Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T18:17:53.087Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Status and Management of Grass-Weed Herbicide Resistance in Latin America

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Bernal E. Valverde
Bernal E. Valverde*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Copenhagen, Hojebakkegaard Allé 13, Taastrup, DK-2630, Denmark
*
[email protected] and [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Twenty-one grass weeds have evolved resistance to herbicides in Latin America, particularly in rice, soybean, wheat, and orchards. Junglerice, the most widespread and economically important rice weed, evolved resistance to propanil, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibitor herbicides, quinclorac, and imazapyr in Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela. Some junglerice populations are resistant to at least three herbicide modes of action. Other herbicide-resistant (HR) rice weeds are barnyardgrass and gulf cockspur to quinclorac in Brazil, and saramollagrass to ACCase-inhibitor herbicides in Colombia and bispyribac in Venezuela. Populations of weedy rice resistant to imidazolinones are now emerging, most likely originated from gene flow from imidazolinone-resistant rice. Saramollagrass also became resistant to nicosulfuron in corn in Venezuela. Eight species associated with soybean are resistant to ACCase-inhibitor herbicides in Brazil (alexandergrass, goosegrass, and southern crabgrass) and Bolivia (Louisiana cupgrass, itchgrass, sudangrass, and two common wild sorghum species). Four more ACCase-inhibitor–resistant species (hedgehog dogtailgrass, wild oat, rigid ryegrass, and Italian ryegrass) are found in Chile infesting canola and wheat. ACCase-inhibitor–resistant hood canarygrass, littleseed canarygrass, and wild oat are important in wheat in Mexico. Resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor herbicides has been reported in itchgrass, goosegrass, and Mexican grass. Italian ryegrass populations resistant to glyphosate have been found in Chile and Brazil. Glyphosate resistance has also evolved in goosegrass in Bolivia and johnsongrass in Argentina. In general, little is done to prevent resistance evolution. An exception is the stewardship programs aiming to prevent gene flow from imidazolinone-resistant rice to weedy rice. Once resistance evolves, HR populations are mostly managed by shifting to herbicides with different modes of action and, in some cases, by slightly modifying agronomic practices. Propanil formulations containing a synergist are used to manage propanil-resistant junglerice. Increased no-till agriculture and planting of glyphosate-resistant crops are likely to select more glyphosate-resistant weeds.

Keywords

Bispyribacglyphosateimazapyrnicosulfuronpropanilquincloracbarnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCGgoosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. ELEINhedgehog dogtailgrass, Cynosurus echinatus L. CYXEChood canarygrass, Phalaris paradoxa L. PHAPAItalian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam. LOLMUjohnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. SORHAjunglerice, Echinochloa colona (L.) Link ECHCOlittleseed canarygrass, Phalaris minor Retz. PHAMIrigid ryegrass, Lolium rigidum Gaudin. LOLRIsaramollagrass, Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. ISCRUsudangrass, Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf. SORSUweedy rice, Oryza sativa L. ORYSAwild oat, Avena fatua L. AVEFAcanola, Brassica napus L.corn, Zea mays L.rice, Oryza sativa L.soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrwheat, Triticum aestivum L.herbicide resistance management
Type
Symposium
Information
Weed Technology , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , June 2007 , pp. 310 - 323
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Andres, A., Schmidt, M., Magalhães, A. M. Jr, Fagundes, P. R., Franco, D. F., Schwanke, A. M. L., Concenço, G., and Bohm, A. S. 2002a. Uso de inibidores de tubulina, de ACCase e de ALS em arroz irrigado para controle de capim arroz resistente a quinclorac. in Resumos XXIII Congresso Brasileiro da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas, 2002, Londrina, Brazil. 203.Google Scholar
