Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 June 2011
How close is the link between outsized states and economic stagnation in Africa? This article shows that African public bureaucracies are not as large as often portrayed, that they have been getting smaller, and that reducing their size alone has not been a prescription for economic revival. To the contrary, the countries with higher levels of public employment, such as Botswana and Mauritius, are apt to have the better economic records. These findings suggest that a superabundance of public personnel is not in itself?, major impediment to growth in Africa. Too much attention has been paid to quantitative or “first-generation” bureaucratic problems, and too little attention has been given the “second-generation” issues of bureaucratic quality.
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4 In this paper, the term “civil service” is used broadly to include core public administration (economic policy-making and management, law enforcement, and adjudication) and other public services, such as education and health. “Bureaucracy” will be used as a synonym. When distinctions are made, as, for example, between central and local government employment, they will be noted in the text. The discussion by and large does not include either military employees or employees of state-owned corporations. To avoid tediousness, this paper uses “Africa” and “sub-Saharan Africa” interchangeably.
5 According to World Bank and IMF data, average GDP growth in Botswana was 11.1 percent from 1970 to 1995—the highest in Africa (and the world). Mauritius averaged 5.3 percent per year during the same period, the third best in Africa (Lesotho was number two, with a 6.9 percent GDP growth rate). One might object that Mauritius is only nominally an African country, and it does bear a close resemblance to many other small island states, for example, in the Caribbean. Still, it became independent with “Africa-like” strikes against it, including overpopulation, dependence on a single export commodity, ethnic tension, physical isolation, and destruction wreaked by cyclones. Botswana also entered into nationhood inauspiciously. Thirty years ago it was one of the poorest countries in the world with drought and being landlocked among its many problems.
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