Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T20:46:54.987Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A review of duck nutrition research1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

Robert G. Elkin
Robert G. Elkin
Affiliation:
Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A.
Get access

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Research Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 43 , Issue 2 , June 1987 , pp. 84 - 106
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R. L., Hester, P. Y. and Stadelman, W. J. (1983). The effect of dietary lysine levels on performance and meat yields of White Pekin ducks. Poultry Science 62: 616–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agricultural Research Council (1975). The Nutrient Requirements of Farm Livestock. No. 1. Poultry, 2nd ed. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Ash, W. J. (1976). Raising ducks. United States Department of Agriculture Farmer's Bulletin Number 2215.Google Scholar
Asplin, F. D. and Carnaghan, R. B. A. (1961). The toxicity of certain groundnut meals for poultry with special reference to their effect on ducklings and chickens. The Veterinary Record 73: 1215–1219.Google Scholar
Atkinson, J. L. and Kelsey, E. (1984). Effects of diet composition on the development of gut morphology in growing ducklings. Poultry Science 63 (Supplement 1): 56.Google Scholar
Auckland, J. N. (1973). Effect of feeding restricted amounts of a medium and high protein diet on growth and body composition of ducklings. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 24: 719–726.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avens, J. S., Athearn, R. M. and McNeal, J. H. (1980). Egg production and efficiency of food conversion of Khaki Campbell ducks under different management systems. British Poultry Science 21: 333–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernard, R. and Demers, J. (1949). Lipotropic activity of choline, betaine and methionine in ducklings. Canadian Journal of Research 27E: 281–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bierer, B. W., Eleazer, T. H. and Barnett, B. D. (1966). The effect of feed and water deprivation on water and feed consumption, body weight and mortality in broiler chickens of various ages. Poultry Science 45: 1045–1051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, D. J. G. and Coates, M. E. (1948). The vitamin D requirements of intensively kept ducklings. Proceedings 8th World's Poultry Congress, Vol. 1, pp. 96–102.Google Scholar
Blair, R., Daghir, N. J., Morimoto, H., Peter, V. and Taylor, T. G. (1983). International nutrition standards for poultry. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews—Series B 53: 669–713.Google Scholar
Bolton, W., Dewar, W. A., Teague, P., Pettigrew, R. and Blackshaw, A. (1972). Maize germ meal as a food for market ducklings. British Poultry Science 13: 435–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, D. A. and Chatel, K. W. (1978). Interactions between cadmium and zinc in cytoplasm of duck liver and kidney. Chemical-Biological Interactions 22: 271–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, R. G., Sweeny, P. R., George, J. C., Stanley, D. W. and Moran, E. T. Jr (1974). Selenium deficiency in the duck: serum ascorbic acid levels in developing muscular dystrophy. Poultry Science 53: 1235–1239.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, R. G., Karunajeewa, H. and Bagot, I. (1985). Influence of food intake and sex on the growth and carcass composition of Pekin ducks. British Poultry Science 26: 43–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, B. and Shen, T. —F. (1979). Studies on duck nutrition. 3. Arginine and lysine requirements of mule ducklings. Poultry Science 58: 1316–1320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chin, D. T. F. and Hutagalung, R. I. (1984). Energy and protein requirements of Pekin broiler ducks in a tropical environment. Proceedings 8th Annual Conference of the Malaysian Society of Animal Production, pp. 60–66.Google Scholar
Crocker, A. D., Cronshaw, J. and Holmes, W. N. (1974). The effect of a crude oil on intestinal absorption in ducklings (Anas platyrhyncos). Environmental Pollution 7: 165–177.Google Scholar
Crompton, D. W. T. and Nesheim, M. C. (1969). Amino acid patterns during digestion in the small intestine of ducks. Journal of Nutrition 99: 43–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crompton, D. W. T. and Nesheim, M. C. (1976). Host-parasite relationships in the alimentary tract of domestic birds. Advances in Parasitology 14: 95–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Das, L. N., Mishra, D. B. and Biswal, G. (1965). Comparative anatomy of the domestic duck. Indian Veterinary Journal 42: 320–326.Google ScholarPubMed
