Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T21:53:39.694Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Effect of Dry Heat, Direct Flame, and Straw Burning on Seed Germination of Weed Species Found in Lowbush Blueberry Fields

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Scott N. White*
Affiliation:
Department of Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University Faculty of Agriculture, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
Nathan S. Boyd
Affiliation:
Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL 33598
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dry heat, direct flame, and straw burning on germination of several weed species from lowbush blueberry fields. Dry heat experiments were designed as factorial arrangements of temperature (100, 200, and 300 C in experiment 1 and room temperature, 100, 200, and 300 C in experiment 2) and exposure time (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 s in experiment 1 and 2, 5, 10, and 20 s in experiment 2) to determine the exposure time required to reduce germination for each temperature. Susceptibility to dry heat varied across species tested, but germination of spreading dogbane, meadow salsify, fireweed, and hair fescue seeds collected from lowbush blueberry fields in Nova Scotia, Canada generally declined exponentially as a function of duration of heat exposure at the temperatures tested. Germination decreased more rapidly at higher temperatures in all species, although the duration of heat exposure required to reduce germination by 50 and 90% varied across temperatures and species. Exposure of seeds to direct flame rapidly reduced germination, with less than 1 s of exposure required to reduce seed germination of witchgrass, spreading dogbane, and meadow salsify by > 90%. Straw burning did not consistently reduce germination of hair fescue or winter bentgrass, indicating that a surface burn occurring above weed seeds may not be consistently effective at reducing seed viability. These results provide important estimates of the temperature and exposure times required to reduce viability of weed seeds in lowbush blueberry fields and suggest that thermal technologies that expose weed seeds to direct flame will be the most consistent in reducing seed viability.

Experimentos fueron realizados para determinar los efectos de calor seco, llama directa, y la quema de paja sobre la germinación de varias especies de malezas en campos de arándano de arbusto bajo. Los experimentos con calor seco fueron diseñados como arreglos factoriales de temperatura (100, 200, y 300 C en el experimento 1, y temperatura ambiente, 100, 200, y 300 C en el experimento 2) y de duración de exposición (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, y 80 s en experimento 1, y 2, 5, 10, y 20 s en experimento 2), para determinar el tiempo de exposición requerido para reducir la germinación en cada temperatura. La susceptibilidad al calor seco varió entre las especies evaluadas, pero la germinación de semillas de Apocynum androsaemifolium, Tragopogon pratensis, Chamerion angustifolium, y Festuca filiformis colectadas en campos de arándano de arbusto bajo en Nova Scotia, Canada, generalmente declinó exponencialmente en función de la duración de la exposición al calor a las temperaturas evaluadas. La germinación disminuyó más rápidamente a temperaturas más altas en todas las especies, aunque la duración de la exposición al calor requerida para reducir la germinación en 50 y 90% varió entre las temperaturas y las especies. La exposición directa de semillas a llamas rápidamente redujo la germinación, con menos de 1 s de exposición requerida para reducir en >90% la germinación de las semillas de Panicum capillare, A. androsaemifolium, y T. pratensis. La quema de paja no redujo consistentemente la germinación de F. filiformis o de Agrostis hyemalis, indicando que una quema superficial sobre las semillas de malezas no sería consistentemente efectiva para reducir la viabilidad de las semillas. Estos resultados brindan estimados importantes de la temperatura y los tiempos de exposición requeridos para reducir la viabilidad de las semillas de malezas en campos de arándano de arbusto bajo y sugiere que las tecnologías termales que exponen directamente las malezas de semillas a llamas serán las más consistentes para reducir la viabilidad de las semillas.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor for this paper: Bradley Hanson, University of California, Davis.

