Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T02:42:21.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Pollen Dispersion, Viability and Germination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Dawit Mulugeta ,
Bruce D. Maxwell ,
Peter K. Fay  and
William E. Dyer
Dawit Mulugeta
Affiliation:
Plant, Soil and Environmental Sci. Dep., Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-0312
Bruce D. Maxwell
Affiliation:
Plant, Soil and Environmental Sci. Dep., Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-0312
Peter K. Fay
Affiliation:
Plant, Soil and Environmental Sci. Dep., Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-0312
William E. Dyer
Affiliation:
Plant, Soil and Environmental Sci. Dep., Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717-0312
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Kochia pollen dispersion was measured during 24 and 48 h periods from a kochia population in an 8- by 10-m area in the center of a 1.6 ha fallow field. Pollen counts from traps at 50- and 100-cm heights declined rapidly with increasing distance from the pollen source. Pollen deposition was highest along the prevailing wind direction: up to 23 pollen grains cm–2 were recovered 50 m from the pollen source along the southeast (SE) vector. Nonlinear regression analysis of pollen deposition along the SE vector was used to estimate that 99.9% of shed pollen would be deposited within 154.4 m of the source. Viability of pollen from greenhouse- and field-grown plants was measured using staining and germination assays. of four pollen stains tested, only 1,2,3-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride gave consistent results and did not stain heat-killed pollen. Depending on environmental conditions, kochia pollen remained viable from less than 1 d to 12 d. Length of kochia pollen viability was shortest under high temperatures (22 and 28 C) and low relative humidity (7 and 32%). Less than 0.5% germination was observed in 1.1% agar media with various additions; however, up to 17.8% germination was observed after incubation at 28 C in 100% relative humidity.

Keywords

Kochia, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad # KCHSCKochia scoparia (L.) Schradpollen viabilitypollen germinationpollen dispersiontetrazolium stainingherbicide resistanceKCHSC
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 42 , Issue 4 , December 1994 , pp. 548 - 552
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Alexander, M. P. 1980. A versatile stain for pollen, fungi, yeast, and bacteria. Stain Technol. 55:13–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2. Aslam, M., Brown, M. S., and Kohel, R. J. 1964. Evaluation of seven tetrazolium salts as vital pollen stains in cotton Gossypium hirsutum . Crop Sci. 4:508–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Brewbaker, J. L. 1967. The distribution and phylogenetic significance of binucleate and trinucleate pollen grains in the angiosperms. Am. J. Bot. 54:1069–1087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Brewbaker, J. L. and Kwack, B. H. 1963. The essential role of calcium ion in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Am. J. Bot. 50:859–865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Cherfas, J. 1991. Transgenic crops get a test in the wild. Science 251:878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Coxworth, E.C.M., Bell, J. M., and Ashford, R. A. 1969. Preliminary evaluation of Russian thistle, kochia, and garden atriplex as potential high protein content seed crops for semi-arid areas. Can. J. Plant Sci. 49:427–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Dhawan, A. K. and Malik, A. C. 1981. Effect of growth regulators and light on pollen germination and pollen tube growth in Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Ann. Bot. 47:239–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Durham, R. M. and Durham, J. W. 1979. Kochia: Its potential for forage production. Proceedings, Arid Land Plant Resource. Pages 443–451 in Goodin, J. R. and Northington, D. K., eds. International Center for Arid and Semi Arid Land Studies.Google Scholar
9. Dyer, W. E., Chee, P. W., and Fay, P. K. 1993. Rapid germination of sulfonylurea-resistant Kochia scoparia L. accessions is associated with elevated seed levels of branched chain amino acids. Weed Sci. 41:18–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Edwardson, J. R. and Corbett, M. R. 1961. Asexual transmission of cytoplasmic male sterility. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (USA) 47:390–396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Evetts, L. L. and Burnside, O. C. 1972. Germination and seedling development of common milkweed and other species. Weed Sci. 20:371–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Ferrari, T. E., Comstock, P., More, T. A., Best, V., Lee, S. S., and Wallace, D. H. 1983. Pollen-stigma interactions and intercellular recognition in Brassica: Pathways for water uptake. Pages 243–249 in Mulchay, D. L. and Ottaviano, E., eds. Pollen: Biology and Implications for Plant Breeding.Google Scholar
13. Heslop-Harrison, J., Heslop-Harrison, Y., and Shivanna, K. R. 1984. The evaluation of pollen quality, and further appraisal of the fluorchromatic (FCR) test procedure. Theor. Appl. Genet. 67:367–375.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. Johri, B. M. and Vasil, I. K. 1961. Physiology of pollen. Bot. Rev. 27:326–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15. Karachi, M. and Pieper, R. D. 1987. Allelopathic effects of kochia on blue grama. J. Range Manage. 40:380–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Kellerman, M. 1915. Successful long distance shipment of Citrus pollen. Science 42:375–377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Lefol, E., Danielou, V., Darmency, H., Kerlan, J. C., Vallee, P., Chevre, A. M., Renaud, M., and Reboud, X. 1991. Escape of engineered genes from rape-seed to wild Brassiceae. Proc. Br. Crop Prot. Conf. Weeds 3:1049–1056.Google Scholar
18. Levin, D. A. and Kerster, H. W. 1974. Gene flow in seed plants. Evol. Biol. 7:139–220.Google Scholar
19. Manasse, R. 1992. Ecological risk of transgenic plants: effects of spatial dispersion on gene flow. Ecol. Appl. 2:431–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Manasse, R. and Kareiva, P. 1991. Quantifying the spread of recombinant genes and organisms. Pages 215–231 in Ginzburg, L., ed. Assessing Ecological Risks of Biotechnology. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Maxwell, B. D. 1992. Predicting gene flow from herbicide resistant weeds in annual agriculture systems. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. (Abstr.) 73:264.Google Scholar
22. Morris, W. F. 1993. Predicting the consequence of plant spacing and biased movement for pollen dispersal by honey bees. Ecology 74:493–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Mulugeta, D. 1991. Management, inheritance, and gene flow of resistance to chlorsulfuron in Kochia scoparia L. (Schrad). M.S. thesis. Montana State University, Bozeman, MT. 134 pp.Google Scholar
24. Nussbaum, E. S., Wiese, A. F., Crutchfield, D. E., Chenault, E. W., and Lavake, D. 1985. The effect of temperature and rainfall on emergence and growth of eight weeds. Weed Sci. 33:165–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Oberle, G. D. and Watson, R. 1953. The use of 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride in viability tests of fruit pollens. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 61:299–303.Google Scholar
26. Pafford, J. C. and Wiese, A. F. 1964. Growth characteristics of various weeds. Proc. South. Weed Conf. p. 365–366.Google Scholar
27. Pearson, H. M. and Harney, D. M. 1984. Pollen viability in Rosa . J. Hortic. Sci. 19:710–711.Google Scholar
28. SAS Institute, Inc. 1988. SAS Users Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.Google Scholar
29. Stallings, G. W., Thill, D. C., and Mallory-Smith, C. 1995. Plant movement and seed dispersal of Russian thistle (Salsola iberica). Weed Sci. 43:In press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Weatherspoon, D. M. and Schweizer, E. E. 1969. Competition between kochia and sugarbeets. Weed Sci. 17:464–467.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31. Wright, J. W. 1953. Pollen-dispersion studies: Some practical applications. J. For. 51:114–118.Google Scholar
32. Wodehouse, R. P. 1935. Pollen grains. McGraw-Hill, New York. 574 pp.Google Scholar