Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T03:21:28.629Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Enhanced Degradation of Atrazine by Corn (Zea mays)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

J. J. Jachetta
Affiliation:
Bot. Dep., Univ. of Calif., Davis 95616
S. R. Radosevich
Affiliation:
Bot. Dep., Univ. of Calif., Davis 95616

Abstract

Photosynthesis in corn (Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 3369A’) was inhibited 25% by atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] after a 2-h root exposure in nutrient solution. Photosynthesis of the treated plants had completely recovered 21.4 h after removal from the treatment solution. Recovery of photosynthesis from second and third successive atrazine treatments required only 10.3 h and 4.0 h, respectively. Atrazine metabolism rates in corn plants after 1, 2, or 3 successive 4-h treatment periods, where each treatment period was followed by a 12-h recovery period, showed increased rates of metabolism of atrazine during each recovery time. An increased level of glutathione-S-atrazine was found following the first 4-h atrazine treatment and 12-h recovery. The enhanced production of GS-atrazine was maintained throughout subsequent exposures and recoveries. An inverse correlation (r2 = 0.992) was found between the increase in GS-atrazine production following each 4-h atrazine exposure and the time required for corn plants to recover from atrazine-induced photosynthesis inhibition. Enhanced detoxification of atrazine by corn plants pretreated with atrazine was indicated. No enhanced tolerance to other herbicides was observed from atrazine pretreatment. This phenomenon is similar to that described for the enhanced detoxification of several insecticides in animal systems.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © 1981 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Ashton, F. M., Zweig, G., and Mason, G. 1960. The effect of certain triazines on 14CO2 fixation in red kidney beans. Weeds 8:448451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Barnes, J. M. and Duff, J. I. 1954. Acetylcholine production in animals poisoned by diethyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon.). Br. J. Pharmacol. Chemother. 9:153158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Bishop, N. I. 1958. The influence of the herbicide DCMU on the oxygen-enolving system of photosynthesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 27:186189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Bishop, N. I. 1962. Inhibition of the oxygen-evolving system of photosynthesis by amino triazines. Biochim. Biophys Acta 57:186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Carringer, R. D., Rieck, C. E., and Bush, L. P. 1978. Metabolism of EPTC in corn. Weed Sci. 26:157160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Carringer, R. D., Rieck, C. E., and Bush, L. P. 1978. Effect of R-25788 on EPTC metabolism in corn (Zea mays) Weed Sci. 26:167171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7. Castelfranco, P. A., Foy, C. L., and Deutsch, D. B. 1961. Nonenzymatic detoxification of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) by extracts of Zea mays . Weeds 9:580591.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Chang, F. Y., Bandeen, J. D., and Stephenson, G. R. 1973. N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide as a antidote for EPTC and other herbicides in corn. Can. J. Plant Sci. 52:704714.Google Scholar
9. DuBois, K. 1965. Low level organophosphate residues in the diet. Arch. Environ. Health 10:837841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10. Esser, H. O., Dupuis, G. D., Ebert, E., and Vogel, C. 1975. s-Triazines. Pages 129208 in Kearny, P. C. and Kaufman, D. D. eds. Herbicides: Chemistry Degradation and Mode of Action. Vol. I, 2nd ed. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY.Google Scholar
11. Frear, D. S. and Swanson, H. R. 1970. The biosynthesis of S-(4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-2-s-triazine)glutathione: Partial purification and properties of a glutathione S-transferase from corn. Phytochemistry 9:21232132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Good, N. E. 1961. Inhibitors of the Hill reaction. Plant Physiol. 36:788803.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Hamilton, R. H. 1964. A corn mutant deficient in 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one with an altered tolerance to atrazine. Weeds 12:2730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Hamilton, R. H. and Moreland, D. E. 1962. Simazine degradation by corn seedlings. Science 135:373374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Hatch, R. C. 1977. Poisons causing neverous stimulation or depression. Pages 12011202 in Jones, L. M., Booth, N. H., and McDonald, L. E., eds. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 4th ed., Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
