Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:31:39.110Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Foreign Occupation and Support for International Cooperation

Evidence from Denmark

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2022

Lasse Aaskoven Open the ORCID record for Lasse Aaskoven [Opens in a new window]
Lasse Aaskoven*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science and Public Management, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
*
E-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

A growing literature investigates how historical state repression affects later political outcomes, but little attention has been given to whether violence during foreign occupation affects support for international cooperation. This article investigates this issue by analyzing the 1972 Danish referendum on membership in the European Economic Community (eec)—an organization seen at the time as being dominated by Germany. The analysis shows that municipalities that experienced more German-inflicted violence during the German occupation of Denmark (1940–1945) in World War II had a higher rate of no votes in this referendum. This effect seems to have worked through increased support for Danish far-left parties that were associated with the Danish resistance movement and that actively used anti-German sentiment in their campaigns against eec membership. The results suggest that foreign-inflicted violence can be a substantial hindrance for popular support for international cooperation and that political parties play an important role in translating historical grievances into mass political behavior.

Keywords

European Unionforeign occupationinternational cooperationlegacies of violence political partiesreferenda
Type
Research Article
Information
World Politics , Volume 74 , Issue 2 , April 2022 , pp. 285 - 325
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 Trustees of Princeton University

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aaskoven, Lasse. 2022. “Replication Data for: Foreign Occupation and Support for International Cooperation: Evidence from Denmark.” Harvard Dataverse, V1. At https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/5DCRCP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angrist, Joshua D., and Pischke, Joern-Steffen. 2009. Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Antoniou, Giorgos, Dinas, Elias, and Kosmidis, Spyros. 2020. “Collective Victimhood and Social Prejudice: A Post-Holocaust Theory of Anti-Semitism.” Political Psychology 41, no. 5: 861–86. At https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bautista, María Angélica, González, Felipe, Martínez, Luis R., Munõz, Pablo, and Prem, Mounu. 2018. “The Geography of Repression and Support for Democracy: Evidence from the Pinochet Dictatorship.” Working Paper. At https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/rieriecdt/5.htm, accessed February 27, 2022.Google Scholar
Becker, Sascha O., Fetzer, Thiemo, and Novy, Dennis. 2017. “Who Voted for Brexit? A Comprehensive District-Level Analysis.” CEP Discussion Paper no. 1480. London, UK: London School of Economics and Political Science, Center for Economic Performance. At https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/cepcepdps/dp1480.htm, accessed January 26, 2022.Google Scholar
Brader, Ted, Tucker, Joshua A., and Duell, Dominik. 2012. “Which Parties Can Lead Opinion? Experimental Evidence on Partisan Cue Taking in Multiparty Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 46, no. 11: 1485–1517. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012453452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryld, Claus, and Warring, Anette. 1998. Besættelsestiden som kollektiv erindring. Frederiksberg, Denmark: Roskilde Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Bøgh, Frank. 2012. Petergruppen: Himmlers hævnere: Tysk Terror i Danmark 1944–45. Copenhagen, Denmark: People's Press.Google Scholar
Charnysh, Volha. 2015. “Historical Legacies of Interethnic Competition: Anti-Semitism and the EU Referendum in Poland.” Comparative Political Studies 48, no. 3: 1711–745. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015598921.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnysh, Volha, and Finkel, Evgeny. 2017. “The Death Camp Eldorado: Political and Economic Effects of Mass Violence.” American Political Science Review 111, no. 4: 801–18. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cirone, Alexandra, and Pepinsky, Thomas B.. 2021. “Historical Persistence.” Working paper. At http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3873011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colantone, Italo and Stanig, Piero. 2018. “Global Competition and Brexit”. American Political Science Review 112, no. 2: 201-218. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055417000685CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costalli, Stefano, and Ruggeri, Andrea. 2019. “The Long-Term Electoral Legacies of Civil War in Young Democracies: Italy, 1946–1968.” Comparative Political Studies 52, no. 6: 927–61. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414018784057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dedman, Martin J. 1996. The Origins and Development of the European Union 1945–95. London, UK: Routledge.Google Scholar
DFKHD (Den af Folketinget under 25. Oktober 1950 nedsatte kommission i henhold til Grundlovens paragraf 45). 1954. Bilag til beretning til Folketinget: bind 1-3: Tyske og danske dokumenter. Copenhagen, Denmark: J. H. Schultz A/S Universitets-Bogtrykkeri.Google Scholar
De Vries, Catherine. 2020. “Don't Mention the War! Second World War Remembrance and Support for European Cooperation.” Journal of Common Market Studies 58, no. 1: 138–54. At https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12981.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fetzer, Thiemo. 2019. “Did Austerity Cause Brexit?” American Economic Review 109 no. 11: 3849–886. At https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fontana, Nicola, Nannicini, Tommaso, and Tabellini, Guido. 2017. “Historical Roots of Political Extremism: The Effects of Nazi Occupation of Italy.” IZA Discussion Paper No. 10551. IZA Institute of Labor Economics. At https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/10551/historical-roots-of-political-extremism-the-effects-of-nazi-occupation-of-italy, accessed January 26, 2022.Google Scholar
Fouka, Vasiliki, and Voth, Hans-Joachim. 2016. “Reprisals Remembered: German-Greek Conflict and Car Sales During the Euro Crisis.” Stanford Center for International Development Working Paper no. 587. At https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2340625, accessed February 14, 2022.Google Scholar
