Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T11:20:37.503Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sunflower meal in poultry diets: a review1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

Nizamettin Senkoylu  and
Nick Dale
Nizamettin Senkoylu
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Science, Trakya University, 59030 Tekirdag, Turkey
Nick Dale
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
Get access

Abstract

Sunflower meal (SFM) has the potential to be a major feed ingredient for poultry in many countries not suitable for extensive soyabean cultivation. SFM is a good source of protein with amino acid availabilities similar to those of soyabean meal (SBM), and much higher than those in cottonseed or rapeseed meals. Its lysine content is relatively low but this can be resolved with supplemental lysine. Fibre content should be decreased to a minimum by dehulling during processing of the sunflower seed for oil extraction. Fibre < 12%) can still cause bulky feed at higher inclusion rates (< 30%), and as a result dietary nutrient dilution (particularly in broiler diets) may occur. Nevertheless, pelleting the diet can help overcome the bulkiness and thereby lead to improved growth and feed efficiency. Another characteristic of SFM is that it does not have anti-nutritional factors such as those found in soyabean, cottonseed and rapeseed meals. Enzyme supplementation to SFM-based diets in different types of poultry species need further study. The ingredient can successfully be included in layer, broiler and waterfowl diets to replace 50–100% of soyabean meal, depending on the type of diet and the nature of the other ingredients.

Keywords

Sunflower mealfeed ingredientbroilerslayerswaterfowl
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 55 , Issue 2 , June 1999 , pp. 153 - 174
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afifi, M.A. (1972) Sunflower meal as a substitute for soybean meal in broiler rations. Archiv für Geflukelkunde 4: 129–134Google Scholar
Aguillera, J.F., Boza, J., Sanz, M.R. and Molina, E. (1989) The use of cottonseed and sunflower seed meals in poultry diets. Archivos de Zootecnia 38: 140, 3–19Google Scholar
Aherne, EX. and Kenelly, J.J. (1982) Oilseed meals for livestock feeding. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (Haresign, W., Ed.), Butterworths, London, pp. 39–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akiba, Y. and Matsumoto, T. (1982) Effects of several types of dietary fibres on lipid content in liver and plasma, nutrient retention and plasma transaminase activities in force-fed growing chicks. Journa1 of Nutrition 110: 1112–1121Google Scholar
Alexander, J.C. and Hill, D.C. (1952) The effect of heat on the lysine and methionine in sunflower seed oil meal. Journal of Nutrition 48: 149–160CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Annison, G. and Choct, M. (1993) Enzymes in poultry diets. In: Enzymes in Animal Nutrition. Proceedings of the 1st Symposium, Kartause Ittingen, Switzerland, pp. 61–69Google Scholar
Araba, M. and Dale, N. (1990) Evaluation of protein solubility as an indicator of overprocessing of soybean meal. Poultry Science 69: 76–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arija, I., Brenes, A., Viveros, A. and Elices, R. (1998) Effects of inclusion of full-fat sunflower kernels and hulls in diets for growing broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 70: 137–149Google Scholar
Balloun, S.L. (1980) Soybean Meal in Poultry Nutrition, American Soybean Association, St Louis, MissouriGoogle Scholar
Bishavi, K.O. and McGinnes, L. (1984) Studies on the action of pectin in depressing the growth of chicks. British Poultry Science 25: 519–528CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheva-Isarakul, B. and Tangtaweewipat, S. (1991) Effect of different levels of sunflower seed in broiler rations. Poultry Science 70: 2284–2294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choct, M. and Annison, G. (1990) Anti-nutritive activity of wheat pentosans in broiler diets. British Poultry Science 31: 811–821CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choct, M. and Annison, G. (1992) The inhibition of nutrient digestion by wheat pentosans. British Journal of Nutrition 67: 123–132CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chrappa, V., Peter, V. and Bod, A.K. (1987) Administration of sunflower meal to broiler chickens. Ziuocisna-Vyroba 32: 163–172Google Scholar