16. Hoagland, D. R. and Arnon, D. I. 1938. The water culture method for growing plants without soil. Calif. Agric. Exp. Stn. Circ. No. 347. 32 pp.Google Scholar
17. Kahn, M. A. 1973. Toxicity of systemic insecticides, toxicological considerations in using organophosphorus insecticides. Vet. Rec. 92:411419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18. Lamoureaux, G. L., Shimabukuro, R. H., Swanson, H. R., and Frear, D. S. 1970. The metabolism of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) in excised sorghum leaf sections. J. Agric. Food Chem. 18:8186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Lamoureaux, G. L., Stafford, L. E., and Tanaka, F. S. 1971. Metabolism of 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetamide (propachlor) in the leaves of corn, sorghum, sugarcane and barley. J. Agric. Food Chem. 19:346350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Lamoureaux, G. L., Stafford, L. E., and Shimabukuro, R. H. 1972. Conjugation of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(alkylamino)-s-triazines in higher plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:10041010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Lamoureaux, G. L., Stafford, L. E., and Shimabukuro, R. H. 1973. Atrazine metabolism in sorghum: Catabolism of the glutathione conjugate of atrazine. J. Agric. Food Chem. 21:10201030.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Lay, M. M., Hubbel, J. P., and Casida, J. E. 1975. Dichloroacetamide antidotes for thiocarbamate herbicides: Mode of action. Science 189:287289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Lay, M. M. and Casida, J. E. 1976. Dichloroacetamide antidotes enhance thiocarbamate sulfoxide detoxification by elevating corn root glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 6:442456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Leavitt, J. R. and Penner, D. 1979. In vitro conjugation of glutathione and other thiols with acetanilide herbicides and EPTC sulfoxide and the action of the herbicide antidote R-25788. J. Agric. Food Chem. 27:533536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Moreland, D. E., Gentner, W. A., Hilton, J. L. and Hill, K. C. 1959. Studies on the mechanism of action of 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine. Plant Physiol. 34:432435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26. Plapp, F. W. and Wang, T. C. 1980. Genetic origins of insecticide resistance. In Georghiou, G. P. and Saito, T., eds. Proc. Symp. on Pest Resistance to Pesticides: Challenges and Prospects. Plenum Press, N.Y., Palm Springs, CA. (In press).Google Scholar
27. Rider, J. A., Ellingwood, L. E., and Coon, J. M. 1952. Production of tolerance in the rat to octamethyl pyrophosphoramide OMPA (1990). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 81:455495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Rains, L. J. and Fletchall, O. H. 1971. The use of chemicals to protect crops from herbicidal injury. Proc. North Cent. Weed Control Conf. 26:42.Google Scholar
29. Roth, W. 1957. Etude comparee de la reaction du mais et du ble a la simizine substance herbicide. Compt. Rend. 245:942944.Google Scholar
30. Pfister, K., Radosevich, S. R., and Arntzen, C. J. 1979. Modification of herbicide binding to photosystem II in two biotypes of Senecio vulgaris L. Plant Physiol. 64:995999.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Shimabukuro, R. H. 1967. Atrazine metabolism and herbicidal selectivity. Plant Physiol. 42:12691276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Shimabukuro, R. H. 1967. Significance of a triazine dealkylation in root and shoot of pea plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 15:551562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Shimabukuro, R. H., Frear, D. S., Swanson, H. R., and Walsh, W. C. 1971. Glutathione conjugation: An enzymatic basis for atrazine resistance in corn. Plant Physiol. 47:1014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Shimabukuro, R. H. and Swanson, H. R. 1969. Atrazine metabolism, selectivity, and mode of action. J. Agric. Food Chem. 17:199204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Shimabukuro, R. H., Swanson, H. R., and Walsh, W. C. 1970. Glutathione conjugation: Atrazine detoxification mechanism in corn. Plant Physiol. 46:103107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Wright, T. H., Rieck, C. E., and Thompson, L. Jr. 1973. Comparative butylate metabolism in corn hybrids. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 26:383.Google Scholar
37. Zweig, G. and Ashton, F. M. 1962. The effect of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) on distribution of 14C compounds following 14CO2 fixation in excised kidney bean leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 13:511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar