Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T23:23:48.716Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of phytase and carbohydrase on ileal amino acid digestibility in monogastric diets: complimentary mode of action?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2009

A.J. COWIESON  and
M.R. BEDFORD
A.J. COWIESON*
Affiliation:
AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
M.R. BEDFORD
Affiliation:
AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

As the simultaneous use of carbohydrases and phytases gains momentum it is imperative that formulators understand the magnitude of additivity of effect to allow for appropriate modification to diet nutrient balance. Though carbohydrases and phytases are often thought of as pronutrients with energy, calcium and phosphorus value, within the scientific literature there are dozens of papers on the effect of these enzymes on ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients. The effect of enzymes on ileal amino acid digestibility is instructive as patterns of response allow speculation as to mode of action and likely additivity of admixtures. A review of the scientific literature has revealed that whilst xylanases and phytases may be considered to be broadly additive in effect, on an individual amino acid basis this effect ranges from sub-additive (e.g. threonine) to synergistic (e.g. arginine). Importantly, the mean response to both xylanase and phytase for ileal amino acid digestibility can be predicted (R2=0.65 and 0.56 respectively) by polynomial equations based only on the nutritional value of the control diet. The fact that control diets with an inherently high digestibility respond poorly to enzymes explains why the use of a second enzyme will likely yield a lesser response when used on top of another, since the former has already improved digestibility characteristics. The implications of these responses, as well as suggested mechanisms of action, are discussed within practical diet formulation constraints.

Keywords

phytatecarbohydraseendogenous lossesamino acidsenergypoultry
Type
Review Article
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 65 , Issue 4 , December 2009 , pp. 609 - 624
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ANGKANAPORN, K., CHOCT, M., BRYDEN, W.L., ANNISON, E.F. and ANNISON, G. (1994) Effects of wheat pentosans on endogenous losses in chickens. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 66: 399-404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BARRERA, M., CERVANTES, M., SAUER, W.C., ARAIZA, A.B., TORRENTERA, N. and CERVANTES, M. (2004) Ileal amino acid digestibility and performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based diets supplemented with xylanase. Journal of Animal Science 82: 1997-2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BEDFORD, M.R., SCOTT, T.A., SILVERSIDES, F.G., CLASSEN, H.L., SWIFT, M.L. and PACK, M. (1998) The effect of wheat cultivar, growing environment, and enzyme supplementation on digestibility of amino acids by broilers. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 78: 335-342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CADOGAN, D.J., SELLE, P.H., PARTRIDGE, G.G. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2009) Supplementation of wheat-based diets with xylanase and phytase, individually and in combination. Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium 20: 40-43.Google Scholar
CORRING, T. and JUNG, J. (1972) The amino acid composition of pig pancreatic juice. Nutrition Reproduction International 6: 187-190.Google Scholar
COWIESON, A.J., HRUBY, M. and PIERSON, E.E.M. (2006a) Evolving enzyme technology: impact on commercial poultry nutrition. Nutrition Research Reviews 19: 90-103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COWIESON, A.J., SINGH, D. and ADEOLA, O. (2006b) Prediction of ingredient quality and the effect of a combination of xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase in the diets of broiler chicks. 2. Energy and nutrient utilisation. British Poultry Science 47: 490-500.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COWIESON, A.J., ACAMOVIC, T. and BEDFORD, M.R. (2004) The effect of phytase and phytic acid on endogenous losses from broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 45: 101-108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COWIESON, A.J. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2007) Effect of phytic acid and microbial phytase on the flow and amino acid composition of endogenous protein at the terminal ileum of growing broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 98: 745-752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COWIESON, A.J. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2008) Effect of exogenous enzymes in mazie-based diets varying in nutrient density for young broilers: growth performance and digestibility of energy, minerals and amino acids. British Poultry Science 49: 37-44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DANICKE, S., SIMON, O., JEROCH, H., KELLER, K., GLASER, K., KLUGE, H. and BEDFORD, M.R. (1999) Effects of dietary fat type, pentosan level and xylanase supplementation on digestibility of nutrients and metabolizability of energy in male broilers. Archive Tierernahrung 52: 245-261.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DE SOUZA, A.L.P., LINDERMANN, M.D. and CROMWELL, G.L. (2007) Supplementation of dietary enzymes has varying effects on apparent protein and amino acid digestibility in reproducing sows. Livestock Science 109: 122-124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DIEBOLD, G., MOSENTHIN, R., PIEPHO, H.-P. and SAUCER, W.C. (2004) Effect of supplementation of xylanase and phospholipase to a wheat-based diet for weanling pigs on nutrient digestibility and concentrations of microbial metabolites in ileal digesta and faeces. Journal of Animal Science 82: 2647-2656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAN, C.L., HAN, X.Y., XU, Z.R., WANG, L.J. and SHI, L.R. (2009) Effects of beta-glucanase and xylanase supplementation on gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activities of weaned piglets fed a barley-based diet. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 93: 271-276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FERNANDEZ, F., SHARMA, R., HINTON, M. and BEDFORD, M.R. (2000) Diet influences the colonisation of Campylobacter jejuni and distribution of mucin carbohydrates in the chick intestinal tract. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 57: 1793-1801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FULCHER, R.G. (1986) Morphological and chemical organisation of the oat kernel, in: WEBSTER, F.H. (Ed) Oats: Chemistry and Technology, p. 9 (American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minnesota).Google Scholar
HEW, L.I., RAVINDRAN, V., MOLLAH, Y. and BRYDEN, W.L. (1998) Influence of exogenous xylanase supplementation on apparent metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility in wheat for broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 75: 83-92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
HONG, D., BURROWS, H. and ADEOLA, O. (2002) Addition of enzyme to starter and grower diets for ducks. Poultry Science 81: 1842-1849.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
IM, H.L., RAVINDRAN, V., RAVINDRAN, G. PITTOLO, P.H., and BRYDEN, W.L. (1999) The apparent metabolisable energy and amino acid digestibility of wheat, triticale and wheat middlings for broiler chickens as affected by exogenous xylanase supplementation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 79: 1727-1732.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
JUSTE, C. (1982) Apports endogenes par les secretions digestives chez le porc, in: LAPLACE, J.P., CORRING, T. & RERAT, A. (Eds) Physiologie Digestive chez le Porc, pp. 155-173 (Paris: Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique).Google Scholar
LARSEN, F.M., MOUGHAN, P.J. and WILSON, M.N. (1993) Dietary fibre viscosity and endogenous protein excretion at the terminal ileum of growing rats. Journal of Nutrition 123: 1898-1904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LIEN, K.A., MCBURNEY, M.I., THOMSON, A.B.R. and SAUER, W. (1996) Ileal recovery of nutrients and mucin in humans fed total enteral formulas supplemented with soy fiber. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63: 584-595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LIEN, K.A., SAUER, W.C. and FENTON, M. (1997) Mucin output in ileal digesta of pigs fed a protein free diets. Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft 36: 182-190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LIU, N., RU, Y.J. and LI, F.D. (2009) Effect of dietary phytate and phytase on proteolytic digestion and growth regulation for broilers. Poultry Science, In press.Google ScholarPubMed
MOREL, P.C.H., PADILLAR, M. and RAVINDRAN, G. (2003) Effect of non-starch polysaccharides on mucin secretion and endogenous amino acid losses in pigs. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 16: 1332-1338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MOUGHAN, P.J., DARRAGH, A.J., SMITH, W.C. and BUTTS, C.A. (1990) Perchloric and trichloracetic acids as precipitants of protein in endogenous ileal digesta from the rat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 52: 13-21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NITRAYOVA, S., PATRAS, P., HEGERA, J., BROZ, J. and SOMMER, A. (2007) Effect of an enzyme complex derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum on ileal digestibility of amino acids and non-starch polysaccharides in piglets. Livestock Science 108: 266-268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NORTEY, T.N., PATIENCE, J.F., SIMMINS, P.H., TROTTIER, N.L. and ZILLSTRA, R.T. (2007) Effects of individual or combined xylanase and phytase supplementation on energy, amino acid and phosphorus digestibility and growth performance of grower pigs fed wheat-based diets containing millrun. Journal of Animal Science 85: 1432-1443.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ONYANGO, E.M., ASEM, E.K. and ADEOLA, O. (2009) Phytic acid increases mucin and endogenous amino acid loses from the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. British Journal of Nutrition 101: 836-842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ONYANGO, E.M., ASEM, E.K., SANDS, J.S. and ADEOLA, O. (2004) Dietary phytates increase endogenous losses in ducks and chickens. Journal of Animal Science 82 (Suppl.): 149-150.Google Scholar
PETERSON, D.M., SAIGO, R.H. and HOLY, J. (1985) Development of oat aluerone cells and their protein bodies. Cereal Chemistry 62: 366-371.Google Scholar
PIEL, C., MONTAGNE, L., SALGADO, P. and LALLES, J-P. (2004) Estimation of ileal output of gastro-intestinal glycoprotein in weaned piglets using three different methods. Reproduction, Nutrition and Development 44: 419-435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RAVINDRAN, V. and BRYDEN, W.L. (1999) Amino acid availability in poultry: in vitro and in vivo measurements. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 889-908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAVINDRAN, V., SELLE, P.H. and BRYDEN, W.L. (1999a) Effects of phytase supplementation, individually and in combination with glycanase on the nutritive value of wheat and barley. Poultry Science 78: 1588-1595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
RAVINDRAN, V., HEW, L.I., RAVINDRAN, G., GILL, R.J., PITTOLO, P.H. and BRYDEN, W.L. (1999b) Influence of xylanase supplementation on the apparent metabolisable energy and ileal amino acid digestibility in a diet containing wheat and oats and on the performance of three strains of broiler chickens. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50: 1159-1163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAVINDRAN, V., HEW, L.I., RAVINDRAN, G. and BRYDEN, W.L. (2005) Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens. Animal Science 81: 85-97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROSEN, G. (2002a) Microbial phytase in broiler nutrition, in: GARNSWORTHY, P.C. & WISEMAN, J. (Eds) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 105-118, (Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK).Google Scholar
ROSEN, G. (2002b) Exogenous enzymes as pro-nutrients in broiler diets, in: GARNSWORTHY, P.C. & WISEMAN, J. (Eds) Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 89-104, (Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK).Google Scholar
ROSEN, G. (2004) Admixture of exogenous phytases and xylanases in broiler nutrition. 6 pages on CD. Proceedings of the XXII Worlds Poultry Congress, June 2004, Istanbul, Turkey.Google Scholar
RUTHERFURD, S.M., CHUNG, T.K. and MOUGHAN, P.J. (2007) The effect of a commercial enzyme preparation on apparent metabolizable energy, true ileal amino acid digestibility and endogenous ileal lysine losses in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 86: 665-672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SATCHITHANANDAM, S., VARGOFCAK-APKER, M., CALVERT, R.J., LEEDS, A.R. and CASSIDY, M.M. (1990) Alteration of gastrointestinal mucin by fiber feeding in rats. Journal of Nutrition 120: 1179-1184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SELLE, P.H., BRYDEN, W.L., PITTOLO, P.H., RAVINDRAN, G. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2003) Influence of phytase and xylanase supplementation on growth performance and nutrient utilization of broilers offered wheat-based diets. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science 16: 394-402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SELLE, P.H. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2007a) Microbial phytase in poultry nutrition. Animal Feed Science and Technology 135: 1-41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SELLE, P.H. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2007b) Phytate-degrading enzymes in pig nutrition. Livestock Science 113: 99-122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SELLE, P.H., RAVINDRAN, V., BRYDEN, W.L. and SCOTT, T. (2006) Influence of phytate and exogenous phytase on amino acid digestibility in poultry: a review. Journal of Poultry Science 43: 89-103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SELLE, P.H., COWIESON, A.J. and RAVINDRAN, V. (2009) Consequences of calcium interactions with phytate and phytase for poultry and pigs. Livestock Science 124: 126-141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SHARMA, R., FERNANDEZ, F., HINTON, M. and SCHUMACHER, U. (1997) The influence of diet on the mucin carbohydrates in the chick intestinal tract. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 53: 935-942.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SIBBALD, I.R. (1986) The T.M.E. system of feed evaluation: methodology, feed composition data and bibliography. Technical bulletin 1986-4E, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WOYENGO, T.A., SANDS, J.S., GUENTER, W. and NYACHOTI, C.M. (2008) Nutrient digestibility and performance responses of growing pigs fed phytase- and xylanase-supplemented wheat-based diets. Journal of Animal Science 86: 848-857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
YIN, Y.L., MCEVOY, J.D., SCHULZE, H. and MCRACKEN, K.J. (2001a) Effects of xylanase and antibiotic addition on ileal and faecal apparent digestibilities of dietary nutrients and evaluating HCl-insoluble ash as a dietary marker in growing pigs. Animal Science 72: 95-103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
YIN, Y.L., BAIDOO, S.K., SHULZE, H. and SIMMINS, P.H. (2001b) Effects of supplementing diets containing hulless barley varieties having different levels of non-starch polysaccharides with beta-glucanase and xylanase on the physiological status of the gastrointestinal tract and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. Livestock Production Science 71: 97-107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ZANELLA, I., SAKOMURA, N.K., SILVERSIDES, F.G., FIQUEIRDO, A. and PACK, M. (1999) Effect of enzyme supplementation of broiler diets based on corn and soybeans. Poultry Science 78: 561-568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZEBROWSKA, T., LOW A.G., and ZEBROWSKA, H. (1983) Studies on gastric digestion of protein and carbohydrate, gastric secretion and exocrine pancreatic secretion in the growing pig. British Journal of Nutrition 49(3): 401-410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar