Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T05:32:59.672Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Intraspecific variation in germination response to ammonium nitrate of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) seeds originating from organic vs. conventional vegetable farms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Daniel C. Brainard ,
Antonio DiTommaso  and
Charles L. Mohler
Antonio DiTommaso
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
Charles L. Mohler
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The primary objectives of this research were (1) to characterize intraspecific variation in Powell amaranth seed germination and emergence response to nitrogen fertilization, and (2) to evaluate whether germination and emergence characteristics varied between seeds from populations originating on organic vs. conventional vegetable farms. We hypothesized that nonherbicide–based weed management and use of slower-releasing forms of N on organic farms may have selected for seeds with lower dormancy and lower germination sensitivity to N fertilization than seeds from conventional farms. Seeds were collected from five conventional and five organic vegetable farms in central New York State. A second generation of seeds, produced under common greenhouse conditions and stored for at least 3 mo at 5 C was tested for both germination in petri dishes and emergence in the field under multiple rates of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). Both seed germination and emergence were greater for seeds originating from organic compared with conventional vegetable farms. However, seed responsiveness to fertilization did not vary significantly by habitat of origin. Reduced rates or split applications of NH4NO3 significantly reduced emergence in the field in 2003 but had no significant effect on emergence in 2004. Large interpopulation variation in germination and emergence patterns suggests that for Powell amaranth and similar weed species, (1) species-level models of emergence may not be very robust across different farms, and (2) the effectiveness of manipulating emergence through soil fertility practices is likely to vary substantially according to farm and year.

Keywords

Powell amaranth = green pigweed, Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. AMAPOEmergencedormancymicroevolutionsoil fertility
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 54 , Issue 3 , June 2006 , pp. 435 - 442
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Agenbag, G. A. and De Villiers, O. T. 1989. The effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the germination and seedling emergence of wild oat (A. fatua L.) seed in different soil types. Weed Res 29:239–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. 1998. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Blackshaw, R. E., Stobbe, E. H., Shaykewich, C. F., and Woodbury, W. 1981. Influence of soil temperature and soil moisture on green foxtail (Setaria viridis) establishment in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Sci 29:179–184.Google Scholar
Brainard, D. C. and Bellinder, R. R. 2004. Weed suppression in a broccoli-winter rye intercropping system. Weed Sci 52:281–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brainard, D. C., Bellinder, R. R., and DiTommaso, A. 2005a. Effects of canopy shade on the morphology, phenology, and seed characteristics of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii). Weed Sci 53:175–186.Google Scholar
Brainard, D. C., DiTommaso, A., and Mohler, C. L. 2005b. Ecotypic variation in seed characteristics of Powell amaranth from habitats with contrasting crop rotation histories. Proc. Northeast. Weed Sci. Soc 59:142.Google Scholar
Brainard, D. C., DiTommaso, A., and Setter, T. L. 2005c. Effects of maternal drought and nitrogen stress on seed germination of two populations of Powell amaranth. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr 45:179.Google Scholar
Cairns, A. L. P. and DeVilliers, O. T. 1986. Breaking dormancy of Avena fatua L. seed by treatment with ammonia. Weed Res 26:191–197.Google Scholar
Chadoeuf-Hannel, R. and Barralis, G. 1982. Effect of different water regimes on the vegetative growth, seed weight and germination in the weed Amaranthus retroflexus L. under greenhouse conditions. Agronomie 2:835–841. [In French].Google Scholar
Christal, A., Davies, D. H. K., and Van Gardingen, P. R. 1998. The germination ecology of Chenopodium album populations. Asp. Appl. Biol 51:127–134.Google Scholar
Clements, D. R., DiTommaso, A., Jordan, N., Booth, B. D., Cardina, J., Doohan, D., Mohler, C. L., Murphy, S. D., and Swanton, C. J. 2004. Adaptability of plants invading North American cropland. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ 104:379–398.Google Scholar
Cooperband, L., Bollero, G., and Coale, F. 2002. Effect of poultry litter and composts on soil nitrogen and phosphorus availability and corn production. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst 62:185–194.Google Scholar
Costea, M., Weaver, S. E., and Tardif, F. J. 2004. The biology of Canadian weeds, 130: Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson, and A. hybridus L. Can. J. Plant Sci 84:631–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cousens, R. and Mortimer, M. 1995. Dynamics of Weed Populations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dieleman, A., Hamill, A. S., Weise, S. F., and Swanton, C. J. 1995. Empirical models of pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) interference in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Sci 43:612–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiTommaso, A. 2004. Germination behavior of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) populations across a range of salinities. Weed Sci 52:1002–1009.Google Scholar
Dyer, W. E. 1995. Exploiting weed seed dormancy and germination requirements through agronomic practices. Weed Sci 43:498–503.Google Scholar
Egley, G. 1989. Some effects of nitrate-treated soil upon the sensitivity of buried redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) seeds to ethylene, temperature, light, and carbon dioxide. Plant Cell Environ 12:581–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fawcett, R. S. and Slife, F. W. 1978. Effects of field applications of nitrate on weed seed germination and dormancy. Weed Sci 26:594–596.Google Scholar
Forcella, F. 1998. Real-time assessment of seed dormancy and seedling growth for weed management. Seed Sci. Res 8:201–209.Google Scholar
Frost, R. A. and Cavers, P. B. 1975. The ecology of pigweeds (Amaranthus) in Ontario, I: interspecific and intraspecific variation in seed germination among local collections of A. powellii and A. retroflexus . Can. J. Bot 53:1276–1284.Google Scholar
Gallagher, R. S. and Cardina, J. 1998. Phytochrome-mediated Amaranthus germination, II: development of very low fluence sensitivity. Weed Sci 46:53–58.Google Scholar
Ghorbani, R., Seel, W., and Leifert, C. 1999. Effects of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Amaranthus retroflexus . Weed Sci 47:505–510.Google Scholar
Grubinger, V. P. 1999. Sustainable Vegetable Production from Start-up to Market. Ithaca, NY: Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service, Cornell University Cooperative Extension.Google Scholar
Gutterman, Y. 2000. Maternal effects on seeds during development. Pages 59–84 in Fenner, M., ed. Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities, 2nd ed. New York: CABI Publishing.Google Scholar
Grundy, A. C. 2003. Predicting weed emergence: a review of approaches and future challenges. Weed Res 43:1–11.Google Scholar
Harris, S. M., Doohan, D. J., Gordon, R. J., and Jensen, K. I. N. 1998. The effect of thermal time and soil water on emergence of Ranunculus repens . Weed Res 38:405–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holt, J. S. and LeBaron, H. M. 1990. Significance and distribution of herbicide resistance. Weed Technol 6:615–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hurtt, W. and Taylorson, R. B. 1986. Chemical manipulation of weed emergence. Weed Res 26:259–267.Google Scholar
Hyvönen, T., Ketoja, E., Salonen, J., Jalli, H., and Tiainen, J. 2003. Weed species diversity and community composition in organic and conventional cropping of spring cereals. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ 97:131–149.Google Scholar
Kigel, J., Ofir, M., and Koller, D. 1977. Control of the germination responses of Amaranthus retroflexus L. seeds by their parental photothermal environment. J. Exp. Bot 28:1125–1136.Google Scholar
McWilliams, E. L., Landers, R. Q., and Mahlstede, J. P. 1966. Ecotypic differentiation in response to photoperiodism in several species of Amaranthus . Iowa Acad. of Science 73:44–51.Google Scholar
Mohler, C. L. 2001. Weed evolution and community structure. Pages 444–493 in Liebman, M., Mohler, C. L., and Staver, C. P. eds. Ecological Management of Agricultural Weeds. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortimer, A. M. 1997. Phenological adaptation in weeds—an evolutionary response to the use of herbicides. Pestic. Sci 51:299–304.Google Scholar
Myers, M. W., Curran, W. S., VanGessel, M. J., Calvin, D. D., Mortensen, D. A., Majek, B. A., Karsten, H. D., and Roth, G. W. 2004. Predicting weed emergence for eight annual species in the northeastern United States. Weed Sci 52:913–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naylor, R. E. L. and Abdalla, A. F. 1982. Variation in germination behaviour. Seed Sci. Technol 10:67–76.Google Scholar
Naylor, J. M. and Jana, S. 1976. Genetic adaptation for seed dormancy in Avena fatua . Can. J. Bot 54:306–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oryokot, J. O. E., Murphy, S. D., Thomas, A. G., and Swanton, C. J. 1997. Temperature- and moisture-dependent models of seed germination and shoot elongation in green and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus powellii, A. retroflexus). Weed Sci 45:488–496.Google Scholar
Povilaitis, B. 1956. Dormancy studies with seed of various weed species. Proc. Int. Seed Test Assoc 21:99–101.Google Scholar
Rice, K. J. and Emery, N. C. 2003. Managing microevolution: restoration in the face of global change. Front. Ecol. Environ 1:469–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[SAS] Statistical Analysis System. 2001. SAS/STAT User's Guide Version 8.1. Cary NC: SAS Institute Inc. 1030 p.Google Scholar
Sawma, J. T. and Mohler, C. L. 2002. Evaluating seed viability by an unimbibed seed crush test with comparison to the tetrazolium test. Weed Technol 16:781–786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimpf, D. J. and Palmblad, I. G. 1980. Germination response of weed seeds to soil nitrate and ammonium with and without simulated overwintering. Weed Sci 28:190–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckel, L. E., Sprague, C. L., Stoller, E. W., and Wax, L. M. 2004. Temperature effects on germination of nine Amaranthus species. Weed Sci 52:217–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinbauer, G. P. 1957. Interaction of temperature, light and moistening agent in the germination of weed seeds. Weeds 5:157.Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. R. and Pillai, P. 2005. Contribution of ammonium to stimulation of smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus L.) germination by extracts of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) residue. Weed Biol. Manag 5:19–25.Google Scholar
Weaver, S. E. and Thomas, A. G. 1986. Germination responses to temperature of atrazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of two pigweed (Amaranthus) species. Weed Sci 34:865–870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar