Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T16:00:21.008Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Extraneous Material on Plant Surfaces – An SEM Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

D. G. Davis
Affiliation:
Metab. and Rad. Res. Lab., U.S. Dep. Agric. Fargo, ND 58102;
S. M. Meola
Affiliation:
Veterinary Toxicol. & Entomol. Lab., U.S. Dep. Agric. College Station, TX 77843
J. S. Mullins
Affiliation:
Dep. Biol. Sci. California State College, California, PA 15419

Abstract

Leaf surfaces of fifteen plant species contained a large variety of biological and nonbiological structures of various sizes and shapes, which are not a part of the leaf surface but are significant features of all field-grown plants. Some of these structures were fungal hyphae, soil, pollen grains, bacteria, smut teliospores, and many others which could not be identified. This profusion of extraneous material indicates that in-depth studies will have to be made concerning the influence of these materials on agricultural chemicals before the fate of the chemical can be determined with any certainty.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1976 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Ashworth, R.DeB. and Lloyd, G.A. 1961. Laboratory and field tests for evaluating the efficiency of wetting agents used in agriculture. J. Sci. Food Agr. 12:234240.Google Scholar
2. Bainbridge, A. and Dickinson, C.H. 1972. Effect of fungicides on the microflora of potato leaves. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 59:3141.Google Scholar
3. Balicka, N. and Musial, M. 1972. The effect of microorganisms on phytotoxicity of herbicides. Part I. Complex activity of some pesticides on plants. Acta Microbiol. Polonica Ser. B. 4:183190.Google Scholar
4. Bickerman, J.J. 1950. Surface roughness and contact angle. J. Physical Colloid Chem. 54:653658.Google Scholar
5. Blakeman, J.P. 1973. The chemical environment of leaf surfaces with special reference to spore germination of pathogenic fungi. Pestic. Sci. 4:575588.Google Scholar
6. Bystrom, B.G., Glater, R.B., Scott, F.M., and Bowler, E.S.C. 1968. Leaf surface of Beta vulgaris-electron microscope study. Bot. Gaz. 129:133138.Google Scholar
7. Conibear, D.I. and Furmidge, C.G.L. 1965. Physico-chemical studies on agricultural sprays. VII. The visual assessment of spray coverage. J. Sci. Food Agr. 16:144149.Google Scholar
8. Davis, D.G. 1971. Scanning electron microscopic studies of wax formations on leaves of higher plants. Can. J. Bot. 49:543546.Google Scholar
9. Dickinson, C.H. 1973. Interactions of fungicides and leaf saprophytes. Pestic. Sci. 4:563574.Google Scholar
10. Dimond, A.E. 1962. Surface factors affecting the penetration of compounds into plants. Moderne Methoden Pflanzenanalyse 5:368382.Google Scholar
11. Ebeling, W. 1938. Penetration of spray liquids into plant tissue. VII. Intern. Entomol. Congr. 4:29662982.Google Scholar
12. Fogg, G.E. 1947. Quantitative studies on the wetting of leaves by water. Proc. Royal Soc. London, Ser. B 134:503522.Google Scholar
13. Furmidge, C.G.L. 1965. Physico-chemical studies on agricultural sprays. VI. Survey of methods for measuring the wetting ability of spray formulations. J. Sci. Food Agr. 16:134144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Günther, I. and Wortmann, G.B. 1966. Dust on the surface of leaves. J. Ultrastructure Research 15:522527.Google Scholar
15. Hankin, L. and Kolattukudy, P.E. 1968. Metabolism of a plant wax paraffin (n-nonacosane) by a soil bacterium (Micrococcus cerificans). J. Gen. Microbiol. 51:457463.Google Scholar
16. Hartley, G.S. and Brunskill, R.T. 1958. Reflection of water drops from surfaces, pages 214233 in Danielli, J.F., Parkhurst, K.G.A., and Riddiford, A.C. eds. Surface phenomena in chemistry and biology. Pergamon Press, New York.Google Scholar
17. Hull, H.M. 1970. Leaf structure as related to absorption of pesticides and other compounds. Residue Reviews, Springer-Verlag, New York 31:155 pp.Google Scholar
18. Last, F.T. and Warren, R.C. 1972. Non-parasitic microbes colonizing green leaves: Their form and functions. Endeavor 30:143150.Google Scholar
19. Leben, C. 1972. Micro-organisms associated with plant buds. J. Gen. Microbiol. 71:327331.Google Scholar
20. Martin, J.T. and Juniper, B.E. 1970. The cuticles of plants, St. Martin's Press, New York. 347 pp.Google Scholar
21. Mullins, J.S. and Davis, D.G. 1975. Studies on corn leaf surface bacterial flora. Proc. N. Dak. Acad. Sci. 27:120127.Google Scholar
22. Ruinen, J. 1974. Nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere. Frontiers of Biol. 33:121167.Google Scholar
23. Saunders, P.J.W. 1971. Modification of the leaf surface and its environment by pollution. Page 81 in Preece, T.F. and Dickinson, C.H., eds. Ecology of leaf surface microorganisms, Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
24. Saunders, P.J.W. 1973. Effects of atmospheric pollution on leaf surface microflora. Pestic. Sci. 4:589595.Google Scholar
25. Shuttleworth, R. and Bailey, G.L.J. 1948. The spreading of a liquid over a rough solid. Discuss. Faraday Soc. 3:1622.Google Scholar
26. Silva Fernandes, A.M.S. 1965. Studies on plant cuticle. VIII. Surface waxes in relation to water repellency. Ann. Appl. Biol. 56:297304.Google Scholar
27. Still, G.G., Davis, D.G., and Zander, G.L. 1970. Plant epicuticular lipids: Alteration by herbicidal carbamates. Plant Physiol. 46:307314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Troughton, J.H. and Sampson, F.B. 1973. Plants. A scanning electron microscope survey. John Wiley & Sons Australasia Pty. Ltd. Sydney. 152 pp.Google Scholar
29. Van Valkenburg, W. editor, 1973. Pesticide Formulations. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York. 481 pp.Google Scholar