Dean, W. F. (1967). Nutritional and management factors affecting growth and body composition of ducklings. Proceedings Cornell Nutrition Conference, pp. 74–82.Google Scholar
Dean, W. F. (1968). Effect of energy-protein balance, energy intake and methionine on growth and body composition of ducklings. Poultry Science 47: 1665–1666.Google Scholar
Dean, W. F. (1972). Recent findings in duck nutrition. Proceedings Cornell Nutrition Conference, pp. 77–85.Google Scholar
Dean, W. F. (1978). Nutrient requirements of ducks. Proceedings Cornell Nutrition Conference, pp. 132–140.Google Scholar
Dean, W. F. (1986). Nutrition of the Pekin duck in North America: An update. Proceedings of Cornell Nutrition Conference, pp. 44–51.Google Scholar
Dean, W. F. and Combs, G. F. Jr. (1981). Influence of dietary selenium on performance, tissue selenium content, and plasma concentrations of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid in ducklings. Poultry Science 60: 2655–2663.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, W. F., Scott, M. L. and Young, R. J. (1965). Protein requirement of ducklings at different stages of growth. Poultry Science 44: 1363.Google Scholar
Dean, W. F., Scott, M. L., Young, R. J. and Ash, W. J. (1967). Calcium requirement of ducklings. Poultry Science 46: 1496–1499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, W. F. and Shen, T. -F. (1982). Effect of methionine on the choline requirement of ducklings. Poultry Science 61: 1447–1448.Google Scholar
Demers, J. M. and Bernard, R. (1950). Further work on the nutrition of ducklings. A. Lipotropic factors. B. Sulphur amino acid requirements. Canadian Journal of Research 28E: 202–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiGiulio, R. T. and Scanlon, P. F. (1985). Effects of cadmium ingestion and food restriction on energy metabolism and tissue metal concentrations in mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Environmental Research 37: 433–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumanovsky, F. (1985). Hranidbene potrebe pataka u uzgoju i tovu. Krmiva 27: 140–149.Google Scholar
Du Preez, J. J. and Wessels, J. P. H. (1970). The effect of different dietary treatments on the two-week body weight and carcass composition of ducklings. Agroanimalia 2: 185–190.Google Scholar
Elkin, R. G., Stewart, T. S. and Rogler, J. C. (1986). Methionine requirement of male White Pekin ducklings. Poultry Science 65: 1771–1776.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrell, D. J., Atmamihardja, S. I. and Hood, R. L. (1981). A note on the effects of heat stress on carcass composition and adipose tissue cellularity of ducklings. British Poultry Science 22: 533–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, J. C., Archer, W. and Barker, D. (1939). Riboflavin requirements of ducklings. Poultry Science 18: 449–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, J. C., Archer, W. and Barker, D. (1941). Vitamin D requirement of ducklings. Poultry Science 20: 151–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, J. C., John, T. M., Moran, E. T. Jr., Sweeny, P. R., Brown, R. G. and Stanley, D. W. (1973). Selenium deficiency with the duck: changes in plasma free fatty acid level from hatching to onset of gross pathology. Canadian Journal of Zoology 51: 383–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldman, M. J., Back, D. W. and Goodridge, A. G. (1985). Nutritional regulation of the synthesis and degradation of malic enzyme message RNA in duck liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260: 4404–4408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodridge, A. G., Jenik, R. A., McDevitt, M. A., Morris, S. M. and Winberry, L. K. (1984). Malic enzyme and fatty acid synthase in the uropygial gland and liver of embryonic and neonatal ducklings. Tissue-specific regulation of gene expression. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 230: 82–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gowd, K. P. L., Reddy, V. R. and Rao, P. V. (1983). Protein and energy requirements of Khaki Campbell grower ducks. Indian Journal of Animal Science 53: 1271–1276.Google Scholar
Hall, S. L. and Fisher, F. M. Jr. (1985). Heavy metal concentrations of duck tissues in relation to ingestion of spent shot. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35: 163–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamlyn, W. L., Branion, H. D. and Cavers, J. R. (1934). The influence of protein on the growth of ducks. Poultry Science 13: 333–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartung, R. and Hunt, G. S.. (1966). Toxicity of some oils to waterfowl. Journal of Wildlife Management 30: 564–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, S., Klandorf, H. and Phillips, J. C. (1981). Effect of food or water deprivation on circulating levels of pituitary, thyroid and adrenal hormones and on glucose and electrolyte concentrations in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Journal of Zoology 194: 341–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegsted, D. M. (1946). Nutritional studies with the duck. 3. Niacin deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 32: 467–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegsted, D. M. and Perry, R. L. (1948). Nutritional studies with the duck. 5. Riboflavin and pantothenic acid requirements. Journal of Nutrition 35: 411–417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegsted, D. M. and Rao, M. N. (1945). Nutritional studies with the duck. 2. Pyridoxine deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 30: 367–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegsted, D. M. and Stare, F. J. (1945). Nutritional studies with the duck. 1. Purified rations for the duck. Journal of Nutrition. 30: 37–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hester, P. Y., Pierson, F. W., Wilson, E. K., Adams, R. L. and Stadelman, W. J. (1981). Feed/gain ratios of White Pekin ducks as affected by age and environmental temperature. Poultry Science 60: 2401–2406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hetzel, D. J. S. (1983). The growth and carcass characteristics of crosses between Alabio and Tegal ducks and Muscovy and Pekin drakes. British Poultry Science 24: 555–563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuser, G. F. and Scott, M. L. (1951). Studies in duck nutrition. 1. Methods of feeding. Poultry Science 30: 161–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuser, G. F. and Scott, M. L. (1953). Studies in duck nutrition. 5. Bowed legs in ducks, a nutritional disorder. Poultry Science 32: 137–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuser, G. F., Scott, M. L., Eskew, R. K. and Edwards, P. W. (1951). Studies in duck nutrition. 3. The feeding of potatoes to ducks. Poultry Science 30: 672–678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holderread, D., Nakaue, H. S. and Arscott, G. H. (1983). Anticoccidial drugs and duckling performance to four weeks of age. Poultry Science 62: 1125–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, W. N., Cronshaw, J. and Gorsline, J. (1978). Some effects of ingested petroleum on seawater-adapted ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Environmental Research 17: 177–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horton, D. H. (1928). The growth of White Pekin ducklings. Poultry Science 7: 163–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, D. H. (1932). A comparison of feeding a twelve percent and a nineteen percent protein ration to White Pekin ducklings. Poultry Science 11: 106–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsieh, H. -H. and Shen, T. —F. (1980). Studies on duck nutrition. 6. Sulfur amino acid requirements of mule ducklings. Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science 9: 7–15.Google Scholar
Hulstaert, C. E., Gijzel, W. P., Hardonk, M. J., Kroon, A. M. and Molenaar, I. (1975). Cellular membranes and membrane-bound enzymes in vitamin E deficiency. A histochemical, cytochemical, biochemical, and morphologic study of the liver of the Pekin ducklings. Laboratory Investigation 33: 176–186.Google Scholar
Hulstaert, C. E. and Molenaar, I. (1976). Cellular membranes and membrane-bound enzymes in vitamin E deficiency. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 46: 262–265.Google ScholarPubMed
Hulstaert, C. E., Molenaar, I., DeGoeij, J. J. M., Zegers, C. and Van Pijpen, P. L. (1976). Selenium in vitamin-E-deficient diets and the occurrence of myopathy as a symptom of vitamin E deficiency. Nutrition and Metabolism 20: 91–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jager, F. C. (1972a). Effect of dietary linoleic acid and selenium on the requirement of vitamin E in ducklings. Nutrition and Metabolism 14: 210–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jager, F. C. (1972b). Linoleic acid intake and vitamin E requirement in rats and ducklings. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 203: 199–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jager, F. C. and Verbeek-Raad, J. A. (1970). Methods of determining vitamin E requirement in ducklings. 2. Myopathy, serum enzymes and serum proteins. International Journal of Vitamin Research 40: 597–603.Google Scholar
Jager, F. C. and Vles, R. O. (1970). Methods of determining vitamin E requirement in ducklings. 1. Myopathy, in vitro haemolysis and leucocyte count. International Journal of Vitamin Research 40: 592–596.Google Scholar
