Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T01:34:29.913Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) Seed Germination

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Charlie D. Clements ,
Daniel Harmon  and
James A. Young
Charlie D. Clements*
Affiliation:
Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Reno, NV 89512
Daniel Harmon
Affiliation:
Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Reno, NV 89512
James A. Young
Affiliation:
Exotic and Invasive Weeds Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Reno, NV 89512
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The objective of this study was to define further the environmental requirements for safe sites for germination of diffuse knapweed achenes (seeds). Germination temperature profiles were developed for diffuse knapweed seeds collected from sites in the Great Basin and Colorado. Each profile consisted of seeds germinated at 55 constant or alternating temperatures from 0 through 40 C. The resulting germination was used to develop quadratic response surfaces with regression analysis. Some germination occurred from 71 to 96% of the temperature regimes, depending on the accession being tested. Maximum observed germination ranged from 85 to 98%. Optimum germination, defined as the maximum observed minus one half the confidence interval at the 0.01 level of probability, occurred at a wide range of temperatures from cold periods of 0 through 20 C, alternating with warm periods of 10 through 35 C. The temperature regimes that most frequently supported optimum germination were 5/25 C (5 C for 16 h and 25 C for 8 h in each 24-h period) and 10/25 C. Germination of diffuse knapweed seeds was generally higher at alternating than constant temperatures.

Keywords

Diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lam. CENDIInvasive weedsseedbed ecologyrange weeds
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 58 , