Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:07:54.209Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) germination and emergence as affected by environmental factors and seeding depth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jason K. Norsworthy  and
Marcos J. Oliveira
Marcos J. Oliveira
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Soils, and Plant Sciences, Clemson University, 277 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson SC 29634
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of light, temperature, solution pH, solution osmotic potential, and oxygen concentration on sicklepod germination and radicle plus hypocotyl elongation and seeding depth on emergence. Scarified, nondormant sicklepod seeds were used for these experiments. Sicklepod germination was not influenced by red or far-red light nor was light required for germination, which averaged 81% over all light treatments. Sicklepod germinated over a range of constant temperatures from 15 to 50 C, with optimum germination between 15 and 30 C. Germination was optimal near pH 6 for temperatures of 15 and 30 C. Germination and radicle plus hypocotyl length decreased with decreasing solution osmotic potential, and no germination occurred at a solution osmotic potential of −0.75 MPa at 15 C during 7 d incubation. Germination was greater at 20% oxygen than at 2% oxygen. The mean emergence depth for sicklepod was 3.3 and 4.6 cm in a highly disturbed sand and sandy loam soil, respectively. Sicklepod emerged from a 10-cm depth in the sandy loam soil, but no emergence occurred in the sand soil at this depth.

Keywords

Sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby CASOBEmergence depthgerminationmoisture stressoxygen concentrationsolution osmotic potentialsolution pHtemperatureweed biology
Type
Research Article
Information
Weed Science , Volume 54 , Issue 5 , October 2006 , pp. 903 - 909
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Al-Ani, A., Bruzau, F., Raymond, P., Saint-Ges, V., Leblanc, J. M., and Pradet, A. 1985. Germination, respiration and adenylate energy charge of seeds at various oxygen partial pressures. Plant Physiol. 79:885–890.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bararpour, M. T. and Oliver, L. R. 1998. Effect of tillage and interference on common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) population, seed production, and seedbank potential. Weed Sci. 46:424–431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benech-Arnold, R. L., Sánchez, R. A., Forcella, F., Kruk, B. C., and Ghersa, C. M. 2000. Environmental control of dormancy in weed seed banks in soil. Field Crops Res. 67:105–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benvenuti, S. 2003. Soil texture involvement in germination and emergence of buried weed seeds. Agron. J. 95:191–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benvenuti, S., Macchia, M., and Miele, S. 2001. Quantitative analysis of emergence of seedlings from buried weed seeds with increasing soil depth. Weed Sci. 49:528–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd, N. and Acker, R. V. 2004. Seed germination of common weed species as affected by oxygen concentration, light, and osmotic potential. Weed Sci. 52:589–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brady, N. C. and Weil, R. R. 2002. Soil acidity. Pages 363–412 in Helba, S. ed. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Buchanan, G. A. and Burns, E. R. 1971. Weed competition in cotton, I: sicklepod and tall morningglory. Weed Sci. 19:576–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchanan, G. A., Hoveland, C. S., and Harris, M. C. 1975. Response of weeds to soil pH. Weed Sci. 23:473–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buhler, D. D. 1992. Population dynamics and control of annual weeds in corn (Zea mays) as influenced by tillage systems. Weed Sci. 40:241–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardina, J., Herms, C. P., and Doohan, D. J. 2002. Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seedbank. Weed Sci. 50:448–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardina, J. and Hook, J. E. 1989. Factors influencing germination and emergence of Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum). Weed Technol. 3:402–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clements, D. R., Benoit, D. L., Murphy, S. D., and Swanton, C. J. 1996. Tillage effects on weed seed return and seedbank composition. Weed. Sci. 44:314–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creel, J. M., Hoveland, C. S., and Buchaman, G. A. 1968. Germination, growth, and ecology of sicklepod. Weed Sci. 16:396–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cussans, G. W., Raudonius, S., Brain, P., and Cumberworth, S. 1996. Effects of depth of seed burial and soil aggregate size on seedling emergence of Alopecurus myosuroides, Galium aparine, Stellaria media and wheat. Weed Res. 36:133–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dekker, J. and Hargrove, M. 2002. Weedy adaptation in Setaria spp., V: effects of gaseous environment on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) (Poaceae) seed germination. Am. J. Bot. 89:410–416.Google Scholar
Drew, C. 1990. Sensing soil oxygen. Plant Cell Environ. 13:681–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egley, G. H. and Chandler, J. M. 1983. Longevity of weed seeds after 5.5 years in the Stoneville 50-year buried-seed study. Weed Sci. 31:264–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forcella, F., Benech-Arnold, R. L., Sánchez, R., and Ghersa, C. M. 2000. Modeling seedling emergence. Field Crops Res. 67:123–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Froud-Williams, R. J., Drennan, D. S. H., and Chancellor, R. J. 1984. The influence of burial and dry-storage upon cyclic changes in dormancy, germination and response to light in seeds of various arable weeds. New Phytol. 96:473–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. New York: J. Wiley. Pp. 7–83.Google Scholar
Hemmat, M., Zeng, G-W., and Khan, A. A. 1985. Responses of intact and scarified curly dock (Rumex crispus) seeds to physical and chemical stimuli. Weed Sci. 33:658–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holm, R. E. 1972. Volatile metabolites controlling germination in buried weed seeds. Plant Physiol. 50:293–297.Google ScholarPubMed
Irwin, H. S. and Turner, B. L. 1960. Chromosomal relationships and taxonomic considerations in the genus Cassia . Am. J. Bot. 47:309–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[ISTA] International Seed Testing Association. 1985. International rules for seed testing 1985. Seed Sci. Technol. 13:327–483.Google Scholar
Leon, R. G. and Owen, M. D. K. 2003. Regulation of weed seed dormancy through light and temperature interactions. Weed Sci. 51:752–758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, B. E. 1983. Evaluation of the water potentials of solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. Plant Physiol. 72:66–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohler, C. L. 1993. A model of the effects of tillage on emergence of weed seedlings. Ecol. Appl. 3:53–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohler, C. L. and Galford, A. E. 1997. Weed seedling emergence and seed survival: separating the effects of seed position and soil modification by tillage. Weed Res. 37:147–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. 2003. Use of soybean production surveys to determine weed management needs of South Carolina farmers. Weed Technol. 17:195–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. 2004. Soybean canopy formation effects on pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) emergence. Weed Sci. 52:954–960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. and Oliveira, M. J. 2005. Coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis) germination and emergence is influenced by environmental factors and seeding depth. Weed Sci. 53:657–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliveira, M. J. and Norsworthy, J. K. 2005. Effect of drill-seeded soybean and tillage on temporal emergence of sicklepod. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 57:62.Google Scholar
Pareja, M. R., Staniforth, D. W., and Pareja, G. P. 1985. Distribution of weed seed among soil structural units. Weed Sci. 33:182–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajapakse, N. C., McMahon, M. J., and Kelly, J. W. 1993. End of day far-red light reverses height reduction of chrysanthemum induced by CuSO4 spectral filters. Sci. Hortic. 53:249–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, E. H. 1988. Temperature and seed germination. Pages 109–132 in Long, S. P. and Woodward, F. I. eds. Plants and Temperature. Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Senseman, S. A. and Oliver, L. R. 1993. Flowering patterns, seed production, and somatic polymorphism of three weed species. Weed Sci. 41:418–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoller, E. W. and Wax, L. M. 1973. Periodicity of germination and emergence of some annual weeds. Weed Sci. 21:574–580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, A. G., Moles, J. E., and Kirkham, N. B. 1982. Germination and seedling growth characteristics of three tomato species affected by water deficits. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. 107:282–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylorson, R. B. and Borthwick, H. A. 1969. Light filtration by foliar canopies: significance for light-controlled weed seed germination. Weed Sci. 12:48–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teem, D. H., Hoveland, C. S., and Buchanan, G. A. 1980. Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) and coffee senna (Cassia occidentalis): geographic distribution, germination and emergence. Weed Sci. 28:68–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurlow, D. L. and Buchanan, G. A. 1972. Competition of sicklepod with soybeans. Weed Sci. 20:379–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turk, M. A., Rahman, A., Tawaha, M., and Lee, K. D. 2004. Seed germination and seedling growth of three lentil cultivars under moisture stress. Asian J. Plant Sci. 3:394–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webster, T. M. and Coble, H. D. 1997. Changes in the weed species composition of the southern United States: 1974 to 1995. Weed Technol. 11:308–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilcut, J. W., Burke, I. C., Thomas, W. E., and Spears, J. F. 2003. Influence of environmental factors on broadleaf signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) germination. Weed Sci. 51:683–689.Google Scholar
Yenish, J. P., Doll, J. D., and Buhler, D. D. 1992. Effects of tillage on vertical distribution and variability of weed seed in soil. Weed Sci. 40:429–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar