Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T16:55:42.096Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Reducing the Risks of Herbicide Resistance: Best Management Practices and Recommendations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Jason K. Norsworthy ,
Sarah M. Ward ,
David R. Shaw ,
Rick S. Llewellyn ,
Robert L. Nichols ,
Theodore M. Webster ,
Kevin W. Bradley ,
George Frisvold ,
Stephen B. Powles  and
Nilda R. Burgos
...Show all authors
Jason K. Norsworthy*
Affiliation:
Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Atheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
Sarah M. Ward
Affiliation:
Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Atheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
David R. Shaw
Affiliation:
GeoResources Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
Rick S. Llewellyn
Affiliation:
CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Private Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
Robert L. Nichols
Affiliation:
Cotton Incorporated, 6399 Weston Parkway, Cary, NC 27513
Theodore M. Webster
Affiliation:
Crop Protection and Management Research Unit, USDA–Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA 31794
Kevin W. Bradley
Affiliation:
Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
George Frisvold
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 319 Economics Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
Stephen B. Powles
Affiliation:
Western Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
Nilda R. Burgos
Affiliation:
Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Atheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704
William W. Witt
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, 105 Plant Science Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
Michael Barrett
Affiliation:
Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, 105 Plant Science Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Herbicides are the foundation of weed control in commercial crop-production systems. However, herbicide-resistant (HR) weed populations are evolving rapidly as a natural response to selection pressure imposed by modern agricultural management activities. Mitigating the evolution of herbicide resistance depends on reducing selection through diversification of weed control techniques, minimizing the spread of resistance genes and genotypes via pollen or propagule dispersal, and eliminating additions of weed seed to the soil seedbank. Effective deployment of such a multifaceted approach will require shifting from the current concept of basing weed management on single-year economic thresholds.

Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 60 , Issue SP1 , 2012 , pp. 31 - 62
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America

References

Literature Cited

Ateh, C. M. and Doll, J. D. 1996. Spring-planted winter rye (Secale cereale) as a living mulch to control weeds in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol. 10:347–353.Google Scholar
Bagavathiannan, M. V., Norsworthy, J. K., and Smith, K. L. 2011a. Growth and reproduction of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) under different soybean densities and distances from soybean rows. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 64:298.Google Scholar
Bagavathiannan, M. V., Norsworthy, J. K., Smith, K. L., and Burgos, N. 2011b. Seedbank size and emergence pattern of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Arkansas. Weed Sci. 59:359–365.Google Scholar
Baldwin, F. and Slaton, N. 2001. Rice weed control. Pages 37–46 in N. Slaton, ed. Rice Production Handbook. Little Rock, AR Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas Misc. Publ. 192.Google Scholar
Ball, D. A. 1992. Weed seedbank response to tillage, herbicides, and crop rotation sequence. Weed Sci. 40:654–659.Google Scholar
Bangarwa, S. K., Norsworthy, J. K., Gbur, E. E., Zhang, J., and Habtom, T. 2011. Allyl isothiocyanates: a methyl bromide replacement in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper. Weed Technol. 25:90–96.Google Scholar
Banks, P. A. and Robinson, E. L. 1982. The influence of straw mulch on the soil reception and persistence of metribuzin. Weed Sci. 30:164–168.Google Scholar
Bararpour, M. T. and Oliver, L. R. 1998. Effect of tillage and interference on common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) population, seed production, and seedbank. Weed Sci. 46:424–431.Google Scholar
Bárberi, P. and Lo Cascio, B. 2001. Long-term tillage and crop rotation effects on weed seedbank size and composition. Weed Res. 41:325–340.Google Scholar
Barrett, S. C. H. 1983. Crop mimicry in weeds. Econ. Bot. 37:255–282.Google Scholar
Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. 1987. Temperature requirements for after-ripening in buried seeds of four summer annual weeds. Weed Res. 27:385–389.Google Scholar
Baskin, J. M. and Baskin, C. C. 1977. Role of temperature in the germination ecology of three summer annual weeds. Oecologia. 30:377–382.Google Scholar
Bauer, T. A. and Mortensen, D. A. 1992. A comparison of economic and economic optimum thresholds for two annual weeds in soybeans. Weed Technol. 6:228–235.Google Scholar
Beckie, H. J. 2006. Herbicide-resistant weeds: management tactics and practices. Weed Technol. 20:793–814.Google Scholar
Beckie, H. J. and Reboud, X. 2009. Selecting for weed resistance: herbicide rotation and mixture. Weed Technol. 23:363–370.Google Scholar
Beckie, H. J., Hall, L. M., and Schuba, B. 2005. Patch management of herbicide-resistant wild oat (Avena fatua). Weed Technol. 19:697–705.Google Scholar
Beckie, H. J., Hall, L. M., and Tardif, F. J. 2001. Impact and management of herbicide-resistant weeds in Canada. Pages 747–754 in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference–Weeds. Farnham, UK British Crop Protection Council.Google Scholar
Bell, M. S. and Tranel, P. J. 2010. Time requirement from pollination to seed maturity in waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus). Weed Sci. 58:167–173.Google Scholar
Benech-Arnold, R. L., Ghersa, C. M., Sanchez, R. A., and Garcia Fernandez, A. E. 1988. The role of fluctuating temperatures in the germination and establishment of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. regulation of germination under leaf canopies. Funct. Ecol. 2:311–318.Google Scholar
Bennett, D. 2011. Pigweeds: Chopping Costs, Burning Fields and Moldboard Plows. http://southwestfarmpress.com/print/management/pigweeds-chopping-costs-burning-fields-and-moldboard-plows. Accessed: January 14, 2011.Google Scholar
Bergkvist, G., Adler, A., Hansson, M., and Weih, M. 2010. Red fescue undersown in winter wheat suppresses Elytrigia repens . Weed Res. 50:447–455.Google Scholar
Bhowmik, P. C. 1997. Weed biology: importance to weed management. Weed Sci. 45:349–356.Google Scholar
Bhowmik, P. C. and Bekech, M. M. 1993. Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) seed production, emergence, and distribution in no-tillage and conventional-tillage corn (Zea mays). Agron. Trends Agric. Sci. 1:67–71.Google Scholar
Blackshaw, R. E. and Rode, L. M. 1991. Effect of ensiling and rumen digestion by cattle on weed seed viability. Weed Sci. 39:104–108.Google Scholar
Blackshaw, R. E., O'Donovan, J. T., Harker, K. N., Clayton, G. W., and Stougaard, R. N. 2006. Reduced herbicide doses in field crops: a review. Weed Biol. Manag. 6:10–17.Google Scholar
Booth, B. D. and Swanton, C. J. 2002. Assembly theory applied to weed communities. Weed Sci. 50:2–13.Google Scholar
Boutin, C. and Jobin, B. 1998. Intensity of agricultural practices and effects on adjacent habitats. Ecol. Appl. 8:544–557.Google Scholar
Bridges, D. C. and Walker, R. H. 1985. Influence of weed management and cropping systems on sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) seed in the soil. Weed Sci. 33:800–804.Google Scholar
Brookes, G. and Barfoot, P. 2011. GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996–2009. www.pgeconomics.co.uk/pdf/2011globalimpactstudy.pdf. Accessed: July 20, 2011.Google Scholar
Brown, J. and Brown, A. P. 1996. Gene transfer between canola (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) and related weed species. Ann. Appl. Biol. 129:513–522.Google Scholar
Bruff, S. A., Griffin, J. L., and Richard, E. P. Jr. 1996. Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) control as influenced by timing of asulam and fertilizer/cultivation applications. Weed Technol. 10:134–139.Google Scholar
Bryson, C. T., and De Felice, M. S., eds. 2009. Weeds of the South. Athens University of Georgia Press. 468 p.Google Scholar
Bryson, C. T., and De Felice, M. S., eds. 2010. Weeds of the Midwestern United States and Central Canada. Athens University of Georgia Press. 427 p.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D. 1995. Influence of tillage systems on weed population dynamics and management in corn and soybean production in the central USA. Crop Sci. 35:1247–1257.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D., Gunsolus, J. L., and Ralston, D. F. 1992. Integrated weed management techniques to reduce herbicide inputs in soybean. Agron. J. 84:973–978.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D., Hartzler, R. G., and Forcella, F. 1997. Implications of weed seedbank dynamics to weed management. Weed Sci. 45:329–336.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D., Hartzler, R. G., and Forcella, F. 1998. Weed seed bank dynamics: implications to weed management. J. Crop Prod. 1:145–168.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D., Mester, T. C., and Kohler, K. A. 1996. Effect of tillage and maize residue on the emergence of four annual weed species. Weed Res. 40:153–165.Google Scholar
Buhler, D. D., Stoltenberg, D. E., Becker, R. L., and Gunsolus, J. L. 1994. Perennial weed populations after 14 years of variable tillage and cropping systems. Weed Sci. 42:205–209.Google Scholar
Burgos, N. R., Norman, R. J., Gealy, D. R., and Black, H. 2006. Competitive N uptake between rice and weedy rice. Field Crops Res. 99:96–105.Google Scholar
Burnside, O. C., Moomaw, R. S., Roeth, F. W., Wicks, G. A., and Wilson, R. G. 1986. Weed seed demise in soil in weed-free corn (Zea mays) production across Nebraska. Weed Sci. 34:248–251.Google Scholar
Burton, M. G., Mortensen, D. A., and Marx, D. B. 2005. Environmental characteristics affecting Helianthus annuus distribution in a maize production system. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 111:30–40.Google Scholar
Burton, M. G., Prostko, E. P., Webster, T. M., Culpepper, A. S., and Norsworthy, J. K. 2006. Local and regional dispersal of tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis). Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 59:211.Google Scholar
Busi, R. and Powles, S. B. 2009. Evolution of glyphosate resistance in a Lolium rigidum population by glyphosate selection at sublethal doses. Heredity. 103:318–325.Google Scholar
Busi, R., Yu, Q., Barrett-Lennard, R., and Powles, S. 2008. Long distance pollen-mediated flow of herbicide resistance genes in Lolium rigidum . Theor. Appl. Genet. 117:1281–1290.Google Scholar
Byerlee, D. and de Polanco, E. H. 1986. Farmers' stepwise adoption of technological packages: evidence from the Mexican Altiplano. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 68:519–527.Google Scholar
Byrd, J. D., Bryson, C. T., and Westbrooks, R. G. 2004. Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) Identification and Control. http://www.mdac.state.ms.us/n_library/departments/bpi/pdf/bpi_tsa_fact_sheet.pdf. Accessed July 29, 2011.Google Scholar
Caamal-Maldonado, J. A., Jimenez-Osornio, J. J., Torres-Barragan, A., and Anaya, A. L. 2001. The use of allelopathic legume cover and mulch species for weed control in cropping systems. Agron. J. 93:27–36.Google Scholar
Cardina, J. and Norquay, H. M. 1997. Seed production and seed bank dynamics in subthreshold velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) populations. Weed Sci. 45:85–90.Google Scholar
Cardina, J., Herms, C. P., and Doohan, D. J. 2002. Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seedbanks. Weed Sci. 50:448–460.Google Scholar
Cardina, J., Herms, C. P., Herms, D. A., and Forcella, F. 2007. Evaluating phenological indicators for predicting giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) emergence. Weed Sci. 55:455–464.Google Scholar
Cardina, J., Regnier, E., and Harrison, K. 1991. Long-term tillage effects on seed banks in three Ohio soils. Weed Sci. 39:186–194.Google Scholar
Cardina, J., Norquay, H. M., Stinner, B. R., and McCartney, D. A. 1996. Postdispersal predation of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seeds. Weed Sci. 44:534–539.Google Scholar
Carey, V. F. III., Hoagland, R. E., and Talbert, R. E. 1995. Verification and distribution of propanil-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Arkansas. Weed Technol. 9:366–372.Google Scholar
Cash, S. D., Zamora, D. L., and Lenssen, A. W. 1998. Viability of weed seeds in feed pellet processing. J. Range Manag. 51:181–185.Google Scholar
Castello, T. A., Keisling, T. K., and Oliver, L. R. 1998. Cultural and chemical redvine (Brunnichia ovata) control in soybean. Little Rock, AR Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Special Rep. 186. Pp. 16–18.Google Scholar
Chase, C. A., Sinclair, T. R., Shilling, D. G., Gilreath, J. P., and Lo Cascio, S. J. 1998. Light effects on rhizome morphogenesis in nutsedges (Cyperus spp.): implications for control by soil solarization. Weed Sci. 46:575–580.Google Scholar
Chauhan, B. S., Migo, T., Westerman, P. R., and Johnson, D. E. 2010. Post-dispersal predation of weed seeds in rice fields. Weed Res. 50:553–560.Google Scholar
Chee-Sanford, J. C., Williams, M. M. III., Davis, A. S., and Sims, G. K. 2006. Do microorganisms influence seed-bank dynamics? Weed Sci. 54:575–587.Google Scholar
Clay, S. and Johnson, G. 2002. Scouting for weeds [published online December 6, 2002]. Crop Manag. Netw. DOI:10.1094/CM-2002-1206-01-MA.Google Scholar
Coble, H. D. and Mortensen, C. A. 1992. The threshold concept and its application to weed science. Weed Technol. 6:191–195.Google Scholar
Cohen, O., Riov, J., Katan, J., Gamliel, A., and Bar (Kutiel), P. 2008. Reducing persistent seed banks of invasive plants by soil solarization—the case of Acacia saligna . Weed Sci. 56:860–865.Google Scholar
Colbach, N., Forcella, F., and Johnson, G. A. 2000. Spatial and temporal stability of weed populations over five years. Weed Sci. 48:366–377.Google Scholar
Cousens, R. 1987. Theory and reality of weed control thresholds. Plant Prot. Q. 2:13–20.Google Scholar
Cromar, H. E., Murphy, S. D., and Swanton, C. J. 1999. Influence of tillage and crop residue on postdispersal predation of weed seeds. Weed Sci. 47:184–194.Google Scholar
Culpepper, A. S., Flanders, J. T., York, A. C., and Webster, T. M. 2004. Tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis) control in glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed Technol. 18:432–436.Google Scholar
Culpepper, A. S., Grey, T. L., Vencill, W. K., Kichler, J. M., Webster, T. M., Brown, S. M., York, A. C., Davis, J. W., and Hanna, W. W. 2006. Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) confirmed in Georgia. Weed Sci. 54:620–626.Google Scholar
Culpepper, A. S., Grey, T. L., and Webster, T. M. 2009. Vegetable response to herbicides applied to low-density polyethylene mulch prior to transplant. Weed Technol. 23:444–449.Google Scholar
Culpepper, A. S., Webster, T. M., Sosnoskie, L. M., and York, A. C. 2010. Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in the US. Pages 195–212 in Nandula, V. K., ed. Glyphosate Resistance: Evolution, Mechanisms, and Management. Hoboken, N.J. John Wiley.Google Scholar
Dale, P. J. 1994. The impact of hybrids between genetically modified crop plants and their related species: general considerations. Mol. Ecol. 3:31–36.Google Scholar
Dauer, J. T., Luschei, E. C., and Mortensen, D. A. 2009. Effects of landscape composition on spread of a herbicide-resistant weed. Landsc. Ecol. 24:735–747.Google Scholar
Dauer, J. T., Mortensen, D. A., and VanGessel, M. J. 2007. Temporal and spatial dynamics of long-distance Conyza canadensis seed dispersal. J. Appl. Ecol. 44:105–114.Google Scholar
Daugovish, O. and Mochizuki, N. J. 2010. Barriers prevent emergence of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) in annual plasticulture strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa). Weed Technol. 24:478–482.Google Scholar
D'Emden, F. H., Llewellyn, R. S., and Burton, M. P. 2008. Factors influencing adoption of conservation tillage in Australian cropping regions. Aust. J. Agric. Res. Econ. 52:169–182.Google Scholar
Derksen, D. A., Watson, P. R., and Loeppky, H. A. 1998. Weed community composition in seed banks, seedling, and mature plant communities in a multi-year trial in western Canada. Asp. Appl. Biol. 51:43–50.Google Scholar
DeVore, J. D., Norsworthy, J. K., Johnson, D. B., Starkey, C. E., Wilson, M. J., and Griffith, G. M. 2011. Palmer amaranth emergence as influenced by soybean production system and deep tillage. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 64:239.Google Scholar
Dewey, S. A. and Whitesides, R. E. 1990. Weed seed analysis from four decades of Utah small grain drillbox surveys. Proc. Western Soc. Weed Sci. 43:69.Google Scholar
Dieleman, J. A. and Mortensen, D. A. 1999. Characterizing the spatial pattern of Abutilon theophrasti seedling patches. Weed Res. 39:455–467.Google Scholar
Diggle, A. J., Neve, P. B., and Smith, F. P. 2003. Herbicides used in combination can reduce the probability of herbicide resistance in finite weed populations. Weed Res. 43:371–382.Google Scholar
Dill, G. M., CaJacob, C. A., and Padgette, S. R. 2008. Glyphosate-resistant crops: adoption, use and future considerations. Pest Manag. Sci. 64:326–331.Google Scholar
Duke, S. O. 2011. Why are there no new herbicide modes of action in recent years [published online ahead of print December 22, 2011]? Pest Manag. Sci. DOI: 10.1002/ps2333.Google Scholar
Duke, S. O. and Powles, S. B. 2008. Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide. Pest Manag. Sci. 64:319–325.Google Scholar
Eberlein, C. V., Al-Khatib, K., Guttieri, M. J., and Fuerst, E. P. 1992. Distribution and characteristics of triazine-resistant Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) in Idaho. Weed Sci. 40:507–512.Google Scholar
Egley, G. H. 1976. Germination of developing prickly sida seeds. Weed Sci. 24:239–243.Google Scholar