Jeroch, H. and Hennig, A. (1965). Untersuchungen uber den eiweiβ-bedarf der mastente unter berucksichtigung einer lysin, methionin und vitamin B erganzung des mastfutters. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 15: 385–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeroch, H., Kopsel, H. and Kirchner, H. (1969). Weitere untersuchungen zum einsatz synthetischer aminosauren in der entenmast. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 19: 553–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kehoe, F. P. and Ankney, C. D. (1985). Variation in digestive organ size among five species of diving ducks (Aythya spp.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 63: 2339–2342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koch, T. (1973). Anatomy of the Chicken and Domestic Birds. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 67–82.Google Scholar
Kubota, J., Allaway, W. H., Carter, D. L., Cary, E. E. and Lazar, V. A. (1967). Selenium in crops in the United States in relation to selenium-responsive diseases in animals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 15: 448–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lannek, N. and Lindberg, P. (1975). Vitamin E and selenium deficiencies (VESD) of domestic animals. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 19: 127–164.Google ScholarPubMed
Leclercq, B. (1980). Carcass characteristics of male Muscovy ducklings as influenced by diet. In Meat Quality in Poultry and Game Birds Mead, G. C. and Freeman, B. M. eds. British Poultry Science Ltd., Edinburgh, pp. 203–205.Google Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1975). Besoin en proteines du caneton de Barbarie entre less ages de 4 et 11 semaines. Annales de Zootechnie 24: 217–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1976a). L'alimentation azotee du caneton de Barbarie: etude du besoin du caneton male entre les ages de 4 et 12 semaines. Annales de Zootechnie 25: 189–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1976b). Influence of the protein and energy contents of the diet on the growth of young Muscovy ducklings. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 40: 117–119.Google Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1977a). On the sulphur amino acid requirement of Muscovy ducklings. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 41: 270–272.Google Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1977b). L'alimentation azotee du caneton de Barbarie: Possibilites de reduction du taux protidique de l'aliment au cours de la periode de finition. Annales de Zootechnie 27: 169–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1978). Interet du rationnement du caneton male de Barbarie entre les ages de 8 et 12 semaines. Annales de Zootechnie 27: 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1979a). Le besoin en phosphore du caneton de Barbarie. Annales de Zootechnie 28: 101–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1979b). The lysine requirement of Muscovy ducklings determined with corn-sunflower meal diets. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 43: 69–72.Google Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1981a). Protein requirement of Muscovy ducklings fed corn soybean meal diets supplemented with lysine and methionine. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 45: 92–94.Google Scholar
Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1981b). Donnees complementaires sur le besoin en acides amines soufres du caneton de Barbarie en finition. Annales de Zootechnie 30: 105–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, I. M. and Shen, T. -F. (1979). Studies on duck nutrition. 2. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of mule ducklings. Poultry Science 58: 124–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lu, J. -J., Huang, H. H. and Shen, T. -F. (1985). The true metabolizable energy value of some feedstuffs for ducks. Journal of the Agriculture Association of China 132: 88–102.Google Scholar
MacDonald, D. W., Christian, R. G., Whenham, G. R. and Howell, J. (1976). A review of some aspects of vitamin E-selenium responsive diseases with a note on their possible incidence in Alberta. Canadian Veterinary Journal 17: 61–71.Google ScholarPubMed
McMurray, M. (1935). Table poultry experiments. Table ducklings. Growers ration versus fattening ration. Harper Adams Utility Poultry Journal 20: 498–499.Google Scholar
Mehdi, N. A. Q., Carlton, W. W. and Tuite, J. (1984). Mycotoxicoses produced in ducklings and turkeys by dietary and multiple doses of citrinin. Avian Pathology 13: 37–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohamed, K., Larbier, M. and Leclercq, B. (1986). A comparative study of the digestiility of soyabean and cottonseed meal amino acids in domestic chicks and Muscovy ducklings. Annales de Zootechnie 35: 79–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohamed, K., Leclercq, B., Anwar, A., El-Alaily, H. and Soliman, H. (1984). A comparative study of metabolisable energy in ducklings and domestic chicks. Animal Feed Science and Technology 11: 199–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molenaar, I., Vos, J., Jager, F. C., and Hommes, F. A. (1970). The influence of vitamin E deficiency on biological membranes. An ultrastructural study on the intestinal epithelial cells of ducklings. Nutrition and Metabolism 12: 358–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moran, E. T., Carlson, H. C., Brown, R. G., Sweeny, P. R., George, J. C., and Stanley, D. W. (1975). Alleviating mortality associated with a vitamin E-selenium deficiency by dietary ascorbic acid. Poultry Science 54: 266–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, E. T. Jr., Carlson, H. C. and Pettit, J. R. (1974). Vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the duck aggravated by the use of high-moisture corn and moulding prior to preservation. Avian Diseases 18: 536–543.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moran, E. T. Jr., DeWitt, W. and Summers, J. D. (1971). Selenium deficiency with the duck as a consequence of feeding propionic acid preserved high moisture corn. Poultry Science 50: 1609.Google Scholar
Motzok, I. and Branion, H. D. (1948). The vitamin D requirements of growing ducks. Poultry Science 27: 482–485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motzok, I., Graham, W. D., Branion, H. D. and Slinger, S. J. (1946). The vitamin D requirements of ducklings. Poultry Science 25: 298–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muller, R. D., Carlson, C. W., Semeniuk, G. and Harshfield, G. S. (1970). The response of chicks, ducklings, goslings, pheasants and poults to graded levels of aflatoxins. Poultry Science 49: 1346–1350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muztar, A. J., Slinger, S. J. and Burton, J. H. (1977). Metabolizable energy content of freshwater plants in chickens and ducks. Poultry Science 56: 1893–1899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Research Council (1984). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 8th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Oluyemi, J. A. and Fetuga, B. L. (1978). The protein and energy requirements of ducklings in the tropics. British Poultry Science 19: 261–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olver, M. D. (1984). Quantitative feed restriction of Pekin breeder ducks during the rearing period and its effect on subsequent productivity. South African Journal of Animal Science 14: 136–141.Google Scholar
Olver, M. D. (1986). Performance of Pekin ducks subjected to qualitative feed restriction at various ages during the rearing period. South African Journal of Animal Science 16: 43–46.Google Scholar
Ostrowski-Meissner, H. T. (1983a). Effect of dietary aflatoxins on protein and energy utilization by two Indonesian breeds of ducklings (Alabio and Tegal). Poultry Science 62: 599–607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrowski-Meissner, H. T. (1983b). Effect of contamination of diets with aflatoxins on growing ducks and chickens. Tropical Animal Health and Production 15: 161–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrowski-Meissner, H. T. (1984a). Biochemical and physiological responses of growing chickens and ducklings to dietary aflatoxins. Comparative Biochemisitry and Physiology 79C: 193–204.Google Scholar
Ostrowski-Meissner, H. T. (1984b). A method for simultaneous measurement of apparent (AME) and true (TME) metabolizable energy with ducks and comparisons of data obtained with drakes and cockerels. Nutrition Reports International 29: 1239–1248.Google Scholar
Pappenheimer, A. M. (1940). Prevention of nutritional myopathy of ducklings by α-tocopherol. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 45: 457–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pappenheimer, A. M. and Goettsch, M. (1934). Nutritional myopathy in ducklings. Journal of Experimental Medicine 59: 35–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pastea, E., Nicolau, A., Popa, V. and Rosca, I. (1968). Dynamics of the digestive tract in hens and ducks. Acta Physiologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 33: 305–310.Google ScholarPubMed
Patrick, H. and Schaible, P. J. (1980). Duck and geese feeds-feeding. In Poultry: Feeds and Nutrition, 2nd ed., AVI Publishing Co., Westport, CT, pp. 577–584.Google Scholar
Peckham, M. C. (1984). Poisons and toxins. In Diseases of Poultry, 8th ed. Hofstad, M.S.Barnes, B. W.Calnek, W. M. Reid and Yoder, H. W. eds. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, pp. 783–818.Google Scholar
Pisharody, C. R. R. and Nair, S. G. (1972). A comparative study on certain aspects of digestive physiology of chicks and ducklings. Indian Veterinary Journal 49: 890–897.Google Scholar
Plavnik, I., Hurwitz, S. and Barash, H. (1982) The effect of feed restriction on the growth, feed conversion and fattening of Pekin ducks. Nutrition Reports International 25: 907–911.Google Scholar
Rattner, B. A. (1981). Tolerance of adult mallards to subacute ingestion of crude petroleum oil. Toxicology Letters 8: 337–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reddy, K. M., Rao, P. V. and Reddy, V. R. (1981). A study on the protein and energy requirements of Khaki Campbell layer ducks. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 16: 132–137.Google Scholar
Ricard, F. H., Leclercq, B. and DeCarville, H. (1983). Mise au pont sur les caracteristiques genetiques et les methodes d'elevage du canard de Barbarie. Annales de Zootechnie 32: 189–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, R. E. (1934). Methods of feeding ducks. Poultry Science 13: 338–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roos, A., Hegsted, D. M. and Stare, F. J. (1946). Nutritional studies with the duck. 4. The effect of vitamin deficiencies on the course of P. Lophurae infection in the duck and the chick. Journal of Nutrition 32: 473–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schubert, R., Richter, G. and Gruhn, K. (1982). Comparative investigations of the digestion performance of cairina, Pekin ducks and laying hens. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 32: 531–537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schubert, R., Richter, G. and Putsche, M. (1981). Untersuchungen zum energie, rohprotein und aminosauren bedarf von Cairina-2000 (Cairina moschata domestica L.). 3. Einfluβ des rohproteingehaltes der ration in unterschiedlichen entwicklungsabschnitten auf die mast und schlachtleistung. Archiv fur Tierernahrung 31: 527–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, M. L. and Heuser, G. F. (1951). Studies in duck nutrition. 2. Studies of protein and unidentified vitamin requirements. Poultry Science 30: 164–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, M. L. and Heuser, G. F. (1952). Studies in duck nutrition. 4. Bowed legs in ducks caused by niacin deficiency. Poultry Science 31: 752–754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, M. L., Hill, F. W., Parsons, E. H. Jr., Bruckner, J. H. and Dougherty, E. III (1959). Studies on duck nutrition. 7. Effect of dietary energy:protein relationships upon growth, feed utilization and carcass composition in market ducklings. Poultry Science 38: 497–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott, M. L., Nesheim, M. C. and Young, R. J. (1982). Nutrition of the Chicken, 3rd ed., M. L. Scott and Associates, Ithaca, NY, page 99.Google Scholar
Scott, M. L., Parsons, E. H. Jr. and Dougherty, E. III (1957). Studies on duck nutrition. 6. “Unidentified growth factor” supplements and methionine in rations for ducks. Poultry Science 36: 1181–1186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, T. -F. (1977). Studies on duck nutrition. 1. Protein and energy requirement of mule ducklings. Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science 6: 21–29.Google Scholar
Shen, T. -F. (1979). Studies on duck nutrition. 5. Protein and energy requirements of growing mule ducks. Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science 8: 121–129.Google Scholar
Shen, T. -F. and Dean, W. F. (1982). True metabolizable energy value of corn and soybean meal for ducks. Poultry Science 61: 1543.Google Scholar
Siregar, A. P., Cumming, R. B. and Farrell, D. J. (1982a). The nutrition of meat-type ducks. 1. The effects of dietary protein in isoenergetic diets on biological performance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33: 857–864.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siregar, A. P., Cumming, R. B. and Farrell, D. J. (1982b). The nutrition of meat-type ducks. 2. The effects of variation in the energy and protein contents of diets on biological performance and carcass characteristics. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33: 865–875.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siregar, A. P., Cumming, R. B. and Farrell, D. J. (1982c). The nutrition of meat-type ducks. 3. The effects of fibre on biological performance and carcass characteristics. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33: 877–886.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siregar, A. P. and Farrell, D. J. (1980a). A comparison of the energy and nitrogen metabolism of starved ducklings and chickens. British Poultry Science 21: 203–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siregar, A. P. and Farrell, D. J. (1980b). A comparison of the energy and nitrogen metabolism of fed ducklings and chickens. British Poultry Science 21: 213–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stadelman, W. J. and Meinert, C. F. (1977). Some factors affecting meat yield from young ducks. Poultry Science 56: 1145–1147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storey, M. L. and Maurer, A. J. (1986). The effect of graded levels of corn oil and different fats on the performance of White Pekin ducklings. Poultry Science 65: 1571–1580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sturkie, P. D. (1976). Alimentary canal: anatomy, prehension, deglutition, feeding, drinking, passage of ingesta, and motility. In Avian Physiology, 3rd ed., Sturkie, P. D. ed. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 185–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Su, C. -J. (1977). Studies on the requirements of calcium and phosphorus for the Taiwan ducks. 1. The effects of different calcium and phosphorus levels on the growing and laying ducks. Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science 6: 1–8.Google Scholar
Sugden, L. G. (1974). Energy metabolized by Bantam chickens and Blue-Winged teal. Poultry Science 53: 2227–2228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tallent, V. K. (1932) Pellets versus mash for table duck production. Harper Adams Utility Poultry Journal 17: 539–543.Google Scholar
Tanner, H. and Schmidtborn, H. (1984). DL-Methionine-The Amino Acid for Animal Nutrition, DeGussa AG, Frankfurt, West Germany, pp. 43–44.Google Scholar
Titus, H. W. (1928). Growth and the relation between live weight and feed consumption in the case of White Pekin ducklings. Poultry Science 7: 254–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torges, H. G. (1986). Slaughter-performance of Muscovy ducks due to their age and sex. Archiv fur Geflugelkunde 50: 31–41.Google Scholar
Trager, W. (1943). The influence of biotin upon susceptibility to malaria. Journal of Experimental Medicine 77: 557–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Reen, R. and Pearson, P. B. (1953). Magnesium deficiency in the duck. Journal of Nutrition 51: 191–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Vleet, J. F. (1977). An evaluation of protection offered by various dietary supplements against experimentally induced selenium-vitamin E deficiency in ducklings. American Journal of Veterinary Research 38: 1231–1236.Google ScholarPubMed
Veltmann, J. R. Jr. and Sharlin, J. S. (1981). Influence of water deprivation on water consumption, growth, and carcass characteristics of ducks. Poultry Science 60: 637–642.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vos, J., Molenaar, I., Searle-Van Leeuwen, M. and Hommes, F. A. (1972). Mitochondrial and microsomal membranes from livers of vitamin E-deficient ducklings. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 203: 74–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vos, J., Molenaar, I., Searle-Van Leeuwen, M. and Hommes, F. A. (1973). Cellular membranes in vitamin E-deficiency: an ultrastructural and bio-chemical study of isolated outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Supplement 19: 192–203.Google Scholar
White, D. H. and Finley, M. T. (1978). Uptake and retention of dietary cadmium in mallard ducks. Environmental Research 17: 53–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, B. J. (1972). Growth of ducklings fed on diets containing field beans (Vicia faba L.). British Poultry Science 13: 405–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, B. J. (1973). Effects of diet form on the performance of table ducklings. British Poultry Science 14: 589–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, B. J. (1975). The performance of male ducklings given starter diets with different concentrations of energy and protein. British Poultry Science 16: 617–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, E. K., Pierson, F. W., Hester, P. Y., Adams, R. L. and Stadelman, W. J. (1980). The effects of high environmental temperature on feed passage time and performance traits of White Pekin ducks. Poultry Science 59: 2322–2330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wink, C. S., Armstrong, E. and St.Onge, M. (1983). Effects of saltwater feeding and reduced food intake on femurs of domestic ducklings. The Journal of Experimental Zoology 225: 33–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, H. -C. and Shen, T. -F. (1978). Studies on duck nutrition. 4. Zinc and manganese requirements of mule ducklings and factors affecting requrements. Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science 7: 119–131.Google Scholar
Wu, L. -S., Wu, C. -L. and Shen, T. -F. (1984). Niacin and tryptophan requirements of mule ducklings fed corn and soy-based diets. Poultry Science 63: 153–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yarrington, J. T. and Whitehair, C. K. (1975). Ultrastructure of gastrointestinal smooth muscle in ducks with a vitamin E-selenium deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 105: 782–790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yarrington, J. T., Whitehair, C. K. and Corwin, R. M. (1973). Vitamin E-selenium deficiency and its influence on avian malarial infection in the duck. Journal of Nutrition 103: 231–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yu, R. -C. and Shen, T. -F. (1984). Leucine, isoleucine and valine requirements of mule ducklings. Journal of the Chinese Society of Animal Science 13: 1–15.Google Scholar