Andres, A., Schmidt, M., Schwanke, A. M. L., and Concenço, G. 2002b. Avaliação de ecótipos de capim arroz resistentes a quinclorac. in Resumos XXIII Congresso Brasileiro da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas, 2002, Londrina, Brazil. 192.Google Scholar
Andres, A., Schwanke, A. M. L., Concenço, G., and Bohm, A. S. 2002c. Redução no desenvolvimento de capim arroz resistemte a quinclorac. in Resumos XXIII Congresso Brasileiro da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas, 2002, Londrina, Brazil. 190.Google Scholar
Avila, W., Bolaños, A., and Valverde, B. E. 2007. Characterization of the cross resistance mechanism to herbicides inhibiting acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase in itchgrass (Rottboellia cochinchinensis) biotypes from Bolivia. Crop Prot. 26:342–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baerson, S. R., Rodríguez, D. J., Biest, N. A., Tran, M., You, J., Kreuger, R. W., Dill, G. M., Pratley, J. E., and Gruys, K. J. 2002a. Investigating the mechanism of glyphosate resistance in rigid ryegrass (Lolium ridigum). Weed Sci. 50:721–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buzatti, W. J. S. 2001. Milhă (Digitaria ciliaris) resistente aos herbicidas inhibidores da ACCase. in XV Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Malezas/X Jornadas Venezolanas Cientifico Tecnicas en Biología y Combate de Malezas, November 20 to 26, 2001, Maracaibo, Venezuela. 164.Google Scholar
Buzatti, W. J. S. 2002a. Resistência de Digitaria ciliaris (capim-colchão) aos herbicidas inibidores da ACCase e alternativas de controle. in Resumos XXIII Congresso Brasileiro da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas, 2002, Londrina, Brazil. 195.Google Scholar
Buzatti, W. J. S. 2002b. Digitaria ciliaris (capim-colchão) com resistência diferenciada entre herbicidas inibidores da ACCase. Resumos XXIII Congresso Brasileiro da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas, 2002, Londrina, Brazil.Google Scholar
Carey, V. F., Hoagland, R. E., and Talbert, R. E. 1997. Resistance mechanism of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass: II. In vivo metabolism of propanil molecule. Pestic. Sci. 49:333–338.Google Scholar
Caseley, J. C., Leah, J. M., Riches, C. R., and Valverde, B. E. 1996. Combating propanil resistance in Echinochloa colona with synergists that inhibit acylamidase and oxygenases. in Proceeding of the Second International Weed Control Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark. Volume 2. 455–460.Google Scholar
Caseley, J. C., Palgrave, C., Haas, E., Riches, C. R., and Valverde, B. E. 1997. Herbicides with alternative modes of action for the control of propanil- and fenoxaprop-p-resistant Echinochloa colona . Pages 215–220. in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference—Weeds.Google Scholar
Chaves, L., Valverde, B. E., and Garita, I. 1997. Resistencia de Ixophorus unisetus a herbicidas inhibidores de la sintetasa del acetolactato. Rev. Manejo Integrado Plagas 44:20–25.Google Scholar
Christoffoleti, P. J., Trentin, R., Tocchetto, S., Marochi, A., Galli, A. J. Batista, López-Ovejero, R. F., and Nicolai, M. 2005. Alternative herbicides to manage Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) resistant to glyphosate at different phenological stages. J. Environ. Sci. Health B. 40:59–67.Google Scholar
Concenço, G., Andres, A., Franco, D. F., Schmidt, M., Melo, P. T. B. S., and Resende, R. G. 2003. Distribuição de capim-arroz resistente ao herbicida quinclorac no Rio Grande do Sul. in Anais 3a Conferencia Internacional de Clima Templado, 2003, Punta del Este.Google Scholar
Cruz-Hipólito, H., Tafoya-Razo, A., and de Prado, R. 2005. Resistencia a fenoxaprop-p-etil en una población de Avena fatua recolectada en México. in Resumenes XVII Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Malezas (ALAM), November 8 to 11, 2005, Varadero, Cuba. 323.Google Scholar
De la Vega, M. H., Fadda, D., Alonso, A., Argañaraz, M., Loria, J. Y. Sánchez, and García, A. 2007. Curvas dose-resposta em duas populações de Sorghum halepense ao herbicida glyphosate no Norte Argentino. in Resumos do XXV Congresso Brasileiro da Ciência das Plantas Dañinas, May 29 to June 2, 2006, Brasilia, Brazil. In press.Google Scholar
Delgado, M. M., Ortiz-Domínguez, A., and Zambrano, C. L. 2007. Resistencia de Rottboellia cochinchinensis (Lour.) W. D. Clayton al herbicida nicosulfuron en cultivos de maíz. Agron. Trop. (Maracay). In press.Google Scholar
Espinoza, N., Cerda, C., Díaz, J., and Mera, M. 2003a. Primer biotipo de ballica (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) chileno con resistencia multiple a herbicidas. in Memoria XVI Congreso Latinoamericano de Malezas (ALAM)/XXIV Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Mexicana de la Ciencia de la Maleza (ASOMECIMA), November 10 to 12, 2003, Manzanillo, Mexico. 393.Google Scholar
Espinoza, N., Conejeros, A., Mera, M., and Rouanet, J. 2003b. Biotipo de ballica (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) con resistencia cruzada a herbicidas ACCasa. in Memoria XVI Congreso Latinoamericano de Malezas (ALAM)/XXIV Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Mexicana de la Ciencia de la Maleza (ASOMECIMA). Manzanillo, November 10 to 12, 2003, Manzanillo, Mexico. 394.Google Scholar
Espinoza, N., Díaz, J., and de Prado, R. 2005a. Ballica (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) con resistencia a glifosato, glifosato-trimesium, iodosulfuron y flucarbazone-Na. in Resúmenes XVII Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Malezas (ALAM), November 8 to 11, 2005, Varadero, Cuba. 324.Google Scholar
Espinoza, N., Díaz, J., and de Prado, R. 2005b. Historia de la resistencia de malezas a herbicidas en Chile. in Resúmenes XVII Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Malezas (ALAM), November 8 to 11, 2005, Varadero, Cuba. 326.Google Scholar
Espinoza, N. and Nitsche, J. 2002. Respuesta a herbicidas imidazolinonas de biotipos de Avena fatua, Lolium multiflorum y Cynosurus echinatus resistentes a los ACCasa. Simiente 72:134.Google Scholar
Espinoza, N., Seitz, K., Mera, M., Jobet, C., Díaz, J., and de Prado, R. 2002. Respuesta a herbicidas ACCasa y ALS de un biotipo de L. rigidum con antecedentes de resistencia a haloxyfop metil. Simiente 72:133.Google Scholar
Espinoza, N. and Zapata, M. 2000. Resistencia de ballica anual (Lolium rigidum) y avenilla (Avena fatua) a herbicidas graminicidas en las zonas centro-sur y sur de Chile. Agric. Téc. (Chile) 60:3–13.Google Scholar
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 2006. FAOSTAT data, 2005. http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/default.jsp?language=EN&version=ext&hasbulk=0. Accessed: April 30, 2006.Google Scholar
Feng, P. C. C., Pratley, J. E., and Bohn, J. A. 1999. Resistance to glyphosate in Lolium rigidum. II. Uptake, translocation and metabolism. Weed Sci. 47:412–415.Google Scholar
Ferreira, F. B., Oliveira-Pinto, J. J., Rezende, A. L., Lazareto, C. A., Kleemann, A. C., Mistura, C. C., and Hoffmann, D. 2003. Resistência de capim arroz (Echinochloa sp.) ao herbicida quinclorac. Pages 444–446. in Anais III Congresso Brasileiro de arroz irrigado e XXV Reunião da Cultura do Arroz Irrigado, 2003, Balneário Camboriú, Itajaí, Brazil.Google Scholar
Fischer, A. J., Granados, E., and Trujillo, D. 1993. Propanil resistance in populations of junglerice (Echinochloa colona) in Colombia rice fields. Weed Sci. 41:201–206.Google Scholar
Franco, P. and Aguanta, J. 2000. Evaluación de la susceptibilidad a graminicidas de tres especies de maicillo (Sorghum sudanense, verticilliflorum, saccharatum) proveniente de la zona de Chané, Piraí. Pages 407–413. in Centro de Investigación Agrícola Tropical, Informe Técnico Anual 1999–2000, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.Google Scholar
Franco, P., Caseley, J. C., Kim, D. S., Riches, C. R., and Miyasato, Y. 1999. Evaluation of response of fluazifop-p resistant carib grass (Eriochloa punctata) to other ACCase inhibitors and herbicides with other modes of action. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 39:106.Google Scholar
Frear, D. S. and Still, G. G. 1968. The metabolism of 3,4-dichloropropionanilide in plants. Partial purification and properties of an aryl acylamidase from rice. Phytochemistry 7:913–919.Google Scholar