Egley, G. H. 1999. Reflections on my career in weed seed germination research. Seed Sci. 9:3–12.Google Scholar
Egley, G. H. and Chandler, J. M. 1983. Longevity of weed seeds after 5.5 years in the Stoneville 50-year buried-seed study. Weed Sci. 31:264–270.Google Scholar
Etheredge, L. M. Jr., Griffin, J L., and Salassi, M. E. 2009. Efficacy and economics of summer fallow conventional and reduced-tillage programs for sugarcane. Weed Technol. 23:274–279.Google Scholar
Feldman, S. R., Alzugaray, C., Torres, P. S., and Lewis, P. 1997. The effect of different tillage systems on the composition of the seedbank. Weed Res. 37:71–76.Google Scholar
Finnoff, D., Shogren, J. F., Leung, B., and Lodge, D. 2007. Take a risk: preferring prevention over control of biological invaders. Ecol. Econ. 62:216–222.Google Scholar
Forcella, F. 1993. Seedling emergence model for velvetleaf. Agron. J. 85:929–933.Google Scholar
Forcella, F., Benech Arnold, R. L., Sanchez, R., and Ghersa, C. M. 2000. Modeling seedling emergence. Field Crops Res. 67:123–139.Google Scholar
Forcella, F., Dekker, K., Harvey, R. G., Alm, C. A., Buhler, D. D., and Cardina, J. 1992. Weed seedbanks of the U.S. Corn Belt: magnitude, variation, emergence, and application. Weed Sci. 40:636–644.Google Scholar
Forcella, F., Eradat-Oskoui, K., and Wagner, S. W. 1993. Application of weed seedbank ecology to low-input crop management. Ecol. Appl. 3:74–83.Google Scholar
Forcella, F., Wilson, R. G., Dekker, J., et al. 1997. Weed seed bank emergence across the Corn Belt. Weed Sci. 45:67–76.Google Scholar
Foresman, C. and Glasgow, L. 2008. US grower perceptions and experiences with glyphosate-resistant weeds. Pest Manag. Sci. 64:388–391.Google Scholar
Frisvold, G. B., Hurley, T. M., and Mitchell, P. D. 2009. Adoption of best management practices to control weed resistance by corn, cotton, and soybean growers. Agbioforum. 12:370–381.Google Scholar
Gallagher, R. S. and Cardina, J. 1998a. Phytochrome-mediated Amaranthus germination I: effect of seed burial and germination temperature. Weed Sci. 46:48–52.Google Scholar
Gallagher, R. S. and Cardina, J. 1998b. Phytochrome-mediated Amaranthus germination II: development of very low fluence activity. Weed Sci. 46:53–58.Google Scholar
Gallandt, E. R. 2006. How can we target the weed seedbank? Weed Sci. 54:588–596.Google Scholar
Gerwick, C. G. 2010. Thirty years of herbicide discovery: surveying the past and contemplating the future. Chapters VII–IX in Agrow Report. (Silver Jubilee Edition). London, UK Informa.Google Scholar
Gill, G. S. and Holmes, J. E. 1997. Efficacy of cultural control methods for combating herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum . Pestic. Sci. 51:352–358.Google Scholar
Givens, W. A., Shaw, D. R., Kruger, G. R., Johnson, W. G., Weller, S. C., Young, B. G., Wilson, R. G., Owen, M. D. K., and Jordan, D. 2009. Survey of tillage trends following the adoption of glyphosate-resistant crops. Weed Technol. 23:150–155.Google Scholar
Goatley, J. M., Maddox, V. L., and Watkins, R. M. 1998. Bahiagrass response to a plant growth regulator as affected by mowing interval. Crop Sci. 38:196–200.Google Scholar
Goddard, R. H., Webster, T. M., Carter, J. R., and Grey, T. L. 2009. Resistance of Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) seeds to harsh environments and the implications for dispersal by mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) in Georgia, U.S.A. Weed Sci. 57:603–612.Google Scholar
Gold, H. J., Bay, J., and Wilkerson, G. G. 1996. Scouting for weeds, based on the negative binomial distribution. Weed Sci. 44:504–510.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-Andujar, J. L., Plant, R. E., and Fernandez-Quintanilla, C. 2001. Modeling the effect of farmers' decisions on the population dynamics of winter wild oat in an agricultural landscape. Weed Sci. 49:414–422.Google Scholar
Gordon, E., Keisling, T. C., Oliver, L. R., and Harris, C. 2001. Two methods of composting gin trash. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:491–507.Google Scholar
Gossen, R. R. S., Tyrl, R. J., Hauhouot, M., Peeper, T. F., Claypool, P. L., and Solie, J. B. 1998. Effects of mechanical damage on cheat (Bromus secalinus) caryopsis anatomy and germination. Weed Sci. 46:249–257.Google Scholar
Gould, F. 1995. Comparisons between resistance management strategies for insects and weeds. Weed Technol. 8:830–839.Google Scholar
Gray, R. S., Taylor, W. J., and Brown, J. S. 1996. Economic factors contributing to the adoption of reduced tillage technologies in central Saskatchewan. Can. J. Plant Sci. 76:661–668.Google Scholar
Green, J. M. 2009. Evolution of glyphosate-resistant crop technology. Weed Sci. 57:108–117.Google Scholar
Green, J. M., Hazel, C. B., Forney, D. R., and Pugh, L. M. 2008. New multiple-herbicide crop resistance and formulation technology to augment the utility of glyphosate. Pest. Manag. Sci. 64:332–339.Google Scholar
Gressel, J. 1995. Creeping resistances: the outcome of using marginally effective or reduced rates of herbicides. Pages 587–590 in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference–Weeds. Farnham, UK British Crop Protection Council.Google Scholar
Gressel, J. 2002. Molecular Biology of Weed Control. London Taylor and Francis. 520 p.Google Scholar
Gressel, J. and Levy, A. A. 2006. Agriculture: the selector of improbable mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103:12215–12216.Google Scholar
Gressel, J. and Segel, L. A. 1990. Modeling the effectiveness of herbicide rotations and mixtures as strategies to delay or preclude resistance. Weed Technol. 4:186–198.Google Scholar
Grey, T. L., Vencill, W. K., Webster, T. M., and Culpepper, A. S. 2009. Herbicide dissipation from low density polyethylene mulch. Weed Sci. 57:351–356.Google Scholar
Grey, T. L., Webster, T. M., and Culpepper, A. S. 2007. Autumn vegetable response to residual herbicides applied the previous spring under low-density polyethylene mulch. Weed Technol. 21:496–500.Google Scholar
Griffith, G. M., Norsworthy, J. K., and Griffin, T. 2010. Cotton yield reductions associated with spatial movement of glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. Ark. Crop Prot. Assoc. 14:11.Google Scholar
Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science. 162:1243–1248.Google Scholar
Harper, J. C. 1956. The evolution of weeds in relation to herbicides. Proc. Brit. Weed Contr. Conf. 3:179–188.Google Scholar
Harrison, S. K., Regnier, E. E., and Schmoll, J. T. 2003. Postdispersal predation of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida) seed in no-tillage corn. Weed Sci. 51:955–964.Google Scholar
Hartwig, N. L. and Ammon, H. U. 2002. Cover crops and living mulches. Weed Sci. 50:688–699.Google Scholar
Hartzler, R. G. 1996. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) population dynamics following a single year's seed rain. Weed Technol. 10:581–586.Google Scholar
Hartzler, R. G. and Roth, G. W. 1993. Effect of prior year's weed control on herbicide effectiveness in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 7:611–614.Google Scholar
Hartzler, R. G., Battles, B. A., and Norby, D. 2004. Effect of common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) emergence date on growth and fecundity in soybean. Weed Sci. 52:242–245.Google Scholar
Hartzler, R. G., Buhler, D. D., and Stoltenberg, D. E. 1999. Emergence characteristics of four annual weed species. Weed Sci. 47:578–584.Google Scholar
Harvey, S. J. and Forcella, F. 1993. Vernal seedling emergence model for common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album). Weed Sci. 41:309–316.Google Scholar
Hausman, N. E., Singh, S., Tranel, P. J., Riechers, D. E., Kaundun, S. S., Polge, N. D., Thomas, D. A., and Hager, A. G. 2011. Resistance to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides in a population of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) from Illinois, United States. Pest Manag. Sci. 67:258–261.Google Scholar
Heap, I. 2011a. Top 10 worst herbicide resistant weeds globally. Page 319 in 51st Meeting of the Weed Science Society of America. Lawrence, KS WSSA.Google Scholar
Heap, I. 2011b. International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds. http://www.wssa.net/Weeds/Resistance/ResistanceLinks.htm. Accessed July 29, 2011.Google Scholar
Heatherly, L. C., Blaine, A., Hodges, H. F., Wesley, R. A., and Buehring, N. 1999. Variety selection, planting date, row spacing, and seeding rate. Pages 41–51 in Heatherly, L. G. and Hodges, H. F., eds. Soybean Production in the Midsouth. Boca Raton, FL CRC.Google Scholar
Hidayat, I., Baker, J., and Preston, C. 2006. Pollen-mediated gene flow between paraquat-resistant and susceptible hare barley (Hordeum leporinum). Weed Sci. 54:685–689.Google Scholar
Holsinger, K. E. 2000. Reproductive systems and evolution in vascular plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:7037–7042.Google Scholar
Honek, A., Martinkova, Z., and Jarosik, V. 1999. Annual cycles of germinability and differences between primary and secondary dormancy in buried seeds of Echinochloa crus-galli . Weed Res. 39:69–79.Google Scholar
Howe, O. W. and Oliver, L R. 1987. Influence of soybean (Glycine max) row spacing on pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) interference. Weed Sci. 35:185–193.Google Scholar