References

Literature Cited

[AAFC] Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (2005) Crop Profile for Wild Blueberry in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Canada. Pesticide Risk Reduction Program Pest Management Center. 39 pGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (2012) Witchgrass control in wild blueberries. Wild blueberry fact sheet C.4.8.0. New Brunswick, Canada: New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Fisheries Google Scholar
Cardina, J, Herms, CP, Doohan, DJ (2002) Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seedbanks. Weed Sci 50:448460 Google Scholar
DeGomez, T (1988) Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries. Fact Sheet No. 229. Umaine Extension No. 2168. Orono, ME: University of Maine Cooperative Extension Google Scholar
DiTomaso, JM, Brooks, ML, Allen, EB, Minnich, R, Rice, PM, Kyser, GB (2006) Control of invasive weeds with prescribed burning. Weed Technol 20:535548 Google Scholar
Duchesne, LC, Wetzel, S (2004) Effect of fire intensity and depth of burn on lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, and velvet leaf blueberry, Vaccinium myrtilloides, production in eastern Ontario. Can Field Nat 118:195200 Google Scholar
Egley, GH (1990) High-temperature effects on germination and survival of weed seeds in soil. Weed Sci 38:429435 Google Scholar
Gashaw, M, Michelsen, A (2002) Influence of heat shock on seed germination of plants from regularly burnt savanna woodlands and grasslands in Ethiopia. Plant Ecol 159:8393 Google Scholar
González-Rabanal, F, Casal, M (1995) Effect of high temperatures and ash on germination of ten species from gorse shrubland. Vegetatio 116:123131 Google Scholar
Herranz, JM, Ferrandis, P, Martinez-Sánchez, JJ (1998) Influence of heat on seed germination of seven Mediterranean Leguminosae species. Plant Ecol 136:95103 Google Scholar
Jensen, KIN, Yarborough, DE (2004) An overview of weed management in the wild lowbush blueberry—past and present. Small Fruits Rev 3:229255 Google Scholar
Jobidon, R (1986) Allelopathic potential of coniferous species to old-field weeds in eastern Quebec. Forest Sci 32:112118 Google Scholar
Kyser, GB, Doran, MP, McDougald, NK, Orloff, SB, Vargas, RN, Wilson, RG, DiTomaso, JM (2008) Site characteristics determine the success of prescribed burning for medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) control. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 1:376384 Google Scholar
Lambert, DH (1990) Effects of pruning method on the incidence of mummy berry and other lowbush blueberry diseases. Plant Dis 74:199201 Google Scholar
McCully, KV, Sampson, MG, Watson, AK (1991) Weed survey of Nova Scotia lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) fields. Weed Sci 39:180185 Google Scholar
McKell, CM, Wilson, AM, Kay, BL (1962) Effective burning of rangelands infested with medusahead. Weeds 10:125131 Google Scholar
Moore, JM, Wein, RW (1977) Viable seed populations by soil depth and potential site recolonization after disturbance. Can J Bot 55:24082412 Google Scholar
Myerscough, PJ, Whitehead, FH (1966) Comparative biology of Tussilago farfara L., Chamafnerion angustifolium (L.) Scop., Epilobium montanum L. and Epilobium adfnocaulon Hausskn. I. General biology and germination. New Phytol 65:192210 Google Scholar
Paula, S, Pausas, JG (2008) Burning seeds: germinative response to heat treatments in relation to resprouting ability. J Ecol 96:543552 Google Scholar
Penney, BG, McRae, KB, Rayment, AF (1997). Long-term effects of burn-pruning on lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) production. Can J Plant Sci 77:421425 Google Scholar
Penney, BG, McRae, KB, Rayment, AF (2008) Effect of long-term burn-pruning on the flora in a lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) stand. Can J Plant Sci 88:351362 Google Scholar
Smith, DW, Hilton, RJ (1971) The comparative effects of pruning by burning or clipping on lowbush blueberries in northeastern Ontario. J Appl Ecol 8:781789 Google Scholar
Sweet, SB, Kyser, GB, DiTomaso, JM (2008) Susceptibility of exotic annual grass seeds to fire. Invasive Plant Sci Manag 1:158167 Google Scholar
Vermeire, LT, Rinella, MJ (2009) Fire alters emergence of invasive plant species from soil surface-deposited seeds. Weed Sci 57:304310 Google Scholar
Yarborough, DE (2004) Factors contributing to the increase in productivity in the wild blueberry industry. Small Fruits Rev 3:3343 Google Scholar
Yenish, JP, Doll, JD, Buhler, DD (1992) Effects of tillage on vertical distribution and viability of weed seed in soil. Weed Sci 40:429433 Google Scholar
Young, FL, Ogg, AG Jr., Dotray, PA (1990) Effect of postharvest field burning on jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) germination. Weed Technol 4:123127 Google Scholar