Fuentes, C. L., Montoya, S., Jacqmin, B., and Hernández, N. 2003. Kit for the detection of Echinochloa colona and Ischaemum rugosum susceptibility status to the herbicide fenoxaprop-p-ethyl. Resistant Pest Manag. Newsl. 12:83. http://whalonlab.msu.edu/rpmnews/vol.12_no.2/abstracts/rpm_abstracts.htm. Accessed: April 30, 2006.Google Scholar
Galli, A. J. B., Marochi, A. I., Christoffoleti, P. J., Trentin, R., and Tochetto, S. 2005. Ocorrência de Lolium multiflorum Lam resistente a glyphosate no Brasil. Ponencias. in Seminario-Taller Iberoamericano Resistencia a Herbicidas y Cultivos Transgénicos, Centro Politécnico del Cono Sur, Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, December 6 to 8, 2005. http://www.inia.org.uy/estaciones/la_estanzuela/webseminariomalezas/index.htm. Accessed: April 30, 2005.Google Scholar
Garro, J. E., de la Cruz, R., and Shannon, P. J. 1991. Propanil resistance in Echinochloa colona populations with different herbicide use histories. Pages 1079–1083. in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference—Weeds. Volume 3.Google Scholar
Gazziero, D. L. P., Brighenti, A. M., Voll, E., Prete, C. E. C., Sumiya, M. E., and Kajihara, L. 2004. Variabilidade no grau de resistência de capim-marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea) aos herbicidas clethodim, tepraloxydim e sethoxydim. Planta Daninha 22:397–402.Google Scholar
Gazziero, D. L. P., Christoffoleti, P. J., Brighenti, A. M., Prete, C. E. C., and Voll, E. 2000. Resistência da planta dañina capim-marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea) aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase na cultura da soja. Planta Daninha 18:169–180.Google Scholar
Ospina, I. E. Giratá 2001. Estandarización y Evaluación de Técnicas para la Detección de la Resistencia de Echinochloa Colona e Ischaemum Rugosum al Herbicida Fenoxaprop-p-etil. M.S. thesis Bogotá, Columbia Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. 86. http://whalonlab.msu.edu/rpmnews/vol.11_no.2/vol.11_no.2.pdf. Accessed: April 30, 2006.Google Scholar
Cortez, M. G. Golçalves, Christoffoleti, P. J., Filho, R. Victoria, and de Prado, R. 2001. Mechanism of resistance and sensitivity of Brachiaria plantaginea (Link) Hitchc. to ACCase inhibitor herbicides. in Abstracts, Third International Weed Science Congress, June 6 to 11, 2000, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil [CD-ROM]. Available on request from International Weed Science Society: http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/iws/. 141.Google Scholar
Heap, I. 2006. The International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. http://www.weedscience.com. Accessed: April 30, 2006.Google Scholar
Istilart, C. M. 2005. Relevamiento de malezas en girasol en el centro sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires. in Resumenes XVII Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Malezas (ALAM), Varadero, Cuba, November 8 to 11, 2005. 712.Google Scholar
Knights, J. S. 1995. The Activity of Graminicides Alone and in Mixture for the Control of Herbicide Resistant Junglerice (Echinochloa Colona (L.) Link). M.Sc. project Bath, United Kingdom University of Bath. 135.Google Scholar
Kogan, M. and Pérez, A. 2002. Resistencia de malezas a glifosato. Pages 154–163. in Memorias XXXII Congreso Annual COMALFI: Manejo Integrado de Arvenses, March 20 to 22, 2002, Santa Marta, Colombia.Google Scholar
Leah, J. M., Caseley, J. C., Riches, C. R., and Valverde, B. E. 1994. Association between elevated activity of aryl acylamidase and propanil resistance in jungle-rice, Echinochloa colona . Pestic. Sci. 42:281–289.Google Scholar
Leah, J. M., Caseley, J. C., Riches, C. R., and Valverde, B. E. 1995. Age-related mechanisms of propanil tolerance in jungle-rice, Echinochloa colona . Pestic. Sci. 43:347–354.Google Scholar
López-Ovejero, R. F., Carvalho, S. J. P., Nicolai, M., Penckowski, L. H., and Christoffoleti, P. J. 2005. Resistência de populações de capim-colchão (Digitaria ciliaris) aos herbicidas inibidores da acetil Co-A carboxilase. Planta Daninha 23:543–549.Google Scholar
Lorraine-Colwill, D. F., Powles, S. B., Hawkes, T. R., Hollinshead, P. H., Warner, S. A. J., and Preston, C. 2002. Investigations into the mechanism of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum . Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 74:62–72.Google Scholar
Lorraine-Colwill, D. F., Powles, S. B., Hawkes, T. R., and Preston, C. 2001. Inheritance of evolved glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum (Gaud). Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:545–550.Google Scholar
Matsunaka, S. 1968. Propanil hydrolysis: Inhibition in rice plants by insecticides. Science 160:1360–1361.Google Scholar
Melo, P. T. B. S., Andres, A., Concenço, G., and Resende, R. G. 2003a. Determinação de metodologia de laboratório para identificação de sementes de capim-arroz resistente ao herbicida quinclorac. in Anais 3a Conferencia Internacional de Clima Templado, 2003, Punta del Este, Uruguay.Google Scholar
Melo, P. T. B. S., Andres, A., Concenço, G., Franco, D. F., and Resende, R. G. 2003b. Reação de ecótipos de capim-arroz ao herbicida quinclorac. Pages 438–440. in Anais III Congresso Brasileiro de arroz irrigado e XXV Reunião da Cultura do Arroz Irrigado, 2003, Balneário Camboriú, Itajaí, Brazil.Google Scholar
Menezes, V. G., Ramirez, H. V., and Oliveira, J. C. 2001. Resistance of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. to quinclorac in flooded rice in southern Brazil. in Proceeding of the Third International Weed Science Congress, June 6 to 11, 2000, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil, Manuscript number 297. 7. [CD-ROM]. Available on request from International Weed Science Society: http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/iws/.Google Scholar
Gutierrez, J. Morgado, Razo, J. A. Tafoya, Soria, F. Urzua, and Pedrero, G. Mondragón 2001. Strategies to control canary grass (Phalaris spp.) resistant to herbicides aryloxyphenoxypropionates and cyclohexanediones on wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) as part of an IWM model. Pages 152–153. in Abstracts, Third International Weed Science Congress, June 6 to 11, 2000, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil [CD-ROM]. Available on request from International Weed Science Society: http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/iws/.Google Scholar
Noldin, J. A., Eberhardt, D. S., Zunino, J., Rampelotti, F. T., and Vieira, J. 2005. Monitoramento e manejo da resistência de plantas daninhas a herbicidas em áreas de arroz irrigado no estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Pages 328–337. in Resumenes XVII Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Malezas (ALAM), Varadero, Cuba, November 8 to 11, 2005.Google Scholar
Ortiz, A., Pacheco, M., Pérez, V., Ramos, R., and Sejías, E. 2000. Identificación de biotipos de Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. potencialmente resistentes al propanil en Venezuela. Rev. COMALFI (Colombia) 26:21–27.Google Scholar
Pérez, A., Alister, C., and Kogan, M. 2004. Absorption, translocation and allocation of glyphosate in resistant and susceptible Chilean biotypes of Lolium multiflorum . Weed Biol. Manag. 4:56–58.Google Scholar
Pérez, A. and Kogan, M. 2001. Resistencia de malezas a herbicidas. Agron. For. UC (Chile) 4:4–9.Google Scholar
Pérez, A. and Kogan, M. 2003. Glyphosate-resistant Lolium multiflorum in Chilean orchards. Weed Res. 43:12–19.Google Scholar
Pérez-Jones, A., Park, K. W., Colquhoun, J., Mallory-Smith, C., and Shaner, D. 2005. Identification of glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Oregon. Weed Sci. 53:775–779.Google Scholar
Powles, S. B., Lorraine-Colwill, D. F., Dellow, J. J., and Preston, C. 1998. Evolved resistance to glyphosate in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. Weed Sci. 46:604–607.Google Scholar
Puricelli, E., Tuesca, D., Faccini, D., Nisensohn, L., and Vitta, J. I. 2005. Análisis en los cambios de la densidad y diversidad de malezas en rotaciones con cultivos resistentes a glifosato en Argentina. Ponencias. in Seminario-Taller Iberoamericano Resistencia a Herbicidas y Cultivos Transgénicos, Centro Politécnico del Cono Sur, Colonia del Sacramento, Uruguay, December 6 to 8, 2005. http://www.inia.org.uy/estaciones/la_estanzuela/webseminariomalezas/index.htm. Accessed: April 30, 2006.Google Scholar
