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Effects of Initial Seed-Bank Density on Weed Seedling Emergence during the Transition to an Organic Feed-Grain Crop Rotation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Richard G. Smith ,
Randa Jabbour ,
Andrew G. Hulting ,
Mary E. Barbercheck  and
David A. Mortensen
Richard G. Smith*
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
Randa Jabbour
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
Andrew G. Hulting
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
Mary E. Barbercheck
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
David A. Mortensen
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

The transition period to certified organic production can present a significant weed management challenge for growers. Organic certification requires that prohibited fertilizers and pesticides must not have been used for 36 mo before harvest of the first organic crop. Understanding how organic management practices and initial weed seed-bank densities affect weed population dynamics during the transition period may improve weed management efficacy and adoption of organic practices. We examined how tillage systems (full or reduced) and cover crop species planted during the first transition year (rye or a mixture of timothy and red clover) affect the seedling densities of three common annual weed species, common lambsquarters, velvetleaf, and foxtail spp., during the 3-yr transition period. Weed seeds were applied in a one-time pulse at the beginning of the study at three densities, low, medium, and high (60, 460, and 2,100 seeds m−2, respectively), and cumulative seedling densities of each species were assessed annually. Treatment factors had variable and species-specific effects on weed seedling densities. In general, the full-tillage system, with an initial cover crop of timothy and red clover, resulted in the lowest density of weed seedlings following seed-bank augmentation. There was little consistent association between the initial densities of applied weed seeds in the weed seed bank at the start of the transition and weed seedling densities at the end of the transition period. This suggests that when multiple crop and weed cultural management practices are employed during the organic transition period, initial failures in weed management may not necessarily lead to persistent and intractable annual weed species management problems following organic certification.

Keywords

Common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEALgiant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFAvelvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik. ABUTHyellow foxtail, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. SETLUred clover, Trifolium pretense L.rye, Secale cereal L.timothy, Phleum pratense L.Cover cropspulse-chaseseed banktillage
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 57 , Issue 5 , October 2009 , pp. 533 - 540
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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Footnotes

Current address: Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164.

Current address: Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331.

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