Clandinin, D.R. and Robblee, A.R. (1950) The effects of methods of processing on the nutritive value of sunflower meals. Poultry Science 29: 753Google Scholar
Classen, B.L., Cambell, G.L. and Grootwassink, J.W.D. (1988) Improved feeding value of Saskatchewan grown barley for broiler chickens with dietary enzyme supplementation. Canadian Journa1 of Animal Science 68: 1243–1259Google Scholar
Coon, C.N., Leske, K.L., Akavanichan, O. and Cheng, T.K. (1990) Effect of oligosaccharidefree soybean meal on true metabolizable energy and fiber digestion in adult roosters. Poultry Science 69: 787–793CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cummings, J.B., Englyst, H.N. and Wiggins, H.S. (1986) The role of carbohydrates in lower gut function. Nutrition Reviews 44: 50–54Google Scholar
Daghir, N.J., Raz, M.A. and Uwayjan, M. (1980) Studies on the utilisation of full fat sunflower seed in broiler rations. Poultry Science 59: 2273–2278Google Scholar
Dale, N. (1996) Variation in feed ingredient quality: oilseed meals. Animal Feed Science and Technology 59: 129–135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, H.J. and Levin, E. (1954) The nutritional value of sunflower seed meal. Science 101: 438–439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deaton, J.W., McNaughton, J.L. and Burdick, D. (1979) High-fibre sunflower meal as a replacement for soyabean meal in layer diets. British Poultry Science 20: 159–162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DEGUSSA (1996) The Amino Acid Compositions of Feedstuffs. Degussa Feed Additives, Degussa AG, Hanau, GermanyGoogle Scholar
DEGUSSA AMONODAT (1998) The Amino Acid Composition of Feed Ingredients, Frankfurt, GermanyGoogle Scholar
Dorrell, D.G. and Vick, B.A. (1997) Properties and processing of oilseed sunflower. In: Sunflower Technology and Production (Schneiter, A.A., Ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp.Google Scholar
Earle, F.R., Vanetten, C.H., Clark, T.F. and Wolff, I.A. (1968) Compositional data on sunflower seed. Journal of American Oil Chemists' Society 45: 876–879CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Aggouri, S.M., Gado, M.S., Selim, A.D. and Abd-El Malak, N.Y. (1989) Evaluation of the sunflower efficiency in broiler rations. Proceedings of the 3rd Egyptian British Conference on AnimalsFish and Poultry Production Volume 2, AlexandriaEgypt, pp. 901–909Google Scholar
Elliot, M.A. (1998) Amino acid nutrition of commercial pullets and layers. Proceedings of Arkansas Nutrition Conference, Fayetteville, Arkansas, pp.10–23Google Scholar
El-Sherif, K.H., Gippert, T. and Gerendai, D. (1995 a) Effects of different levels of expeller sunflower seed meal in broiler diets. Allatenyesztes-es-Takarmanyozas 44: 427–435Google Scholar
El-Sherif, K., Gippert, T. and Gerendai, D. (1995 b) Replacing soybean meal with sunflower meal in broiler rations and its effects on the performance of chicks and carcass traits. Allatenyesztes- es-Takarmanyozas 44: 525–532Google Scholar
El-Sherif, K.H., Gippert, T. and Gerendai, D. (1996) Effects of sunflower meal and enzyme supplementation on the performance of broiler chicks. Allattenyesztes-es-Takarmanyozas 45: 51–54Google Scholar
El-Sherif, K.H., Gippert, T. and Gerendai, D. (1997 a) Effect of sunflower meal supplemented with energy and amino acids on laying hen performance. Allatenyesztes-es-Takarmanyozas 46: 87–94Google Scholar
El-Sherif, K.H., Gerendai, D. and Gippert, T. (1997 b) Complete substitution of sunflower meal for soybean meal with or without enzyme supplementation in broiler rations. Archiv für Geflükelknnde 61: 8–14Google Scholar
El-Zubeir, E.A. and Ibrahim, M.A. (1991) Effect of dietary full-fat raw sunflower seed on performance and carcass skin colour of broilers. Journal of Science Food and Agriculture 55: 479–481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ensminger, A.H., Ensminger, M.E., Konlande, J.E. and Robson, J.R.K. (1983) Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia, Pegus Press, Clovis, California, pp. 2073–2080Google Scholar
Ensminger, M.E. and Olentine, C.G. (1978) Feeds & Nutrition, The Ensminger Publishing Co., Clovis, California, pp. 359–360Google Scholar
FEEDSTUFFS (1998) Feedstuffs lngredients Analysis Table, 1998 edn, prepared by Nick Dale, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USAGoogle Scholar
Ferket, P.R. and Middleton, T. (1998) Antinutrients in poultry feeds. Proceedings of 10th WPSA European Poultry ConferenceJerusalem, Israel, pp. 41–52Google Scholar
Fernandez, S.R., Zhang, Y. and Parsons, C.M. (1993) Determination of protein solubility in oil seed meals using Coomassie blue dye binding. Poultry Science 72: 1925–1930CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Food and Agricultural Organisation (1999) FAOSTAT Database Results, www fao.orgGoogle Scholar
Francesh, M., Perez-VEDRELL, A.M., Garcia, E.E. and Brufau, J. (1995) Enzyme supplementation of a barley and sunflower-based diet on laying hen performance. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 4: 32–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gartley, K.M., Slinger, S.J.and Hill, D.C. (1950) Further observations on the use of sunflower oil meal in turkey starter rations. Poultry Science 29: 312–313Google Scholar
Gerhardt, N.F. and Miller, J.F. (1997) Sunflower breeding. In: Sunflower Technoloa and Production (Schneiter, A.A., Ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USAGoogle Scholar
Gitzelmann, R. and Aurichio, S. (1965) The handling of soy alpha-galactosidase by a normal and galactosemic child. Pediatrics 36: 231CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grau, C.R. and Almquist, H.J. (1945) The value of sunflower seed protein. Proceedings of Society of Experimental Biological Medicine 60: 373–374CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, S. and Kiener, T. (1989) Digestibilities of nitrogen and amino acids in soya-bean, sunflower, meat and rapeseed meals measured with pigs and poultry. Animal Production 48: 157–179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, S., Bertrand, S.L., Duron, M.J.C. and Maillard, R. (1987) Digestibilities of amino acids in soybean, sunflower and groundnut meals, determined with intact and caecectomised cockerels. British Poultry Science 28: 643–652CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibrahim, M.A. and El-Zubeir, E.A. (1991) Higher fibre sunflower seed meal in broiler chick diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 33: 343–347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irish, G.G. and Balnave, D. (1993) Non-starch polysaccharides and broiler performance in diets containing soybean meal as the sole protein concentrate. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44: 1483–1499Google Scholar
Jacob, J.P., Mitaru, B.N., Mbugua, P.N. and Blair, R. (1996) The feeding value of Kenyan sorghum, sunflower seed cake and sesame cake for broilers and layers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 61: 1–4, 41–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, W.M.M.A., ed. (1989) European Table of Energy Values for Poultry Feedstuffs, 3rd edn, Spelderholt Center for Poultry Research and Information Services, Beekbergen, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Janssen, W.M.M.A. and Carre, B. (1985) Influence of fibre on digestibility of poultry feeds. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (Haresign, W. and Cole, D.J.A., Eds),Butterworths, London, pp. 71–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, W.M.M.A., Terpstra, K., Beeking, F.F.E. and Bisalsky, A.J.N. (1979) Feeding Values for Poultry, 2nd edn, Spelderholt Center for Poultry Research and Information Services, Beekbergen, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Jensen, L.S. (1998) Pellet Quality and Performance of Broilers. Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USAGoogle Scholar
Karunajeewa, H., Tham, S.H. and Abu-Serewa, S. (1989) Sunflower seed meal, sunflower oil and full-fat sunflower seeds, hulls and kernels for laying hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 26: 45–54Google Scholar
Kashani, A.B. and Carlson, W. (1988) Use of sunflower seeds in grower diets for pullets and subsequent performance as affected by aureomycin and pelleting. Poultry Science 67: 445–451CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinard, D. (1975) Feeding value of sunflower meal and hulls. Feedstuffs 3 November 1975, pp. 26–31Google Scholar
Klain, G.J., Hill, D.C., Branion, H.D. and Gray, J.A. (1956) The value of rapeseed oil meal and sunflower oil meal in chick starter rations. Poultry Science 35: 1315–1326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kondra, P.A., Sell, J.L. and Guenter, W. (1974) Response of meat- and egg-type chickens to a high fibre diet. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 54: 651–658CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knudsen, K.E.B. and Li, B.W. (1991) Determination of oligosaccharides in protein rich feedstuffs by gas-liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Agriculture Food Chemistry 39: 689–694CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeson, S. and Summers, J.D. (1997) Commercial Poultry Nutrition, 2nd edn, University Books, Guelph, OntarioGoogle Scholar
Liener, I.E. (1980) Miscellaneous toxic factors. In: Toxic Constituents of Plant Foodstuffs, 2nd edn, Academic Press, New York, pp. 429–467Google Scholar
Lusas, E.W. (1991) Sunflower meals and food proteins. In Sunflower Handbook, National Sunflower Association, Bismarck, North Dakota, USA, pp.26–29Google Scholar
Mandlekar, S.M. (1992) Influence of dietary protein and amino acid supplementation on laying performance in egg type chickens. Poultry Adviser 25: 10, 33–38Google Scholar
McGinnes, J., Hsu, P.T. and Carver, J.S. (1948) Nutritional deficiencies of sunflower oil meal for chicks. Poultry Science 27: 389–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNaughton, J.L. and Deaton, J.W. (1981) Sunflowers. Poultry applications. Feed Management 32: 27–28Google Scholar
Michel, J.N. and Sunde, M.L. (1985) Sunflower meal in pullet developer diets. Poultry Science 64: 669–674Google Scholar
Milic, B., Stojanovic, S., Vucurevic, N. and Turcic, M. (1968) Chlorogenic and quinic acids in sunflower meal. Journal of Food Science and Agriculture February, pp. 108–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mirza, M.A., Sial, M.A. and Aslam-Mirza, M. (1993) Sunflower meal as a major vegetable protein source in layers' ration. Archives of Animal Nutrition 42: 3–4, 273–277Google Scholar
Mitchell, H.H., Hamilton, T.S. and Beadles, J.R. (1945) The importance of commercial processing for the protein value of food products. Journal of Nutrition 29: 13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohme, H., Toska, M. and Gunther, K.D. (1997) Sunflower seed meal as protein source in nutrition of broilers. Fett-Lipid 99: 3, 78–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, A.B., Clandinin, D.R. and Robblee, A.R. (1953 a) The effects of processing variables on the nutritive value of sunflower seed oil meal. Poultry Science 32: 492–496Google Scholar
Morrison, A.B., Clandinin, D.R. and Robblee, A.R. (1953 b) The supplementary value of sunflower seed oil meal in practical chick starting rations. Poultry Science 32: 542–547CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musharaf, N.A. (1991) Effects of graded levels of sunflower seed meal in broiler diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 33: 129–137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NRC (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DCGoogle Scholar
National Sunflower Association (NSA) (1994) Sunflower Meal Use in Livestock Rations, National Sunflower Association, Bismarck, North Dakota, USAGoogle Scholar
Nir, I. (1998) Optimal use of feed ingredients in poultry. TUYEM 1998. Annual Meeting of the Turkish Feed Industries Association, Nevsehir, TurkeyGoogle Scholar
Nir, I., Twina, Y., Grossman, E. and Nitsan, Z. (1994) Quantitative effect of pelleting on performance, gastrointestinal tract and behaviour of meat-type chickens. British Poultry Science 35: 589–602CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novus (1992) Raw Material Compendium. A Compilation of Worldwide Data Sources, 1st edn, pp. 14–15Google Scholar
Park, C.S., Marx, G.D., Moon, Y.S., Wiesenborn, D., Chang, K.C. and Hofman, V.L. (1997) Alternative uses of sunflower In: Sunflower Technology and Production (Schneiter, A.A., Eds), Agronomy No. 35, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 765–807Google Scholar
Parsons, C.M. (1998) Variation of protein quality of soybean meal for poultry. Proceedings of the Arkansas Nutrition Conference, Fayetteville, Arkansas, pp. 150–158Google Scholar
Parsons, C.M., Potter, L.M. and Brown, R.D. (1982) Effects of dietary protein and intestinal microflora on excretion of amino acids in poultry. Poultry Science 61: 939–946CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, C.M., Hashimoto, K., Wedekind, K. and Baker, D.H. (1991) Soybean protein solubility in potassium hydroxide: an in nitro test of in vivo protein quality. Journal of Animal Science 69: 2918–2924Google Scholar
Petit, J.H., Slinger, S.J., Evans, E.V. and Marcellus, EN. (1944) The utilisation of sunflower seed oil meal, wheat distillers' dried grains and rapeseed oil meal in poultry rations. Scientific Agriculture 24: 201–213Google Scholar
Putt, E.D. (1997) Early history of sunflower. In: Sunflower Technology and Production (Schneiter, A.A., Ed.), American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 1–19Google Scholar
Rad, F.H. and Keshavarz, K. (1976) Evaluation of the nutritional value of sunflower meal and the possibility of substitution of sunflower meal for soybean meal in poultry diets. Poultry Science 55: 1757–1765CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, V. and Blair, R. (1992) Feed resources for poultry production in Asia and the Pacific. II. Plant protein sources. World's Poultry Science Journal 48: 205–231CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravindran, V., Bryden, W.L. and Kornegay, E.T. (1995) Phytates: occurrence, bioavailability and implications in poultry nutrition. Poultry and Avian Biology Reviews 6: 125–143Google Scholar
Renner, R., Clandinin, D.R. and Morrison, A.B. (1953) The effects of processing temperatures on the amino acid content of sunflower seed oil meal. Poultry Science 32: 922Google Scholar
RHONE POULENC (1993) Feed ingredients formulation in digestible amino acids. In: Rhodimet Nutrition Guide, 2nd edn, Rhone Poulenc Animal Nutrition, Antony, FranceGoogle Scholar
Rose, R.J., Coit, R.N. and Sell, J.L. (1972) Sunflower seed meal as a replacement for soybean meal protein in laying hen rations. Poultry Science 51: 960–967CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth-Maier, D.A. and Kirchgessner, M. (1995) Feeding of full-fat flax seed and sunflower seed to fattening chickens. Archiv für Geflükelkunde 59: 319–322Google Scholar
Saini, J.S. and Henry, R.J. (1989) Fractionation and evaluation of pentosans: comparisons with wheat and rye. Cereal Chemistry 66: 11–14Google Scholar
Senkoylu, N. and AKyurek, H. (1992) Effects of feed form and the possibilities of using oil seed meals in White Peking ducks. Trakya Bolgesi, 1. Hayvancilik Sempozyumu, Trakya Universitesi Tekirdag Ziraat Fakultesi, Hasad Yayincilik, Hayvancilik Serisi 2, pp. 282–290Google Scholar
Senkoylu, N., Polat, C., Akyurek, H., Samli, H.E., Erten, E. and Kayhan, A. (1997) The effects of high energy high protein sunflower meal on broiler performance. Proceedings of the 11th European WPSA Symposium on Poultry Nutrition, Faaborg, Denmark, pp. 331–333Google Scholar
Serman, V., Govenic-Zrnic, F., Dumanovski, F., Mikulec, Z. and Mas, N. (1996) Use of sunflower meal in feed mixtures for fattening chicks. 11. Economic justification of using sunflower meal. Veterinarski Archiv 66: 111–121Google Scholar
Serman, V., Mas, N., Melenjuk, V., Dumanovski, F. and Mikulec, Z. (1997) Use of sunflower meal in feed mixtures for laying hens. Acta Veterinaria Brno 66: 219–227CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibbald, I.R. (1980) The effects of dietary cellulose and sand on the combined metabolic plus endogenous energy and amino acid outputs of adult cockerels. Poultry Science 59: 836–844Google Scholar
Singh, K.S. and Prasad, J.M. (1979) Feeding value groundnut and sunflower cakes for broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology 4: 143–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, K.S. and Prasad, J.M. (1981) Feeding value sunflower and groundnut cakes for laying hens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 6: 63–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slinger, S.J., Hill, D.C., Gartley, K.M. and Branion, H.D. (1949) Soybean oil meal and sunflower oil meal in rations for broad breasted turkeys. Poultry Science 28: 534–540CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, K.J. (1968) A review of the nutritional value of sunflower meal. Feedstuffs 20: 20–24Google Scholar
Sorensen, P. (1996) Sunflower + enzymes = soybean? Feed International December, pp. 24–28Google Scholar
Swick, R.A. (1996) Consideration in using common Asian protein meals. In: Proceedings of XX WPSA Poultry Congress, New Delhi, India, Volume 11, pp. 303–318Google Scholar
Trevino, T., Rebole, A., Rodriguez, M.L., Ortiz, L.T., Centeno, C. and Alzueta, C. (1998) Nutritional effect of chlorogenic acid fed to growing chicks. Journal of the Science of Food arid Agriculture 76: 156–160Google Scholar
Uwayjan, M., Azar, E.J. and Daghir, N.J. (1983) Sunflower seed in laying hen rations. Poultry Science 62: 1247–1253Google Scholar
Van Soest, P.J. (1985) Definition of fibre in animal feeds. In: Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (Haresign, W. and Cole, D.J.A., Eds), Butterworths, London, pp. 71–86Google Scholar
Vaughan, J.G. (1970) The Structure and Utilisation of Oil Seeds, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 35–40Google Scholar
Vetesi, M., Mezes, M. and Kiss, L. (1998) Using sunflower meal in water-fowl diets. Archiv für Geflükelkunde 62: 7–10Google Scholar
Vieira, S.L., Penz, A.M., Leboute, E.M. and Corteline, J. (1992) A nutritional evaluation of a high fibre sunflower meal. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1: 382–388Google Scholar
Villamide, M.J. and San Juan, L.D. (1998) Effect of chemical composition of sunflower seed meal on its true metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility. Poultry Science 77: 1884–1892CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldroup, P.W. (1983) Alternate high protein sources in poultry diets. Proceedings of the Georgia Nutrition Conference for Feed Industry, pp.128–134Google Scholar
Waldroup, P.W., Hillard, C.M. and Mitchell, R.J. (1970) Sunflower meal as a protein supplement for broiler diets. Feedstuffs 24 October, 42–43Google Scholar
Wan, P.J., Baker, G.W., Clark, S.P. and Matlock, S.W. (1979) Characteristics of sunflower seed and meal. Cereal Chemistry 56: 352–353Google Scholar
Weiss, E.A. (1983) Oilseed Crops, 1st edn, Tropical Agriculture Series, Longman, LondonGoogle Scholar
White, W.B., Bird, H.R., Sunde, M.I., Marlett, J.A., Prentice, N.A. and Burger, W.C. (1983) Viscosity of β-D-glucan as a factor in the enzymatic improvement of barley for chicks. Poultry Science 62: 853–862CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WPSA (1989) European Table of Energy Values for Poultry Feedstuffs, 3rd edn, World's Poultry Science Association, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsGoogle Scholar
Zatari, I.M. and Sell, J.L. (1990) Sunflower meal as a component of fat-supplemented diets for broiler chickens. Poultry Science 69: 1503–1507CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zhang, Y. and Parsons, C.M. (1994) Effects of over-processing on the nutritional quality of sunflower meal. Poultry Science 73: 436–442Google Scholar
Zhu, Y.Q., Ding, J.L. and Zhou, Y.P. (1983) High-fibre sunflower oil meal as a replacement for soybean meal in layer diets. Chinese Journal of Animal Science-Zhongguue Xumri Znzhi 6: 6–8Google Scholar