducing nitrogen losses during simulated composting of poultry manure using adsorbents or chemical amendments. Journal of Environmental Quality 28: 194-201.Google Scholar
KRISHNAMACHARI, K.A.U.R. (1987) Fluorine, in: MERTZ, W. (Ed.) Trace Elements in Human and Animal Health, Vol 1, 5th Ed. pp. 265-416 (San Diego, CA, Academic Press).Google Scholar
KUNKLE, W.E., CARR, L.E., CARTER, T.A. and BOSSARD, E.H. (1981) Effect of flock and floor type on levels of nutrients and heavy metals in broiler litter. Poultry Science 60: 1160-1164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LEYTEM, A.B., PLUMSTEAD, P.W., MAGUIRE, R.O., KWANYUEN, P. and BRAKE, J. (2007) What aspect of dietary modification in broilers controls litter water-soluble phosphorus: dietary phosphorus, phytase, or calcium? Journal of Environmental quality 36: 453-463.Google Scholar
LIEDL, B.E., BOMBARDIERE, J. and CHATFIELD, J.M. (2006) Fertilizer potential of liquid and solid effluent from thermophilic anaerobic digestion of poultry waste. Water Science Technology 53: 69-79.Google Scholar
LINE, J.E. (2002) Campylobacter and Salmonella populations associated with chickens raised on acidified litter. Poultry Science 81: 1473-1477.Google Scholar
LINE, J.E. and BAILEY, J.S. (2006) Effect of on-farm acidification treatments on Campylobacter and Salmonella populations in commercial broiler houses in northeast Georgia. Poultry Science 85: 1529-1534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LOVANH, N., COOK, K.L., ROTHROCK, M.J. JR, MILES, D.M. and SISTANI, K. (2007) Spatial shifts in microbial population structure within poultry litter associated with physicochemical properties. Poultry Science 86: 1840-1849.Google Scholar
LU, J., SANCHEZ, S., HOFRACE, C., MAURER, J.J., HARMON, B. and LEE, M.D. (2003) Evaluation of broiler litter with reference to the microbial composition as assesses by using 16S rRNA and functional gene markers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 901-908.Google Scholar
MAGUIRE, R.O., PLUMSTEAD, P.W. and BRAKE, J. (2006) Impact of diet, moisture, location, and storage on soluble phosphorus in broiler litter breeder manure. Journal of Environmental Quality 35: 858-865.Google Scholar
MAHIMAIRAJA, S., BOLAN, N.S. and HEDLEY, M.J. (1995a) Agronomic effectiveness of poultry manure composts. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26: 1843-1861.Google Scholar
MAHIMAIRAJA, S., BOLAN, N.S. and HEDLEY, M.J. (1995b) Dissolution of phosphate rocks during the composting of poultry manure. Fertilizer Research 40: 93-104Google Scholar
MAHIMAIRAJA, S., BOLAN, N.S. and HEDLEY, M.J. (1993) Absorption of ammonia released from poultry manure onto soil and bark and the use of absorbed ammonia in the dissolution of phosphate rock. Compost Science and Utilisation 1: 10-21.Google Scholar
MAHIMAIRAJA, S., BOLAN, N.S., HEDLEY, M.J. and MACGREGOR, A.N. (1994) Transformation and loss of nitrogen in poultry manures during composting. Bioresource Technology 47: 265-273.Google Scholar
MALONE, G.W. (1992) Nutrient enrichment in integrated broiler production systems. Poultry Science 71: 1117-1122.Google Scholar
MCBRIDE, M.B. and SPIERS, G. (2001) Trace element content of selected fertilizers and dairy manures as determined by ICP-MS. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 32: 139-156.Google Scholar
MCCASKEY, T.A. and ANTHONY, W.B. (1979) Human and animal health aspects of feeding live stock excreta. Journal of Animal Science 48: 163-177.Google Scholar
MCCASKEY, T.A. and MARTIN, J.B. JR (1988) Evaluation of a process for improved quality and microbiological safety of broiler litter. Biological Wastes25:209-218.Google Scholar
MCDONALD, J.M., RIBAUDO, M.O., LIVINGSTON, M.J., BECKMAN, J. and WANG, H. (2009) Manure Use for Fertilizer and for Energy – Report to Congress. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
MCGINLEY, B.C., COFFEY, K.P., HUMPHRY, J.B., SAUER, T.J. and GOODWIN, H.L. (2003) Mineral content of forages grown on poultry litter-amended soils. Journal of Animal Science 81: 106-111.Google Scholar
MCGRATH, S., MAGUIRE, R.O., TACY, B.F. and KIKE, J.H. (2009) Improving soil nutrition with poultry litter application in low input forage systems. Agronomy Journal 102: 48-54.Google Scholar
MILLER, R.E., LEI, X. and ULLREY, D.E. (1991) Trace elements in animal nutrition, in: MORTVEDT, J.J. (Ed.) Micronutrients in Agriculture, 2nd Ed., pp. 593- 662 (Madison, WI, Soil Science Society of America).Google Scholar