Riches, C. R., Caseley, J. C., Valverde, B. E., and Down, V. M. 1996. Resistance of Echinochloa colona to ACCase inhibiting herbicides. Pages 14–16. in de Prado, R., Jorrín, J., García-Torres, L. and Marshall, G., eds Proceedings of the International Symposium on Weed and Crop Resistance to Herbicides, April 3 to 6, 1995, University of Cordoba, Spain.Google Scholar
Riches, C. R., Knights, J. S., Chaves, L., Caseley, J. C., and Valverde, B. E. 1997. The role of pendimethalin in the integrated management of propanil-resistant Echinochloa colona in Central America. Pestic. Sci. 51:341–346.Google Scholar
Roman, E. S., Vargas, L., Rizzardi, M. A., and Mattei, R. W. 2004. Resistência de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) ao herbicida glyphosate. Planta Daninha 22:301–306.Google Scholar
Socorro, J. M. Rosario and Fuentes, C. L. 2005. Resistencia de Parthenium hysterophorus L. al herbicida glifosato: un nuevo caso de resistencia a herbicidas en Colombia. in Resúmenes 2do. Congreso Bianual SODIAF, November 24 to 25, 2005, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. http://www.sodiaf.org.do/publica/congreso/01Resumenes%20Final.pdf. Accessed: April 30, 2006. 9.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Santaella, J. P., Wagner, J., Gerhards, R., and de Prado, R. 2006. Detection of a new mutation of glycine to serine in the ACCase of a resistant biotype of Phalaris paradoxa . Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 46:93.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M., Sanches, W., and Felippe, J. M. 2003. Monitoramento de areas de arroz irrigado com suspeitas de resistência a quinclorac no Rio Grande Sul. in Anais III Congresso Brasileiro de Arroz Irrigado e XXV Reunião da Cultura do Arroz Irrigado, 2003, Balneário Camboriú, Itajaí, Brazil. 542.Google Scholar
Still, C. C. and Kuzirian, O. 1967. Enzyme detoxication of 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide in rice and barnyard grass, a factor in herbicide selectivity. Nature 216:799–800.Google Scholar
Razo, J. A. Tafoya 2003. Manejo de la resistencia de malezas a herbicidas en trigo y cebada en la región de El Bajío. in Memoria XVI Congreso Latinoamericano de Malezas (ALAM)/XXIV Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Mexicana de la Ciencia de la Maleza (ASOMECIMA). Manzanillo, Mexico, November 10 to 12, 2003. 420.Google Scholar
Tafoya-Razo, J. A. 2005. Resistencia múltiple de Avena fatua a herbicidas inhibidores de ACCasa y ALS en México. in Resúmenes XVII Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Malezas (ALAM). Varadero, Cuba, November 8 to 11, 2005. 338.Google Scholar
Tamayo-Esquer, L. M. and Martinez-Carrillo, J. L. 2002. Resistance of little seed canary-grass Phalaris minor Rets. and Hood canary-grass Phalaris paradoxa L. to commercial herbicides in the Yaqui Valley of Sonora, Mexico. Resistant Pest Manag. Newsl. 12:37–39.Google Scholar
Tuesca, D., Puricelli, E., and Papa, J. C. 2001. A long-term study of weed flora shifts in different tillage systems. Weed Res. 41:369–382.Google Scholar
Valverde, B. E. 1996. Management of herbicide resistant weeds in Latin America: The case of propanil-resistant Echinochloa colona in rice. Pages 415–420. in Proceedings of the Second International Weed Control Congress, Copenhagen, Denmark.Google Scholar
Valverde, B. E. and Bolaños-Espinoza, A. 1999. February 28. La resistencia a herbicidas dificulta el manejo de la maleza. Agro Síntesis (Mexico), 7–8, 10, 12.Google Scholar
Valverde, B. E., Chaves, L., Garita, I., Ramírez, F., Vargas, E., Carmiol, J., Riches, C. R., and Caseley, J. C. 2001. Modified herbicide regimes for propanil-resistant junglerice control in rain-fed rice. Weed Sci. 49:395–405.Google Scholar
Valverde, B. E., Chaves, L., González, J., and Garita, I. 1993. Field-evolved imazapyr resistance in Ixophorus unisetus and Eleusine indica in Costa Rica. Pages 1189–1194. in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference—Weeds, Brighton, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Valverde, B. E., Chaves, P., Garita, I., Vargas, E., Riches, C. R., and Caseley, J. C. 1997. From theory to practice: development of piperophos as a synergist to propanil to combat herbicide propanil resistance in junglerice, Echinochloa colona . Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 37:33.Google Scholar