Giltner, Phil. 2001. “The Success of Collaboration: Denmark's Self-Assessment of Its Economic Position after Five Years of Nazi Occupation.” Journal of Contemporary History 36, no. 3: 485–506. At https://www.jstor.org/stable/261008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, Matthew, Hix, Simon, and Pickup, Mark. 2020. “For and Against Brexit: A Survey Experiment of the Impact of Campaign Effects on Public Attitudes toward EU Membership.” British Journal of Political Science 50, no. 2: 481–95. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123417000667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, Peter, Small, Melvin, and Siune, Karen. 1976. “The Structure of the Debate in the Danish EC Campaign: A Study of an Opinion-Policy Relationship.” Journal of Common Market Studies 15, no. 2: 93–129. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.1976.tb00773.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardis, Arne. 2019. “Nazikortet.” Weekendavisen no. 20. May 16.Google Scholar
Helin, David. 2002. 30 år i folkestyrets tjeneste: Om Folkebevægelsen imod EU's historie. Morke, Denmark: Grevas Forlag.Google Scholar
Hobolt, Sara Binzer. 2007. “Taking Cues on Europe? Voter Competence and Party Endorsements in Referendums on European Integration.” European Journal of Political Research 46, no. 2: 151–82. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00688.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hobolt, Sara Binzer. 2009. Europe in Question: Referendums on European Integration. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homola, Jonathan, Pereira, Miguel M., and Tavits, Margit. 2020. “Legacies of the Third Reich: Concentration Camps and Out-Group Intolerance.” American Political Science Review 114, no. 2: 573–90. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000832.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang-Jensen, Sebastian. 2003. “Den danske venstrefløjs modstand imod EF 1957–1972.” Jean Monnet Centrets Skriftserie no. 6. Aarhus, Denmark: Jean Monnet Centret Aarhus Universitet. At https://www.sdu.dk/-/media/files/forskning/phd/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2007/afhandlinger+89_madsen+pdf.pdf, accessed February 7, 2022.Google Scholar
Lauridsen, John T. 2002. Dansk Nazisme: 1930–45 - og derefter. Copenhagen, Denmark: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Lundtofte, Henrik. 2003. Gestapo–Tysk politi og terror i Danmark 1940–45. Copenhagen, Denmark: Gads Forlag.Google Scholar
Lupu, Noam. 2013. “Party Brands and Partisanship: Theory with Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Argentina.” American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 1: 49–64. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2012.00615.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Noam, and Peisakhin, Leonid. 2017. “The Legacy of Political Violence across Generations.” American Journal of Political Science 61, no. 4: 836–51. At https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lyall, Jason. 2009. “Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks? Evidence from Chechnya.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53, no. 3: 331–62. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002708330881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madsen, Henrik. 2006. “For velfærdens skyld? En analyse af de danske debatter om velfærdsstat og medlemskab af EF 1950–1972.” Ph.D. diss. Faculty of Humanities, University of Southern Denmark.Google Scholar
Mortensen, Pelle. 2018. “Flæskepriser og æg i kurven - SF's europapolitik fra 1972 til 2009.” MA thesis. School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University.Google Scholar
Ochsner, Christian, and Rösel, Felix. 2017. “Activated History—The Case of the Turkish Sieges of Vienna.” CESifo Working Paper no. 6586. CESifo Network. At https://www.cesifo.org/en/publikationen/2017/working-paper/activated-history-case-turkish-sieges-vienna, accessed January 26, 2022.Google Scholar
Olesen, Niels Wium. 2016. “1943 Modstand.” In Nielsen, Nethe Ellinge, ed., Danmark bliver moderne 1900–1950. Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus Universitetsforlag.Google Scholar
Panicco, Roberto. 2017. “Is the European Union too Complicated? Citizens’ Lack of Information and Party Cue Effectiveness.” European Union Politics 18, no. 3: 424–46. At https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116517699892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pepinsky, Thomas B., Goodman, Sara Wallace, and Ziller, Conrad. 2020. “Does Proximity to Nazi Concentration Camps Make Germans Intolerant? Modeling Spatial Heterogeneity and Historical Persistence.” At https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3547321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersen, Nikolaj. 1975. Folket og udenrigspolitikken. Copenhagen, Denmark: Gyldendal.Google Scholar
Ray, Leonard. 2003. “When Parties Matter: The Conditional Influence of Party Positions on Voter Opinions about European Integration.” Journal of Politics 65, no. 4: 978–94. At https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2508.t01-1-00121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozenas, Arturas, Schutte, Sebastian, and Zhukov, Yuri. 2017. “The Political Legacy of Violence: The Long-Term Impact of Stalin's Repression in Ukraine.” Journal of Politics 79, no. 4: 1147–161. https://doi.org/10.1086/692964.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozenas, Arturas, and Zhukov, Yuri. 2019. “Mass Repression and Political Loyalty: Evidence from Stalin's ‘Terror by Hunger.’” American Political Science Review 113, no. 2: 569–83. At https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055419000066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valen, Henry.1973. “Norway: ‘No’ to EEC.” Scandinavian Political Studies 8, no. A8: 214–26. At https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.1973.tb00491.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Thomas. 2021. “Mobilizing the Past: Germany and the Second World War in Debates on Brexit.” Revue Lisa 19, no. 51. At https://doi.org/10.4000/lisa.13019.Google Scholar
Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhukov, Yuri M., and Talibova, Roya. 2018. “Stalin's Terror and the Long-Term Political Effects of Mass Repression.” Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 2: 267–83. At https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343317751261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: Link

Aaskoven Dataset

Dataset

https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/5DCRCP
Link
Supplementary material: PDF

Aaskoven supplementary material

Aaskoven supplementary material

Download Aaskoven supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 593.2 KB