MILLNER, P.D. (2009) Bioaerosols associated with animal production systems. Bioresource Technology 100: 5379-5385.Google Scholar
MOHANNA, C. and NYS, Y. (1999) Effect of dietary zinc content and sources on the growth, body zinc deposition and retention, zinc excretion and immune response in chickens. British Poultry Science 46: 108-114.Google Scholar
MOHANNA, C., CARRE, B. and NYS, Y. (1999) Incidence of dietary viscosity on growth performance and zinc and manganese bioavailability in broilers. Animal Feed Science and. Technology 77: 255-266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MOORE, P.A., DANIEL, T.C., GILMOUR, J.T., SHREVE, B.R., EDWARDS, D.R. and WOOD, B.H. (1998) Decreasing metal runoff from poultry litter with aluminium sulfate. Journal of Environmental Quality 27: 92-99.Google Scholar
MOORE, P.A., DANIEL, T.C., EDWARDS, D.R. and MILLER, D.M. (1996) Evaluation of chemical amendments to reduce ammonia volatilisation from poultry litter. Poultry Science 75: 315–320.Google Scholar
MOORE, P.A., DANIEL, T.C., SHARPLEY, A.N. and WOOD, C.W. (1995) Poultry manure management - environmentally sound options. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50: 321-327.Google Scholar
MOORE, P.A. JR, JOERN, B.C., EDWARDS, D.R., WOOD, C.W. and DANIEL, T.C. (2006) Effects of manure amendments on environmental and production problems, in: RICE, J.M., CALDWELL, D.F., & HUMENIK, F.J. (Eds) Animal Agriculture and the Environment: National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management White Papers, Publication No 913C0306, pp. 1-40 (St. Joseph, MI, ASABE).Google Scholar
MORRISON, J.L. (1969) Distribution of arsenic from poultry litter in broiler chickens, soil and crops. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 17: 1288-1290.Google Scholar
NAHM, K.H. (2002) Efficient feed nutrient utilisation to reduce pollutants in poultry and swine manure. Critical reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 32: 1-16.Google Scholar
NAHM, K.H. (2005) Environmental effects of chemical additives used in poultry litter and swine manure. Critical reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 35: 487-513.Google Scholar
NICHOLSON, F.A., CHAMBERS, B.J., WILLIAMS, J.R. and UNWIN, R.J. (1999) Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wales. Bioresource Technology 23: 23-31.Google Scholar
NOVAK, J.M., SZOGI, A.A. and WATTS, D.W. (2008) Copper and Zinc accumulations in sandy soils and constructed wetlands receiving pig manure effluent applications, in: SCHLEGEL, P., DUROSOY, S., & JONGBLOED, A.W. (Eds) Trace Elements in Animal Production Systems, pp. 45-54 (The Netherlands, Wageningen Academic Publishers).Google Scholar
NRC, (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition. National Research Council. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.Google Scholar
OSU, (2010) Poultry Pest Management. Bulletin 853. Available at: http://ohioline.osu.edu/b853/b853_5.html.Google Scholar
PIANZ, (2006) Poultry Industry Association of New Zealand. Available at: http://www.pianz.org.nz/.Google Scholar
POULSEN, H.D. (1998) Zinc and copper as feed additives, growth factors or unwanted environmental factors. Journal of Animal Feed Science 7: 135-142.Google Scholar
POWER, J.F. and DICK, W.A. (2000) Land Application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal By-products. Soil Science Society of America Inc., Madison, WI.Google Scholar
POWERS, W. and ANGEL, R. (2008) A review of the capacity for nutritional strategies to address environmental challenges in poultry production. Poultry Science 87: 1929-1938.Google Scholar
PREUSCH, P.L., ADLER, P.R., SIKORA, L.J. and TWORKOSKI, T.J. (2002) Nitrogen and phosphorus availability in composted and uncomposted poultry litter. Journal of Environmental Quality 31: 2051-2057.Google Scholar
RIBAUDO, M.O., GOLLEHON, N.R. and AGAPOFF, J. (2003) Land application of manure by animal feeding operations: Is more land needed? Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58: 30-38.Google Scholar
RIRDC, (2009) Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australia. Available at: http://www.rirdc.gov.au/.Google Scholar
RIGBY, C.E., PETTIT, J.R., BAKER, M.F., BENTLY, A.H., SALOMONS, M.O. and LIAR, H. (1980a) Flock infection and transport crates as sources of salmonellae in broiler chickens and carcasses. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 44: 328-337.Google ScholarPubMed