Valverde, B. E., Garita, I., Vargas, E., Chaves, L., Ramírez, F., Fischer, A. J., and Pabón, H. 1999. Anilofos as a synergist to propanil for controlling propanil-resistant junglerice, Echinochloa colona . Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 39:318.Google Scholar
Valverde, B. E. and Itoh, K. 2001. World rice and herbicide resistance. Pages 195–249. in Powles, S.R. and Shaner, D. eds. Herbicide Resistance in World Grains. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.Google Scholar
Valverde, B. E., Riches, C. R., and Caseley, J. C. 2000. Prevention and Management of Herbicide Resistant Weeds in Rice: Experiences from Central America with Echinochloa Colona. Cámara de Insumos Agropecuarios, Costa Rica. Pages 123. http://www.weedscience.org. Accessed: April 30, 2006.Google Scholar
Vargas, L., Roman, E. S., Rizzardi, M. A., and Silva, V. C. 2004. Identificação de biótipos de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate em pomares de maçã. Planta Daninha 22:617–622.Google Scholar
Vargas, L., Roman, E. S., Rizzardi, M. A., and Silva, V. C. 2005. Alteração das características biológicas dos biótipos de azevém (Lolium multiflorum) ocasionada pela resistência ao herbicida glyphosate. Planta Daninha 23:153–160.Google Scholar
Venegas, R., Espinoza, N., Mera, M., Jobet, C., and Zapata, M. 2001a. Resistencia a los herbicidas inhibidores de la ACCasa de biotipos de Avena fatua L. in XV Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Malezas/X Jornadas Venezolanas Cientifico Tecnicas en Biología y Combate de Malezas, November 20 to 26, 2001, Maracaibo, Venezuela. 169.Google Scholar
Venegas, R., Espinoza, N., Mera, M., Jobet, C., and Zapata, M. 2001b. Resistencia a los herbicidas inhibidores de la ALS de un biotipo de Avena fatua L. con antecedentes de resistencia a los herbicidas inhibidores de la ACCasa. in XV Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Malezas/X Jornadas Venezolanas Cientifico Tecnicas en Biología y Combate de Malezas, November 20 to 26, 2001, Maracaibo, Venezuela. 170.Google Scholar
Vidal, R. A., Lamego, F. P., and Trezzi, M. M. 2006a. An innovative strategy for early detection of herbicide resistant weeds in the farm helps to quarantine and to contain the problem. Abstr. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. 320:92–93.Google Scholar
Vidal, R. A., Portes, E. S., Lamego, F. P., and Trezzi, M. M. 2006b. Resistência de Eleusine indica aos inibidores de ACCase. Planta Daninha 24:163–171.Google Scholar
Villa-Casarez, J. T. 1998. Repuesta de Echinochloa colona (L.) Link a Propanil en el Cultivo de Arroz (Oryza sativa L.) en Áreas Selectas de México. Tesis M.Sc Chapingo, México Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. 140.Google Scholar
Vitta, J., Tuesca, D., and Puricelli, E. 2004. Widespread use of glyphosate tolerant soybean and weed community richness in Argentina. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 103:621–624.Google Scholar
Wakelin, A. M., Lorraine-Colwill, D. F., and Preston, C. 2004. Glyphosate resistance in four different populations of Lolium rigidum is associated with reduced translocation of glyphosate to meristematic zones. Weed Res. 44:453–459.Google Scholar
Yih, R. Y., McRae, D. H., and Wilson, H. F. 1968. Mechanism of selective action of 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide. Plant Physiol. 43:1291–1296.Google Scholar
Zambrano, C. and Espinoza, H. 2004a. Evaluación de la resistencia de poblaciones de Echinochloa colona (L.) Link al fenoxaprop-p-etil en arroz (Oryza sativa L.) provenientes de diferentes localidades del estado Portuguesa. in Memorias XI Congreso de Malezas, UNET, Táchira, Venezuela. 111.Google Scholar
Zambrano, C. and Espinoza, H. 2004b. Evaluación de la resistencia de poblaciones de Ischaemum rugosum al bispiribac sodio en arroz (Oryza sativa L.) provenientes de los estados Portuguesa y Guárico. in Memorias XI Congreso de Malezas, UNET, Táchira, Venezuela. 112.Google Scholar