Hulme, P. E. 1994. Post-dispersal seed predation in grassland: its magnitude and sources of variation. J. Ecol. 81:645–652.Google Scholar
Humston, R., Mortensen, D. A., and Bjornstad, O. N. 2005. Anthropogenic forcing on the spatial dynamics of an agricultural weed: the case of the common sunflower. J. Appl. Ecol. 42:863–872.Google Scholar
Hurley, T. M., Mitchell, P. D., Frisvold, G. B., and G. B. 2009. Weed management costs, weed best management practices, and the Roundup Ready weed management program. Agbioforum. 12:281–290.Google Scholar
Isaacs, M. A., Murdock, E. C., Toler, J. E., and Wallace, S. U. 1989. Effects of late-season herbicide applications on sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) seed production and viability. Weed Technol. 37:761–765.Google Scholar
Jacob, H. A., Minkey, D. M., Gallagher, R. S., and Borger, C. P. 2006. Variation in postdispersal weed seed predation in a crop field. Weed Sci. 54:148–155.Google Scholar
Jacquemin, B., Gasquez, J., and Reboud, X. 2009. Modeling binary mixtures of herbicides in populations resistant to one of the components: evaluation for resistance management. Pest Manag. Sci. 65:113–121.Google Scholar
Jalaludin, A., Ngim, J., Bakar, B. H. J., and Alias, Z. 2010. Preliminary findings of potentially resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica) to glufosinate-ammonium in Malaysia. Weed Biol. Manag. 10:256–260.Google Scholar
Jasieniuk, M., Brule-Babel, A. L., and Morrison, I. N. 1996. The evolution and genetics of herbicide resistance. Weed Sci. 44:176–193.Google Scholar
Jha, P. and Norsworthy, J. K. 2009. Soybean canopy and tillage effects on emergence of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) from a natural seed bank. Weed Sci. 57:644–651.Google Scholar
Jha, P., Norsworthy, J. K., Riley, M. B., and Bridges, W. Jr. 2010. Annual changes in temperature and light requirements for Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) seeds retrieved from soil. Weed Sci. 58:426–432.Google Scholar
Jha, P., Norsworthy, J. K., Bridges, W. Jr., and Riley, M. B. 2008. Influence of glyphosate timing and row width on Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and pusley (Richardia spp.) demographics in glyphosate-resistant soybean. Weed Sci. 56:408–415.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. W. and Coble, H. D. 1986. Crop rotation and herbicide effects on the population dynamics of annual grasses. Weed Sci. 34:452–456.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. B., Norsworthy, J. K., and Griffith, G. M. 2011. Weed populations after four years of Liberty Link and Roundup Ready cotton [behind pay wall]. in Proceedings of the Beltwide Cotton Conference. Atlanta, GA National Cotton Council of America.Google Scholar
Johnson, G. A., DeFelice, M. S., and Helsel, Z. R. 1993. Cover crop management and weed control in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 7:425–430.Google Scholar
Jones, R. E. and Medd, R. W. 2000. Economic thresholds and the case for longer term approaches to population management of weeds. Weed Technol. 14:337–350.Google Scholar
Jordan, N. 1993. Prospects for weed control through crop interference. Ecol. Appl. 3:84–91.Google Scholar
Jordan, N., Becker, R., Gunsolus, J., White, S., and Damme, S. 2003. Knowledge networks: an avenue to ecological management of invasive weeds. Weed Sci. 51:271–277.Google Scholar
Keeley, P. E., Carter, C. H., and Thullen, R. J. 1987. Influence of planting date on growth of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). Weed Sci. 35:199–204.Google Scholar
Kelley, A. D. and Bruns, V. F. 1975. Dissemination of weed seeds by irrigation water. Weed Sci. 23:486–493.Google Scholar
Kempenaar, C. and Lotz, L. A. P. 2004. Reduction of herbicide use and emission by new weed control methods and strategies. Water Sci. Technol. 49:135–138.Google Scholar
Ketel, D. H. and Lotz, L. A. P. 1998. Influence of allocation and detoxification of metribuzin in Chenopodium album on the reliability of prediction of the minimum lethal herbicide dose rate. Weed Res. 38:267–274.Google Scholar
King, C. A. and Oliver, L. R. 1994. A model for predicting large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) emergence as influenced by temperature and water potential. Weed Sci. 42:561–567.Google Scholar
Kingwell, R. S. 2010. Managing complexity in modern farming. Abstract 59090 in Proceeding of Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Conference, Adelaide, NSW: Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society. http://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ags:aare10:59090. Accessed July 30, 2011.Google Scholar
Kiss, J., Penksza, K., Tóth, F., and Kádár, F. 1997. Evaluation of fields and field margins in nature production capacity with special regard to plant protection. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 63:227–232.Google Scholar
Koger, C. H. and Reddy, K. N. 2005. Role of absorption and translocation in the mechanism of glyphosate resistance in horseweed (Conyza canadensis). Weed Sci. 53:84–89.Google Scholar
Kremer, R. J. 1984. Management of weed seed banks with microorganisms. Ecol. Appl. 3:42–52.Google Scholar
Kremer, R. J. and Spencer, N. R. 1989. Impact of a seed-eating insect and microorganisms on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seed viability. Weed Sci. 37:211–216.Google Scholar
Kruidhof, H. M., Bastiaans, L., and Kropff, M. J. 2009. Cover crop residue management for optimizing weed control. Plant Soil. 318:169–184.Google Scholar
Lacey, J. R. and Sheley, R. L. 1996. Leafy spurge and grass response to picloram and intensive grazing. J. Range Manag. 49:311–314.Google Scholar
Lacey, J. R., Wallander, R., and Olson-Rutz, K. 1992. Recovery, germinability, and viability of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) seeds ingested by sheep and goats. Weed Technol. 6:599–602.Google Scholar
Lande, R. 1983. The response to selection on major and minor mutations affecting a metrical trait. Heredity. 50:47–65.Google Scholar
Leather, G. R. 1987. Weed control using allelopathic sunflowers and herbicide. Plant Soil. 98:17–23.Google Scholar
Legleiter, T. R. and Bradley, K. W. 2008. Glyphosate and multiple herbicide resistance in common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) populations from Missouri. Weed Sci. 56:582–587.Google Scholar
Legleiter, T. R., Bradley, K. W., and Massey, R. E. 2009. Glyphosate-resistant waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) control and economic returns with herbicide programs in soybean. Weed Technol. 23:54–61.Google Scholar
Leon, R. G., Basshami, D. C., and Owen, M. D. K. 2007. Thermal and hormonal regulation of the dormancy-germination transition in Amaranthus tuberculatus seeds. Weed Res. 47:335–344.Google Scholar
Liebman, M. and Gallandt, E. R. 1997. Many little hammers: Ecological management of crop–weed interactions. Pages 291–343 in Jackson, L. E., ed. Ecology in Agriculture. San Diego, CA Academic.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, R. S. 2007. Information quality and effectiveness for more rapid adoption decisions by producers. Field Crops Res. 104:148–156.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, R. S. and Allen, D. M. 2006. Expected mobility of herbicide resistance via weed seeds and pollen in a Western Australian cropping region. Crop Prot. 25:520–526.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, R. S., Lindner, R. K., Pannell, D. J., and Powles, S. B. 2002. Resistance and the herbicide resource: perceptions of Western Australian grain growers. Crop Prot. 21:1067–1075.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, R. S., Lindner, R. K., Pannell, D. J., and Powles, S. B. 2004. Grain grower perceptions and use of integrated weed management. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 44:993–1001.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, R. S., Lindner, R. K., Pannell, D. J., and Powles, S. B. 2007. Herbicide resistance and the adoption of integrated weed management by Western Australian grain growers. Agric. Econ. 36:123–130.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, R. S., Pannell, D. J., Lindner, R. K., and Powles, S. B. 2005. Targeting key perceptions when planning and evaluating extension. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 45:1627–1633.Google Scholar
Macnair, M. R. 1991. Why the evolution of resistance to anthropogenic toxins normally involves major gene changes: the limits to natural selection. Genetica. 84:213–219.Google Scholar
Main, C. L., Mueller, T. C., Hayes, R. M., and Wilkerson, J. B. 2004. Response of selected horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] populations to glyphosate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52:879–883.Google Scholar
Mallory-Smith, C. A. and Zapiola, M. 2008. Gene flow from glyphosate-resistant crops. Pest Manag. Sci. 64:428–440.Google Scholar
Mallory-Smith, C. A., Thill, D. C., and Dial, M. J. 1990. Identification of sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola). Weed Technol. 4:163–168.Google Scholar
Manalil, S., Busi, R., Benton, M., and Powles, S. 2011. Rapid evolution of herbicide resistance by low herbicide dosages. Weed Sci. 59:210–217.Google Scholar
Marra, M. C., Piggott, N. E., and Carlson, G. A. 2004. The net benefits, including convenience, of Roundup Ready soybeans: results from a national survey. NSF Center for IPM Technical Bulletin 2004-3. Raleigh, NC National Science Foundation. 39 p.Google Scholar
Marsh, S. P., Llewellyn, R. S., and Powles, S. B. 2006. Social costs of herbicide resistance: the case of resistance to glyphosate. Abstract 25413 in Proceedings of the International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference. http://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:ags:iaae06:25413. Accessed July 30, 2011.Google Scholar
Marshall, E. J. P. 1989. Distribution patterns of plants associated with arable field edges. J. Appl. Ecol. 26:247–257.Google Scholar
Marshall, E. J. P. and Brain, P. 1999. The horizontal movement of seeds in arable soil by different soil cultivation methods. J. Appl. Ecol. 36:443–454.Google Scholar
Masin, R., Zuin, M. C., Archer, D. W., Forcella, F., and Zanin, G. 2005. WeedTurf: a prediction model to aid control of annual summer weeds in turf. Weed Sci. 53:193–201.Google Scholar
Matthews, J. M. 1994. Management of herbicide resistant populations. Pages 317–336 in Powles, S. B. and Holtum, J.A.M., eds. Herbicide Resistance in Plants. Boca Raton, FL CRC.Google Scholar
Maxwell, B. D. and Ghersa, C. 1992. The influence of weed seed dispersal versus the effect of competition on crop yield. Weed Technol. 6:196–204.Google Scholar
Maxwell, B. D. and Mortimer, A. M. 1994. Selection for herbicide resistance. Pages 1–26 in Powles, S. B. and Holtum, J.A.M., eds. Herbicide Resistance in Plants. Boca Raton, FL CRC.Google Scholar
Maxwell, B. D., Roush, M. L., and Radosevich, S. R. 1990. Predicting the evolution and dynamics of herbicide resistance in weed populations. Weed Technol. 4:2–13.Google Scholar
McCanny, S. J. and Cavers, P. B. 1988. Spread of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) in Ontario, Canada, II: dispersal by combines. Weed Res. 28:67–72.Google Scholar
McMullan, P. and Green, J. M. 2011. Identification of a tall waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) biotype resistant to HPPD-inhibiting herbicides, atrazine, and thifensulfuron in Iowa. Weed Technol. 25:514–518.Google Scholar
Medd, R. W., McMillan, M. G., and Cook, A. S. 1992. Spray-topping of wild oats (Avena spp.) in wheat with selective herbicides. Plant Prot. 7:62–65.Google Scholar
Meiss, H., Munier-Jolain, N., Henriot, F., and Caneill, J. 2008. Effects of biomass, age and functional traits on regrowth of arable weeds after cutting. J. Plant Dis. Plant Prot. 21(SI XXI):493–499.Google Scholar
Menalled, F. D., Kohler, K. A., Buhler, D. D., and Liebman, M. 2005. Effects of composted swine manure on weed seedbank. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 111:63–69.Google Scholar
Menalled, F. D., Lee, J. C., and Landis, D. A. 2001. Herbaceous filter strips in agroecosystems: implications for ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) conservation and invertebrate weed seed predation. Gt. Lakes Entomol. 34:77–91.Google Scholar
Menalled, F. D., Liebman, M., and Butler, D. D. 2004. Impact of composted swine manure and tillage on common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) competition with soybean. Weed Sci. 20:56–59.Google Scholar
Michael, P. J., Owen, M. J., and Powles, S. B. 2010. Herbicide-resistant weed seeds contaminate grain sown in the Western Australian grainbelt. Weed Sci. 58:466–472.Google Scholar
Mickelson, J. A. and Renner, K. A. 1997. Weed control using reduced rates of postemergence herbicides in narrow and wide row soybean. J. Prod. Agric. 10:431–437.Google Scholar
Monks, D. W. and Oliver, L. R. 1988. Interactions between soybean (Glycine max) cultivars and selected weeds. Weed Sci. 36:770–774.Google Scholar
Mortensen, D. A., Bastiaans, L., and Sattin, M. 2000. The role of ecology in the development of weed management systems: an outlook. Weed Res. 40:49–62.Google Scholar
Mt. Pleasant, J. and Schlather, K. J. 1994. Incidence of weed seed in cow (Bos sp.) manure and its importance as a source for cropland. Weed Technol. 8:304–310.Google Scholar
Mt. Pleasant, J., McCollum, R. E., and Coble, H. D. 1990. Weed population dynamics and weed control in the Peruvian Amazon. Agron. J. 82:102–112.Google Scholar
Mueller, T. C., Mitchell, P. D., Young, B. G., and Culpepper, A. S. 2005. Proactive versus reactive management of glyphosate-resistant or tolerant weeds. Weed Technol. 19:924–933.Google Scholar
Murray, B. G., Morrison, I. N., and Friesen, L. F. 2002. Pollen-mediated gene flow in wild oat. Weed Sci. 50:321–325.Google Scholar
Neve, P. 2008. Simulation modeling to understand the evolution and management of glyphosate resistance in weeds. Pest Manag. Sci. 64:392–401.Google Scholar
Neve, P. and Powles, S. B. 2005a. Recurrent selection with reduced herbicide rates results in the rapid evolution of herbicide resistance in Lolium rigidum . Theor. Appl. Genet. 110:1154–1166.Google Scholar
Neve, P. and Powles, S. B. 2005b. High survival frequencies at low herbicide use rates in populations of Lolium rigidum result in rapid evolution of herbicide resistance. Heredity. 95:485–492.Google Scholar
Neve, P., Diggle, A. J., Smith, F. P., and Powles, S. B. 2003a. Simulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum I: population biology of a rare resistance trait. Weed Res. 43:404–417.Google Scholar
Neve, P., Diggle, A. J., Smith, F. P., and Powles, S. B. 2003b. Simulating evolution of glyphosate resistance in Lolium rigidum II: past, present and future glyphosate use in Australian cropping. Weed Res. 43:418–427.Google Scholar
Neve, P., Norsworthy, J. K., Smith, K. L., and Zelaya, I. A. 2011a. Modelling evolution and management of glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus palmeri . Weed Res. 51:99–112.Google Scholar
Neve, P., Norsworthy, J. K., Smith, K. L., and Zelaya, I. A. 2011b. Modelling glyphosate resistance management strategies for Palmer amaranth in cotton. Weed Technol. 25:335–343.Google Scholar
Newton, C. H., Nelson, L. R., Dewalt, S. J., Mikhailova, E. A., Post, C. J., Schlautman, M. A., Cox, S. K., Bridges, W. C., and Hall, K. C. 2008. Solarization for the control of Pueraria montana (kudzu). Weed Res. 48:394–397.Google Scholar
Nichols, R. L., Bond, J., Culpepper, A. S., et al. 2009. Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) spreads in the Southern United States. Resist. Pest Manag. Newsl. 18:8–10.Google Scholar
Nichols, R., May, L., and Bourland, F. 2003. Special symposium—transgenic pest-resistant crops: status and testing issues. Crop Sci. 43:1582–1583.Google Scholar
Noordijk, J., Musters, C. J. M., van Dijk, J., and de Snoo, G. R. 2011. Vegetation development in sown field margins and on adjacent ditch banks. Plant Ecol. 212:157–167.Google Scholar
Norris, R. F. 1999. Ecological implications of using thresholds for weed management. Pages 31–58 in Buhler, D. D., ed. Expanding the Context of Weed Management. New York Haworth.Google Scholar
Norris, R. F. 2007. Weed fecundity: current status and future needs. Crop Prot. 26:182–188.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. 2003. Use of soybean production surveys to determine weed management needs of South Carolina farmers. Weed Technol. 17:195–201.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. 2004a. Soybean canopy formation effects on pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa), common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), and sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) emergence. Weed Sci. 52:954–960.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. 2004b. Small-grain cover crop interaction with glyphosate-resistant corn (Zea mays L.). Weed Technol. 18:52–59.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. 2012. Repeated selection with sublethal rates of glyphosate lead to decreased sensitivity in Palmer amaranth. Crop Manag. In press.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. and Frederick, J. R. 2005. Integrated weed management strategies for maize (Zea mays) production on the southeastern coastal plains of North America. Crop Prot. 24:119–126.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. and Oliveira, M. J. 2007a. Light and temperature requirements for common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) germination during after-ripening under field conditions. Weed Sci. 55:227–234.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. and Oliveira, M. J. 2007b. Role of light quality and temperature on pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) germination with after-ripening. Weed Sci. 55:111–118.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. and Oliveira, M. J. 2007c. A model for predicting common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) emergence in soybean. Weed Sci. 55:341–345.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. and Oliver, L. R. 2001. Effect of seeding rate of drilled glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max) on seed yield and gross profit margin. Weed Technol. 15:284–292.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. and Oliver, L. R. 2002. Effect of irrigation, soybean (Glycine max) density, and glyphosate on hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata) and pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) interference in soybean. Weed Technol. 16:7–17.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K. and Shipe, E. 2006. Evaluation of glyphosate-resistant Glycine max genotypes for competitiveness at recommended seeding rates in wide and narrow rows. Crop Prot. 25:362–368.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K., Bagavathiannan, M. V., Neve, P., Smith, K., and Zelaya, I. 2011a. Integrating nonchemical practices into simulation modeling for herbicide resistance. a proactive strategy. WSSA Abstr. In press.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K., Burgos, N. R., Scott, R. C., and Smith, K. L. 2007a. Consultant perspectives on weed management needs in Arkansas rice. Weed Technol. 21:832–839.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K., Jha, P., and Bridges, W. Jr. 2007b. Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) survival and fecundity in wide- and narrow-row glyphosate-resistant soybean. Weed Sci. 55:252–259.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K., Malik, M. S., Jha, P., and Riley, M. B. 2007c. Suppression of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus palmeri using autumn-sown glucosinolate-producing cover crops in organically grown bell pepper. Weed Res. 47:425–432.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K., Malik, M. S., Riley, M. B., and Bridges, W. Jr. 2010a. Time of emergence affects survival and development of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) in South Carolina. Weed Sci. 58:402–407.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K., McClelland, M., Griffith, G., Bangarwa, S., and Still, J. 2010b. Evaluation of legume cover crops and weed control programs in conservation-tillage, enhanced glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed Technol. 24:269–274.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K., McClelland, M., Griffith, G., Bangarwa, S., and Still, J. 2011b. Evaluation of cereal and Brassicaceae cover crops in conservation-tillage, enhanced glyphosate-resistant cotton. Weed Technol. 25:6–13.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K., Smith, K. L., Scott, R. C., and Gbur, E. E. 2007d. Consultant perspectives on weed management needs in Arkansas cotton. Weed Technol. 21:825–831.Google Scholar
Norsworthy, J. K., Smith, K. L., Steckel, L. E., and Koger, C. H. 2009. Weed seed contamination of cotton gin trash. Weed Technol. 23:574–580.Google Scholar
O'Donovan, J. T. 1996. Weed economic thresholds: Useful agronomic tool or pipe dream? Phytoprotection. 77:13–28.Google Scholar
O'Donovan, J. T., Blackshaw, R. E., Harker, K. N., Clayton, G. W., Moyer, J. R., Dosdall, L. M., Maurice, D. C., and Turkington, T. K. 2007. Integrated approaches to managing weeds in spring-sown crops in western Canada. Crop Prot. 26:390–398.Google Scholar
Olofsson, S. K. and Cars, O. 2007. Optimizing drug exposure to minimize selection of antibiotic resistance. Clin. Infect. Dis. 45:129–136.Google Scholar
Olson, B. E. and Wallander, R. T. 1998. Effect of sheep grazing on a leafy spurge-infested Idaho fescue community. J. Range Manag. 51:247–252.Google Scholar
Omami, E. N., Haigh, A. M., Medd, R. W., and Nicol, H. I. 1999. Changes in germination, dormancy and viability of Amaranthus retroflexus as affected by depth and duration of burial. Weed Res. 39:345–354.Google Scholar
Orr, H. A. and Coyne, J. A. 1992. The genetics of adaptation: a reassessment. Am. Nat. 105:725–742.Google Scholar
Orson, J. H. 1999. The cost to the producer of herbicide resistance. Weed Technol. 13:607–611.Google Scholar
Owen, M. D. K. 2008. Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant crops. Pest Manag. Sci. 64:377–387.Google Scholar
Owen, M. D. K. and Zelaya, I. A. 2005. Herbicide-resistant crops and weed resistance to herbicides. Pest Manag. Sci. 61:301–311.Google Scholar
Pannell, D. J., Stewart, V., Bennett, A., Monjardino, M., Schmidt, C., and Powles, S. B. 2004. RIM: a bioeconomic model for IWM of Lolium rigidum in Western Australia. Agric. Syst. 79:305–325.Google Scholar
Pardo, G., Riravololona, M., and Munier-Jolain, N. M. 2010. Using a farming system model to evaluate cropping system prototypes: are labour constraints and economic performances hampering the adoption of Integrated Weed Management? Eur. J. Agron. 33:24–32.Google Scholar
Patterson, D. T. 1998. Suppression of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) with polyethylene film mulch. Weed Technol. 12:275–280.Google Scholar
Patzoldt, W. L., Tranel, P. J., and Hager, A. G. 2002. Variable herbicide responses among Illinois waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis and A. tuberculatus) populations. Crop Prot. 21:707–712.Google Scholar
Pellett, N. E. and Heleba, D. A. 1995. Chopped newspaper for weed control in nursery crops. J. Environ. Hortic. 13:77–81.Google Scholar
Perez-Jones, A., Park, K. W., Colquhoun, J., Mallory-Smith, C., and Shaner, D. 2005. Identification of glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Oregon. Weed Sci. 53:775–779.Google Scholar
Piggott, N. and Marra, M. C. 2008. Bt convenience biotechnology adoption over time in the presence of nonpecuniary characteristics that directly affect utility. Agbioforum. 11:58–70.Google Scholar
Pitty, A., Staniforth, D. W., and Tiffany, L. H. 1987. Fungi associated with caryopses of Setaria species from field-harvested seeds from soil under two tillage systems. Weed Sci. 35:319–323.Google Scholar
Pollard, J. M., Sellers, B. A., and Smeda, R. J. 2004. Differential response of common ragweed to glyphosate. Proc. North. Cent. Weed Sci. Soc. 59:27.Google Scholar
Potter, T. L., Truman, C. C., Strickland, T. C., Bosch, D. D., and Webster, T. M. 2008. Herbicide incorporation by irrigation and tillage impact on runoff loss. J. Environ. Qual. 37:839–847.Google Scholar
Povey, F. D., Smith, H., and Watt, T. A. 1993. Predation of annual grass weed seeds in arable field margins. Ann. Appl. Biol. 122:323–328.Google Scholar
Powles, S. B. and Yu, Q. 2010. Evolution in action: plants resistant to herbicides. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 61:317–347.Google Scholar
Powles, S. B., Preston, C., Bryan, I. B., and Jutsum, A. R. 1997. Herbicide resistance: impact and management. Adv. Agron. 58:57–93.Google Scholar
Powles, S. B., Tucker, E. S., and Morgan, T. W. 1992. Eradication of paraquat-resistant Hordeum glaucum Steud. by prevention of seed production for 3 years. Weed Res. 32:207–211.Google Scholar
Preston, C. 2004. Herbicide resistance in weeds endowed by enhanced detoxification: complications for management. Weed Sci. 52:448–453.Google Scholar
Price, A. J., Arriaga, F. J., Raper, R. L., Balkcom, K. S., Komecki, T. S., and Reeves, D. W. 2009. Comparison of mechanical and chemical winter cereal cover crop termination systems and cotton yield in conservation agriculture. J. Cotton Sci. 13:238–245.Google Scholar
Prince, J. M., Shaw, D. R., Givens, W. A., Owen, M. D. K., Weller, S. C., Young, B. G., Wilson, R. G., and Jordan, D. L. 2012a. Benchmark study: I—a survey to assess changes in grower perceptions of benefits and challenges of glyphosate-resistant cropping systems. Weed Technol. In press.Google Scholar
Prince, J. M., Shaw, D. R., Givens, W. A., Owen, M. D. K., Weller, S. C., Young, B. G., Wilson, R. G., and Jordan, D. L. 2012b. Benchmark study: II—a 2010 survey to assess grower awareness of and attitudes toward glyphosate resistance. Weed Technol. DOI: 10.1614/WT-D-11-00091.1.Google Scholar
Prince, J. M., Shaw, D. R., Givens, W. A., Owen, M. D. K., Weller, S. C., Young, B. G., Wilson, R. G., and Jordan, D. L. 2012c. Benchmark study: III—trends in problematic weeds in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems. Weed Technol. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-11-00093.1.Google Scholar
Prince, J. M., Shaw, D. R., Givens, W. A., Owen, M. D. K., Weller, S. C., Young, B. G., Wilson, R. G., and Jordan, D. L. 2012d. Benchmark study: IV—changing herbicide use patterns in glyphosate-resistant cropping systems. Weed Technol. DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-11-00094.1.Google Scholar
Prince, J. M., Shaw, D. R., Givens, W. A., Owen, M. D. K., Weller, S. C., Young, B. G., Wilson, R. G., and Jordan, D. L. 2012e. Benchmark study: IV—Survey of grower practices for managing glyphosate-resistant weed populations. Weed Technol. In press.Google Scholar
Putnam, A. R. and DeFrank, J. 1983. Use of phytotoxic plant residues for selective weed control. Crop Prot. 2:173–181.Google Scholar
Putnam, A. R., DeFrank, J., and Barnes, J. P. 1983. Exploitation of allelopathy for weed control in annual and perennial cropping systems. J. Chem. Ecol. 9:1001–1010.Google Scholar
Reader, R. J. 1991. Control of seeding emergence by ground cover: a potential mechanism involving seed predation. Can. J. Bot. 69:2084–2087.Google Scholar
Reddy, K. N. and Norsworthy, J. K. 2010. Glyphosate-resistant crop production systems: impact on weed species shifts. Pages 165–184 in Nandula, V. K., ed. Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds: History, Development, and Management. Singapore J. Wiley.Google Scholar
Rew, L. J. and Cussans, G. W. 1997. Horizontal movement of seeds following tine and plough cultivation: implications for spatial dynamics of weed infestations. Weed Res. 37:247–256.Google Scholar
Rew, L. J., Froud-Williams, R. J., and Boatman, N. D. 1996. Dispersal of Bromus sterilis and Anthriscus sylvestris seed within arable field margins. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 59:107–114.Google Scholar
Robinson, E. 2011. NRCS to Offer Assistance for Managing Weed Resistance. http://deltafarmpress.com/government/nrcs-offer-assistance-managing-weed-resistance Accessed: April 4, 2011.Google Scholar
Rose, S. J., Burnside, O. C., Specht, J. E., and Swisher, B. A. 1984. Competition and allelopathy between soybeans and weeds. Agron. J. 76:523–528.Google Scholar
Roush, R. T. and MacKenzie, J. A. 1987. Ecological genetics of insecticide and acaricide resistance. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 32:361–380.Google Scholar
Roux, F., Paris, M., and Reboud, X. 2008. Delaying weed adaptation to herbicide by environmental heterogeneity: a simulation approach. Pest Manag. Sci. 64:16–29.Google Scholar
Ruegg, W. T., Quadranti, M., and Zoschke, A. 2007. Herbicide research and development: challenges and opportunities. Weed Res. 47:271–275.Google Scholar
Ryan, G. F. 1970. Resistance of common groundsel to simazine and atrazine. Weed Sci. 18:614–616.Google Scholar
Salmerón, M., Carvero, J., Quilez, D., and Isla, R. 2010. Winter cover crops affect monoculture maize yield and nitrogen leaching under irrigated Mediterranean conditions. Agron. J. 102:1700–1709.Google Scholar
Sattin, M., Zanin, G., and Berti, A. 1992. Case history for weed competition/population ecology: Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 6:213–219.Google Scholar
Schomberg, H. H., McDaniel, R. G., Mallard, E., Endale, D. M., Fisher, D. S., and Cabrera, M. L. 2006. Conservation tillage and cover crop influences on cotton production on a southeastern U.S. coastal plain soil. Agron. J. 98:1247–1256.Google Scholar
Schreiber, M. M. 1992. Influence of tillage, crop rotation, and weed management on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) population dynamics and corn yield. Weed Sci. 40:645–653.Google Scholar
Schweizer, E. E. and Zimdahl, R. L. 1984a. Weed seed decline in irrigated soil after rotation of crops and herbicides. Weed Sci. 32:84–89.Google Scholar
Seaman, R. E. and Marino, P. C. 2003. Influence of mound building and selective seed predation by the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) on an old-field plant assemblage. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 130:193–201.Google Scholar
Seefeldt, S. S., Zemetra, R., Young, F. L., and Jones, S. S. 1998. Production of herbicide-resistant jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) × wheat (Triticum aestivum) hybrids in the field by natural hybridization. Weed Sci. 46:632–634.Google Scholar
Seng, C. T., Lun, L. V., San, C. T., and Sahid, I. B. 2010. Initial report of glufosinate and paraquat multiple resistance that evolved in a biotype of goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in Malaysia. Weed Biol. Manag. 10:229–233.Google Scholar
Shaner, D. L., Howard, S., and Chalmers, I. 1999. Effectiveness of mode of action labeling for resistance management: survey of Australian farmers. in Proceedings of the Brighton Crop Protection Conference–Weeds. Farnham, UK: British Crop Protection Council. http://www.plantprotection.org/HRAC/effectiveness.htm. Accessed July 30, 2011.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. R., Givens, W. A., Farno, L. A., et al. 2009. Using a grower survey to assess the benefits and challenges of glyphosate-resistant cropping systems for weed management in U.S. corn, cotton, and soybean. Weed Technol. 23:134–149.Google Scholar
Shaw, D. R., Owen, M. D. K., Dixon, P. M., Weller, S. C., Young, B. G., Wilson, R. G., and Jordan, D. L. 2011. Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant cropping systems in the United States, part 1: introduction to 2006–2008. Pest. Manag. Sci. 67:741–746.Google Scholar
Shaw, M. W. 2006. Is there such a thing as a fungicide resistance strategy? a modeler's perspective. Asp. Appl. Biol. 78:37–44.Google Scholar
Shields, E. J., Dauer, J. T., VanGessel, M. J., and Neumann, G. 2006. Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) seed collected in the planetary boundary layer. Weed Sci. 54:1063–1067.Google Scholar
Shimono, Y., Takiguchi, Y., and Konuma, A. 2010. Contamination of internationally traded wheat by herbicide-resistant Lolium rigidum . Weed Biol. Manag. 10:219–228.Google Scholar
Shirtliffe, S. J. and Entz, M. H. 2005. Chaff collection reduces seed dispersal of wild oat (Avena fatua) by a combine harvester. Weed Sci. 53:465–470.Google Scholar
Shivrain, V. K., Burgos, N. R., Anders, M. M., Rajguru, S. N., Moore, J., and Sales, M. A. 2007. Gene flow between Clearfield™ rice and red rice. Crop Prot. 26:349–356.Google Scholar
Shivrain, V. K., Burgos, N. R., Gealy, D. R., Smith, K. L., Scott, R. C., Mauromoustakos, A., and Black, H. 2009a. Red rice (Oryza sativa) emergence characteristics and influence on rice yield at different planting dates. Weed Sci. 57:94–102.Google Scholar
Shivrain, V. K., Burgos, N. R., Mauromoustakos, M. A., Gealy, D. R., Smith, K. L., Black, H. L., and Jia, M. 2009b. Factors affecting the outcrossing rate between Clearfield™ rice and red rice (Oryza sativa). Weed Sci. 57:394–403.Google Scholar
Shivrain, V. K., Burgos, N. R., Sales, M. A., Mauromoustakos, A., Gealy, D. R., Smith, K. L., Black, H. L., and Jia, M. 2009c. Factors affecting the outcrossing rate between Clearfield rice and red rice (Oryza sativa). Weed Sci. 57:394–403.Google Scholar
Shivrain, V. K., Burgos, N. R., Scott, R. C., Gbur, E. E., Estorninos, L. E. Jr., and McClelland, M. R. 2010. Diversity of weedy red rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Arkansas, U.S.A. in relation to weed management. Crop Prot. 29:721–730.Google Scholar
Shrestha, A. 2004. Weed Seed Return and Their Role in Future Weed Management. http://www.weedbiology.uckac.edu/kacspecies/PDF/weed-seed-banks.pdf. Accessed March 9, 2011.Google Scholar
Shrestha, A. and Swanton, C. J. 2007. Parameterization of the phenological development of select annual weeds under noncropped field conditions. Weed Sci. 55:446–454.Google Scholar
Simarmata, M., Bughrara, S., and Penner, D. 2005. Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) from California. Weed Sci. 53:615–619.Google Scholar
Smith, D. T., Baker, R. V., and Steele, G. L. 2000. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) impacts on yield, harvesting, and ginning in dryland cotton. Weed Technol. 14:122–126.Google Scholar
Smith, R. J. Jr. 1979. How to control the hard-to-kill weeds in rice. Weeds Today. 10:12–14.Google Scholar
Sosnoskie, L. M., Webster, T. M., Dales, D., Rains, G. C., Grey, T. L., and Culpepper, A. S. 2009. Pollen grain size, density, and settling velocity for Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). Weed Sci. 57:404–409.Google Scholar
Soule, M. J., Tegene, A., and Wiebe, K. D. 2000. Land tenure and the adoption of conservation practices. Am. J. Agric. Econ. 82:993–1005.Google Scholar
Steadman, K. J., Easton, D. M., Plummer, J. A., Ferris, D. G., and Powles, S. B. 2006. Late-season nonselective herbicide application reduces Lolium rigidum seed numbers, seed viability, and seedling fitness. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 57:133–141.Google Scholar
Steckel, L. E., Defelice, M. S., and Sims, B. D. 1990. Integrating reduced rates of postemergence herbicides and cultivation for broadleaf weed-control in soybeans (Glycine max). Weed Sci. 38:541–545.Google Scholar
Steinsiek, J. W., Oliver, L. R., and Collins, F. C. 1982. Allelopathic potential of wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw on selected weed species. Weed Sci. 30:495–497.Google Scholar
Story, J. M., Corn, J. G., and White, L. J. 2010. Compatibility of seed head biological control agents and mowing for management of spotted knapweed. Environ. Entomol. 39:164–168.Google Scholar
Stubbendieck, J., Friisoe, G. Y., and Bolick, M. R. 1994. Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains. Lincoln, NE Nebraska Department of Agriculture. 589 p.Google Scholar
Sutherland, S. 2004. What makes a weed a weed: life history traits of native and exotic plants in the USA. Oecologia. 141:24–39.Google Scholar
Swanton, C. J., Mahoney, K. J., Chandler, K., and Gulden, R. H. 2008. Integrated weed management: knowledge-based weed management systems. Weed Sci. 56:168–172.Google Scholar
Swanton, C. J., Weaver, S., Cowan, P., Van Acker, R., Deen, W., and Shrestha, A. 1999. Weed thresholds: theory and applicability. J. Crop Prod. 2:9–29.Google Scholar
Switzer, C. M. 1957. The existence of 2,4-D-resistant strains of wild carrot. Proc. Northeast. Weed Control Conf. 11:315–318.Google Scholar
Talbert, R. E. and Burgos, N. R. 2007. History and management of herbicide-resistant barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in Arkansas rice. Weed Technol. 21:324–331.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. E. and Oliver, L. R. 1997. Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) seed production and viability as influenced by late-season postemergence herbicide applications. Weed Sci. 45:497–501.Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. R., Beste, C. E., and Potts, W. E. 1991. Response of weeds to tillage and cover crop residue. Weed Sci. 39:195–199.Google Scholar
