Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T09:05:44.244Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of Wetting and Drying of Soil on Sorption and Biodegradation of Atrazine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Daniel R. Shelton ,
Ali M. Sadeghi ,
Jeffrey S. Karns  and
Cathleen J. Hapeman
Daniel R. Shelton
Affiliation:
Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric., Environ. Chem. Lab., BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705
Ali M. Sadeghi
Affiliation:
Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric., Environ. Chem. Lab., BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705
Jeffrey S. Karns
Affiliation:
Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric., Environ. Chem. Lab., BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705
Cathleen J. Hapeman
Affiliation:
Agric. Res. Serv., U.S. Dep. Agric., Environ. Chem. Lab., BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Short term incubations (4 d) were conducted to assess the effect of a wetting/drying cycle on atrazine sorption, as well as biodegradation, as a function of various atrazine concentrations (ca. 5, 10, and 25 μg g−1 soil) and levels of added crop residues (0, 5, and 10% cornstalks by weight), using a technique that allowed independent analysis of soluble and sorbed atrazine. Soil solution atrazine concentrations decreased, and KdS increased with increasing crop residues. The sorptive capacity of cornstalks for atrazine was estimated to be 860 μg g−1 vs 28 μg g−1 for unamended soil. Drying and rewetting resulted in lower soil solution concentrations and decreased extraction efficiencies (13 to 22%) for sorbed atrazine; the effect was most pronounced with added cornstalks. High recoveries of 14C from soils (combustion data) indicated that atrazine was not lost to volatilization. Rapid rates of biodegradation were observed in cornstalkamended soils shortly after rewetting; degradation was not observed in unamended soil. A longer incubation (6 wk) was conducted with ca. 10 μg g−1 atrazine and 5% cornstalks to assess metabolites and kinetics of biodegradation. Atrazine disappearance was observed after ca. 2 wk with concomitant production of deethyl- and deisopropyl-atrazine at a ratio of ca. 2:1. Dealkylated-atrazine accumulated after ca. 3 wk; there was no evidence for hydroxy-atrazine production. These data suggest that biodegradation may play an important role in atrazine losses in the field despite wetting/drying cycles. In addition, there may be apparent losses of atrazine due to decreased extraction efficiencies as a consequence of wetting/drying cycles, resulting in underestimation of field residues.

Keywords

Atrazine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diaminecorn, Zea mays L.Herbicidebioavailability
Type
Soil, Air, and Water
Information
Weed Science , Volume 43 , Issue 2 , June 1995 , pp. 298 - 305
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

LITERATURE CITED

1. Anonymous. Agricultural Chemical Usage: 1992 Field Crops Summary. 1993. USDA-National Agricultural Statistics Service. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
2. Behiki, R. M. and Khan, S. U. 1986. Degradation of atrazine by Pseudomonas: N-dealkylation of and dehalogenation of atrazine and its metabolites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34:746–749.Google Scholar
3. Brouwer, W.W.M., Boesten, J.J.T.I., and Siegers, W. G. 1990. Adsorption of transformation products of atrazine by soil. Weed Res. 30:123–128.Google Scholar
4. Carsel, R. F., Smith, C. N., Mulkey, L. A., and Jowise, J. D. 1984. User's Manual for the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM): Release 1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA. EPA-600/3-109.Google Scholar
5. Dao, T. H. and Lavy, T. L. 1978. Extraction of soil solution using a simple centrifugation method for pesticide adsorption-desorption studies. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42:375–377.Google Scholar
6. Gamerdinger, A. P., Lemley, A. T., and Wagnet, R. J. 1991. Nonequilibrium sorption and degradation of three 2-chloro-s-triazine herbicides and soilwater systems. J. Environ. Qual. 20:815–822.Google Scholar
7. Gish, T. J., Isensee, A. R., Nash, R. G., and Helling, C. S. 1991. Impact of pesticides on shallow groundwater quality. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 34:1745–1753.Google Scholar
8. Goetz, A. J., Wehtje, G., Walker, R. K., and Hajek, B. 1986. Soil solution and mobility characterization of imazaquin. Weed Sci. 34:788–793.Google Scholar
9. Greer, L. E. and Shelton, D. R. 1992. Effect of inoculant strain and organic matter content on kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation in soil. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1459–1465.Google Scholar
10. Isensee, A. R., Nash, R. G., and Helling, C. S. 1990. Effect of conventional vs. no-tillage on pesticide leaching to shallow groundwater. J. Environ. Chem. 19:434–440.Google Scholar
11. Isensee, A. R. and Sadeghi, A. M. 1993. Impact of tillage practice on runoff and pesticide transport. J. Soil Water Conserv. (in press).Google Scholar
12. Kaufman, D. D. and Kearney, P. C. 1970. Microbial degradation of s-triazine herbicides. Residue Rev. 32:235–265.Google Scholar
13. Kaufman, D. D. and Blake, J. 1970. Degradation of atrazine by soil fungi. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2:73–80.Google Scholar
14. Kaufman, D. D., Still, G. G., Paulson, G. D., and Bandal, S. K. 1975. Bound and Conjugated Pesticide Residues. ACS Symposium Series 29. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 396 p.Google Scholar
15. Mandelbaum, R. T., Wackett, L. P., and Allan, D. L. 1993. Mineralization of the s-triazine ring of atrazine by stable bacterial mixed cultures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1695–1701.Google Scholar
16. Muir, D. G. and Baker, B. E. 1978. The disappearance and movement of three triazine herbicides and several of their degradation products in soil under field conditions. Weed Res. 18:111–120.Google Scholar
17. Pogell, B. M. 1992. N-Dealkylation and complete degradation of atrazine by microorganisms. Proc. Gen. Mol. Biol. Indus. Microorg. B16:16.Google Scholar
18. Pogell, B. M. 1992. N-Deisopropylation and N-deethylation of atrazine by a streptomycete. Abstr. Annu. Mtg. Amer. Soc. Microbiol. O-51. p. 317.Google Scholar
19. Rao, P.S.C. and Davidson, J. M. 1980. Estimation of pesticide retention and transformation parameters required in nonpoint source pollution models. Pages 23–67 in Overcash, M. R. and Davidson, J. M., eds., Environmental Impact of Nonpoint Source Pollution. Ann Arbor Science Publications, Inc. pp. 23–67.Google Scholar
20. Scott, H. D. and Lutz, J. F. 1971. Release of herbicides from clay minerals as a function of water content: I. Kaolinite. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 35:374–379.Google Scholar
21. Shelton, D. R. and Parkin, T. B. 1989. A semiautomated instrument for measuring total and radiolabelled carbon dioxide evolution from soil. J. Environ. Qual. 18:550–554.Google Scholar
22. Shelton, D. R. and Parkin, T. B. 1991. Effect of moisture on sorption and biodegradation of carbofuran in soil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39:2063–2068.Google Scholar
23. Sigua, G. C., Isensee, A. R., and Sadeghi, A. M. 1993. Influence of rainfall intensity and crop residue on leaching of atrazine through intact no-till soil cores. Soil Sci. J. vol. 156. No. 4. (in press).Google Scholar
24. Skipper, H. D. and Volk, V. V. 1972. Biological and chemical degradation of atrazine in three Oregon soils. Weed Sci. 20:344–347.Google Scholar
25. Smith, S. C., Ainsworth, C. C., Traina, S. J., and Hicks, R. J. 1992. Effect of sorption on the biodegradation of quinoline. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 56:737–746.Google Scholar
26. Sorenson, B. A., Wyse, D. L., Koskinen, W. C., Buhler, D. D., Lueschen, W. E., and Jorgenson, M. D. 1993. Formation and movement of C14-atrazine degradation products in a sandy loam soil under field conditions. Weed Sci. 41:239–245.Google Scholar
27. van Genuchten, M. Th., Wierenga, P. J., and O'Connor, G. A. 1977. Mass transfer studies in sorbing porous media: III. Experimental evaluation with 2,4,5-T. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 41:278–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Wienhold, B. J., Sadeghi, A. M., and Gish, T. J. 1992. Effect of starch encapsulation and temperature on volatilization of atrazine and alachlor. J. Environ. Qual. 22:162–166.Google Scholar
29. Williams, W. M., Holden, P. W., Parsons, D. W., and Lorber, M. N. 1988. Pesticides in ground water data base: 1988 interim report. USEPA.Google Scholar