RIGBY, C.E., PETTIT, J.R., BAKER, M.F., BENTLY, A.H., SALOMONS, M.O. and LIAR, H. (1980b) Sources of salmonellae in an uninfected commercially-processed broiler flock. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 44: 267-274.Google Scholar
RITTER, W.F. (2000) Potential impact of land application of by-products on ground and surface water quality, in: DICK, W.A. (Ed.) Land Application of Agricultural, Industrial, and Municipal By-products, pp. 263-288 (Madison, WI, Soil Science Society of America).Google Scholar
RITZ, C.W., FAIRCHILD, B.D. and LACY, M.P. (2004) Implications of ammonia production and emissions from commercial poultry facilities: A review. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13: 684-692.Google Scholar
ROTHROCK, M.J., JR., , COOK, K.L., LOVANH, N., WARREN, J.G. and SISTANI, K. (2008a) Development of a quantitative real-time PCR assay to target a novel group of ammonia producing bacteria found in poultry litter. Poultry Science 87: 1058-1067.Google Scholar
ROTHROCK, M.J., JR., , COOK, K.L., WARREN, J.G. and SISTANI, K. (2008b) The effect of alum addition on poultry litter microbial communities. Poultry Science 87: 1493-1503.Google Scholar
SATO, S., SOLOMON, D., HYLAND, C., KETTERINGS, Q.M. and LEHMANN, J. (2005) Phosphorus speciation in manure and manure-amended soils using XANES spectroscopy. Environmental Science and Technology 39: 7485-7491.Google Scholar
SCHEFFERLE, H.E. (1965) The decomposition of uric acid in built up poultry litter. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 28: 412.Google Scholar
SCHIFFMAN, S. and WILLIAMS, M. (2005) Science of odor as a potential health issue. Journal of Environmental Quality 34: 129-138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SCHOMBERG, H.H., ENDALE, D.M., JENKINS, M.B., SHARPE, R.R., FISHER, D.S., CABRERA, M.L. and MCCRACKEN, D.V. (2009) Soil test nutrient changes induced by poultry litter under conventional tillage and no-tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73: 154-163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SELLE, P.H. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2007) Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology 135: 1-41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SHARMA, M.C., JOSHI, C. and SAXEN, N. (2005) Mineral toxicity in livestock: A review . Indian journal of animal sciences 75: 753-764.Google Scholar
SHARPLEY, A., MEISINGER, J.J., BREEUWSMA, A., SIMS, J.T., DANIEL, T.C. and SCHEPERS, J.S. (1998) Impact of animal manure management on ground and surface water quality, in: HATFIELD, J.L. & STEWART, B.A. (Eds) Animal Waste Utilisation: Effective Use of Manure as a Soil Resource, pp.173-242 (Chelsea, MI, Ann Arbor Press).Google Scholar
SHARPLEY, A.N. and SMITH, S.J. (1995) Nitrogen and phosphorus forms in soils receiving manure. Soil science 159: 253-258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SHARPLEY, A.N., HERRON, S. and DANIEL T., (2007) Overcoming the challenges of phosphorus-based management challenges in poultry farming. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58: 30-38.Google Scholar
SHARPLEY, A.N., MCDOWELL, R.W. and KLEINMAN, P.J.A. (2004) Amounts, forms, and solubility of phosphorus in soils receiving manure. Soil science society of America journal 68: 2048-2057.Google Scholar
SILVERSIDES, FG. and HRUBY, M. (2009) Feed formulation using phytase in laying hen diets. Journal of applied poultry research 18:15-22.Google Scholar
SIMS, J.T. (1987) Agronomic evaluation of poultry manure as a nitrogen source for conventional and no-tillage corn. Agronomy Journal 79: 563-570Google Scholar
SIMS, J.T. and WOLF, D.C. (1994) Poultry Waste Management: Agricultural and Environmental Issues . Advances in Agronomy 52: 1-83.Google Scholar
SIMS, J.T. (1997) Agricultural and environmental issues in the management of poultry wastes: recent innovations and long-term challenges. Agricultural uses of by-products and wastes. ACS Symposium series 668: 72-90.Google Scholar
SIMS, J.T., BERGSTRÖM, L., BOWMAN, B.T. and OENEMA, O. (2005) Nutrient management for intensive animal agriculture: policies and practices for sustainability. Soil Use and Management 21: 141-151.Google Scholar
SINGER, R.S. and HOFACRE, C.L. (2006) Potential impacts of antibiotic use in poultry production. Avian Diseases 50: 161-172.Google Scholar
SISTANI, K.R., BRINK, G.E., MCGOWEN, S.L., ROWE, D.E. and OLDHAM, J.L. (2003) Characterization of broiler cake litter, the by-products of two management practices. Bioresource Technology 90: 27-32.Google Scholar