Thill, D. C. and Mallory-Smith, C. A. 1997. The nature and consequence of weed spread in cropping systems. Weed Sci. 45:337–342.Google Scholar
Traveset, A., Riera, N., and Mas, R. E. 2001. Passage through bird guts causes interspecific differences in seed germination characteristics. Funct. Ecol. 15:669–675.Google Scholar
[USDA] U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011. Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops. Accessed: March 2, 2012.Google Scholar
[USDA-NASS] U.S. Department of Agriculture–National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2007. 2007 Census of Agriculture—Demographics. http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/Fact_Sheets/demographics.pdf. Accessed October 25, 2010.Google Scholar
Uva, R. H., Neal, J. C., and DiTomaso, J. M. 1997. Weeds of the Northeast. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press. 396 p.Google Scholar
Uyenoyama, M. K. 1986. Pleiotropy and the evolution of genetic systems conferring resistance to pesticides. Pages 207–221 in Metcalf, R. L. and Luckmann, W. H., eds. Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management. Washington, DC National Academy.Google Scholar
Vander Wall, S. B., Kuhn, K. M., and Beck, M. J. 2005. Seed removal, seed predation, and secondary dispersal. Ecology. 86:801–806.Google Scholar
VanGessel, M. J. 2001. Glyphosate-resistant horseweed in Delaware. Weed Sci. 49:703–705.Google Scholar
Verkaar, H. J., Schenkeveld, A. J., and Van de Klashorst, M. P. 1983. The ecology of short-lived forbs in chalk grasslands: dispersal of seeds. New Phytol. 95:335–344.Google Scholar
Vila-Aiub, M. M., Neve, P., and Powles, S. B. 2009. Fitness costs associated with evolved herbicide resistance in plants. New Phytol. 184:751–767.Google Scholar
Walker, E. R. and Oliver, L. R. 2008. Weed seed production as influenced by glyphosate applications at flowering. Weed Technol. 22:318–325.Google Scholar
Walker, R. H. and Buchanan, G. A. 1982. Crop manipulation in integrated weed management systems. Weed Sci. 30(Suppl.):17–24.Google Scholar
Walsh, M. and Newman, P. 2007. Burning narrow windrows for weed seed destruction. Field Crops Res. 104:24–30.Google Scholar
Walsh, M. and Parker, W. 2002. Wild radish and ryegrass seed collection at harvest: chaff carts and other devices. Perth, WA Department of Agriculture Western Australia Agribusiness Crop Updates Pp. 37–38.Google Scholar
Walsh, M. J. and Powles, S. B. 2007. Management strategies for herbicide-resistant weed populations in Australian dryland crop production systems. Weed Technol. 21:332–338.Google Scholar
Walsh, M., Harrington, R., and Powles, S. 2012. Harrington Seed Destructor: a new non-chemical weed control tool for global grain crops. Crop Sci. In press.Google Scholar
Warnes, D. D. and Andersen, R. N. 1984. Decline of wild mustard (Brassica kaber) seeds in soil under various cultural and chemical practices. Weed Sci. 32:214–217.Google Scholar
Warwick, S. I., Beckie, H. J., and Small, E. 1999. Transgenic crops: new weed problems for Canada? Phytoprotection. 80:71–84.Google Scholar
Warwick, S. I., Legere, A., Simard, M-J., and James, T. 2008. Do escaped transgenes persist in nature? the case of a herbicide resistance transgene in a weedy Brassica rapa population. Mol. Ecol. 17:1387–1395.Google Scholar
Waterer, D. 2010. Evaluation of biodegradable mulches for production of warm-season vegetable crops. Can. J. Plant Sci. 90:737–743.Google Scholar
Wax, L. M. and Pendleton, J. W. 1968. Effect of row spacing on weed control in soybeans. Weed Sci. 16:462–465.Google Scholar
Webster, T. M. 2005a. Mulch type affects growth and tuber production of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Weed Sci. 53:834–838.Google Scholar
Webster, T. M. 2005b. Patch expansion of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) with and without polyethylene mulch. Weed Sci. 53:839–845.Google Scholar
Webster, T. M. 2007. Cotton row spacing and plant population affect weed seed production. Pages 1–21 in Proceedings of World Cotton Research Conference IV. Lubbock, TX International Cotton Advisory Committee.Google Scholar
Webster, T. M. and Sosnoskie, L. M. 2010. The loss of glyphosate efficacy: a changing weed spectrum in Georgia cotton. Weed Sci. 58:73–79.Google Scholar
Webster, T. M., Burton, M. G., Culpepper, A. S., York, A. C., and Prostko, E. P. 2005. Tropical spiderwort (Commelina benghalensis): a tropical invader threatens agroecosystems of the southern United States. Weed Technol. 19:501–508.Google Scholar
Webster, T. M., Grey, T. L., Flanders, J. T., and Culpepper, A. S. 2009. Cotton planting date affects the critical period of Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) control. Weed Sci. 57:81–86.Google Scholar
Weersink, A., Llewellyn, R. S. and Pannell, D. J. 2005. Economics of pre-emptive management to avoid weed resistance to glyphosate in Australia. Crop Prot. 24:659–665.Google Scholar
Weirich, J. W., Shaw, D. R., Coble, K. H., Owen, M. D. K., Dixon, P. M., Weller, S. C., Young, B. G., Wilson, R. G., and Jordan, D. L. 2011a. Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant cropping systems in the United States, part 6: timeliness of economic decision-making in implementing weed resistance management strategies. Pest Manag. Sci. 67:785–789.Google Scholar
Weirich, J. W., Shaw, D. R., Owen, M. D. K., Dixon, P. M., Weller, S. C., Young, B. G., Wilson, R. G., and Jordan, D. L. 2011b. Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant cropping systems in the United States, part 5: effects of glyphosate-based weed management programs on farm level profitability. Pest Manag. Sci. 67:781–784.Google Scholar
Westerman, P. R., Liebman, M., Heggenstaller, A. H., and Forcella, F. 2006. Integrating measurements of seed availability and removal to estimate weed seed losses due to predation. Weed Sci. 54:566–574.Google Scholar
Whitehead, C. W. and Switzer, C. M. 1967. The differential response of strains of wild carrot to 2,4-D and related herbicides. Can. J. Plant Sci. 43:255–262.Google Scholar
Whitson, T. D., Burrill, L. C., Dewey, S. A., et al. 2009. Weeds of the West, 10th ed. Jackson, WY Color World Printers. 628 p.Google Scholar
Wiese, A. F., Sweeten, J. M., Bean, B. W., Salisbury, C. D., and Chenault, E. W. 1998. High temperature composting of cattle feedlot manure kills weed seed. Appl. Eng. Agric. 14:377–380.Google Scholar
Wiles, L. J., Oliver, G. W., York, A. C., Gold, H. J., and Wilkerson, G. G. 1992. Spatial distribution of broadleaf weeds in North Carolina soybean (Glycine max) fields. Weed Sci. 40:554–557.Google Scholar
Wilson, B. J. and Brain, P. 1991. Long-term stability of distribution of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. within cereal fields. Weed Res. 31:367–373.Google Scholar
Wilson, P. J. and Aebischer, N. J. 1995. The distribution of dicotyledonous arable weeds in relation to distance from the field edge. J. Appl. Ecol. 32:295–310.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G. 1980. Dissemination of weed seeds by surface irrigation water in Western Nebraska. Weed Sci. 28:87–92.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G. 1988. Biology of weed seed in the soil. Pages 25–39 in Altieri, M. A. and Liebman, M., eds. Weed Management in Agroecosystems: Ecological Approaches. Boca Raton, FL CRC.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. G., Young, B. G., Mathews, J. L., Weller, S. C., Johnson, W. G., Jordan, D. L., Owen, M. D. K., Dixon, P. M., and Shaw, D. R. 2011. Benchmark study on glyphosate-resistant cropping systems in the United States, part 4: weed populations and soils seedbanks. Pest. Manag. 67:771–780.Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S., Tucker, M. A., Hooker, N. H., LeJeune, J. T., and Doohan, D. 2008. Perceptions and beliefs about weed management: perspectives of Ohio grain and produce farmers. Weed Technol. 22:339–350.Google Scholar
Woodyard, A. J., Hugie, J. A., and Riechers, D. E. 2009. Interactions of mesotrione and atrazine in two weed species with different mechanisms for atrazine resistance. Weed Sci. 57:369–378.Google Scholar
Wrubel, R. P. and Gressel, J. 1994. Are herbicide mixtures useful for delaying evolution of resistance? a case study. Weed Technol. 8:635–648.Google Scholar
Yelverton, F. H. and Coble, H. D. 1991. Narrow row spacing and canopy formation reduces weed resurgence in soybeans (Glycine max). Weed Technol. 5:169–174.Google Scholar
Yenish, J. P., Worsham, A. D., and York, A. C. 1996. Cover crops for herbicide replacement in no-tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 10:815–821.Google Scholar
Young, B. G. 2006. Changes in herbicide use patterns and production practices resulting from glyphosate-resistant crops. Weed Technol. 20:301–307.Google Scholar
Zapiola, M. L., Campbell, C. K., Butler, M. D., and Mallory-Smith, C. A. 2008. Escape and establishment of transgenic glyphosate-resistant creeping bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera in Oregon, USA: a 4-year study. J. Appl. Ecol. 45:486–494.Google Scholar
Zhang, J., Weaver, S. E., and Hamill, A. S. 2000. Risks and reliability of using herbicides at below-labeled rates. Weed Technol. 14:106–115.Google Scholar