Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T00:10:19.013Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effects of Soil Temperature, Seed Depth, and Cyanazine on Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Seedling Development

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Thomas C. Mester  and
Douglas D. Buhler
Thomas C. Mester
Affiliation:
Landis Int., Inc., Valdosta, GA 31601-6814
Douglas D. Buhler
Affiliation:
Res. Agron., Plant Sci. Res. Unit, U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv., Dep. Agron. Plant Genet., Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Controlled-environment experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil temperatures of 5 to 20 C, seed depths of 0 to 6 cm, and above- or below-seed cyanazine placement on germination and seedling development of giant foxtail and velvetleaf. Giant foxtail did not germinate at 5 C and failed to emerge from 6 cm deep within 21 days at 10 C. Increasing soil temperature above 10 C increased giant foxtail germination and emergence. Velvetleaf germinated at 5 C but did not emerge within 21 days. Velvetleaf emerged within 21 days from soil depths of 2 to 6 cm at soil temperatures of 10, 15, and 20 C. Giant foxtail and velvetleaf seed germinated on a soil surface kept moist by mulch or frequent watering. Giant foxtail seedling survival was 100% after germination on the soil surface. Velvetleaf often failed to become established; only 28% of the velvetleaf that germinated at 20 C survived. Injury to giant foxtail by cyanazine increased with increasing soil temperatures and decreasing seed depths. Cyanazine placement above or below the seed did not have a consistent effect on giant foxtail injury. Cyanazine placed above the seed was more injurious to velvetleaf than placement below at 15 and 20 C. Differential responses of giant foxtail and velvetleaf seed germination and seedling survivability to initial seed depth appears to be a major factor in weed population shifts when tillage is reduced or eliminated.

Keywords

Cyanazine, 2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2- yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrilegiant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. # SETFAand velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik. # ABUTHHerbicide placementseedling morphologyABUTHSETFA
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 39 , Issue 2 , June 1991 , pp. 204 - 209
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Buhler, D. D. and Daniel, T. C. 1988. Influence of tillage systems on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) density and control in corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci. 36:642–647.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Buhler, D. D. and Oplinger, E. S. 1990. Influence of tillage systems on annual weed densities and control in solid-seeded soybean (Glycine max). Weed Sci. 38:158–165.Google Scholar
3. Dawson, J. H. 1963. Development of barnyardgrass seedlings and their response to EPTC. Weeds 11:60–67.Google Scholar
4. Dowling, P. M., Clements, R. J., and McWilliam, J. R. 1971. Establishment and survival of pasture species from seeds sown on the soil surface. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 22:61–74.Google Scholar
5. Fay, P. K. and Olson, W. A. 1978. Technique for separating weed seed from soil. Weed Sci. 26:530–533.Google Scholar
6. Harper, J. L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. Academic Press, New York. Pages 84—120.Google Scholar
7. Horowitz, M. and Taylorson, R. B. 1984. Hardseededness and germinability of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) as affected by temperature and moisture. Weed Sci. 32:111–115.Google Scholar
8. Johnson, M. D. and Lowery, B. 1985. Effect of three conservation tillage practices on soil temperature and thermal properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 49:1547–1552.Google Scholar
9. King, L. J. 1947. Germination and chemical control of the giant foxtail grass. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. Plant Res. 15:469–487.Google Scholar
10. Mester, T. C. and Buhler, D. D. 1990. Effect of planting depth on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seedling development and response to cyanazine. Weed Sci. 38:34–38.Google Scholar
11. Penner, D. 1971. Effect of temperature on phytotoxicity and root uptake of several herbicides. Weed Sci. 19:571–576.Google Scholar
12. Sheldon, J. C. 1974. The behavior of seeds in soil. III. The influence of seed morphology and the behavior of seedlings on the establishment of plants from surface-lying seeds. J. Ecol. 62:47–65.Google Scholar
13. Triplett, G. B. Jr. and Lytle, G. D. 1972. Control and ecology of weeds in continuous corn grown without tillage. Weed Sci. 20:453–457.Google Scholar
14. Walker, A. 1973. Vertical distribution of herbicides in soil and their availability to plants: Treatment of different proportions of the total root system. Weed Res. 13:416–421.Google Scholar
15. Wiese, A. M. and Binning, L. K. 1987. Calculating the threshold temperature of development for weeds. Weed Sci. 35:177–179.Google Scholar
16. Wrucke, M. A. and Arnold, W. E. 1985. Weed species distribution as influenced by tillage and herbicides. Weed Sci. 33:853–856.Google Scholar
17. Yenish, J. P. 1990. Effects of tillage on vertical distribution and viability of weed seed in soil. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI. 89.Google Scholar