SISTANI, K.R., ROWE, D.E, MILES, D.M. and MAY, J.D. (2001) Effects of drying method and rearing temperature on broiler manure nutrient content. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 32: 2307-2316.Google Scholar
SMITH, L.W. and FRIES, G.F. (1973) Dehydrated poultry manure as a crude protein supplement for lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 56: 668-672.Google Scholar
STUEDEMANN, J.A., WILKINSON, S.R., WILLLIAMS, D.J., CIORDIA, H., ERNST, J.V., JACKSON, W.A. and JONES, J.B. JR (1975) Long-term broiler litter fertilization of tall fescue pastures and health and performance of beef cow. Managing livestock wastes. Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium Livestock Wastes, Urbana-Champaign, IL, pp. 264-268.Google Scholar
SWAIN, B.K. and SUNDARAM, R.N.S. (2000) Effect of different types of litter material for rearing broilers. British Poultry Science 41: 261-262.Google Scholar
SZOGI, A.A. and VANOTTI, M.B. (2009) Prospects for phosphorus recovery from poultry litter. Bioresource Technology 100: 5461-5465.Google Scholar
TASISTRO, A.S., KISSEL, D.E. and BUSH, P.B. (2004) Spatial variability of broiler litter composition in a chicken house. Journal of applied poultry research 13: 29-43.Google Scholar
TERZICH, M., POPE, M.J., CHERRY, T.E. and HOLLINGER, J. (2000) Survey of pathogens in poultry litter in the United States. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 9: 287-291.Google Scholar
TEWOLDE, H., ARMSTRONG, S., WAY, T.R., ROWE, D.E. and SISTANI, K.R. (2009) Cotton response to poultry litter applied by subsurface banding relative to surface broadcasting. Soil Science Society of America Journal 73: 384-389.Google Scholar
TEWOLDE, H., SISTANI, K.R. and ROWE, D.E. (2005) Broiler litter as a micronutrient source for cotton: concentrations in plant parts. Journal of Environmental Quality 34: 1697-706.Google Scholar
TOOR, G.S. and HUNGER, B.E. (2009) Phosphorus and trace metal dynamics in soils amended with poultry litter and granulates. Soil Use and Management 25: 409-418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TOOR, G.S., HUNGER, S., PEAK, J.D., SIMS J.T., and SPARKS, D.L. (2006) Advances in the characterization of phosphorus in organic wastes: environmental and agronomic applications. Advances in agronomy 89: 1-72.Google Scholar
TUFFT, L.S. and NOCKELS, C.F. (1991) The effects of stress, Escherichia coli, dietary ethylene-diaminete-tetraacetic acid, and their interaction on tissue trace-elements in chicks. Poultry Science 70: 2439-2449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TURNELL, J.R., FAULKNER, R.D. and HINCH, G.N. (2007) Recent advances in Australian broiler litter utilisation. World's Poultry Science Journal 63: 223-231.Google Scholar
TURNER, B.L. and LEYTEM, A.B. (2004) Phosphorus compounds in sequential extracts of animal manures: Chemical speciation and novel fractionation procedure. Environmental Science and Technology 38: 6101-6108.Google Scholar
USDA, (2008) Agricultural Statistics 2008. National Agricultural Statistics Service. Washington, DC, United States Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
VAN RYSSEN, J.B.J. (2008) Trace elements in poultry litter: prevalence and risks, in: SCHLEGEL, P., DUROSOY, S. & JONGBLOED, A.W. (Eds) Trace Elements in Animal Production Systems, pp. 101-113 (The Netherlands, Wageningen Academic Publishers).Google Scholar
WALKER, J.D., ANEJA, V.P. and DICKEY, D.A. (2000a) Atmospheric transport and wet deposition of ammonium in North Carolina. Atmospheric Environment 34: 3407-3418.Google Scholar
WALKER, J., NELSON, D. and ANEJA, V.P. (2000b) Trends in ammonium concentration in precipitation and atmospheric ammonia emissions at a coastal plain site in North Carolina, U.S.A. Environmental Science and Technology 34: 3527-3534.Google Scholar
WILKINSON, S.R. (1997) Response of Tifway 2 Bermuda grass to fresh or composted broiler litter containing boric acid-treated paper bedding. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 28: 259-279.Google Scholar
WILLIAMS, C.M., BARKER, J.C. and SIMS, J.T. (1999) Management and utilisation of poultry wastes. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 162: 105-157.Google Scholar
WORLEY, J.W., RISSE, L.M., CABRERA, M.L. and NOLAN, M.P. (1999) Bedding for broiler chickens: Two alternative systems. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 15: 687-692.Google Scholar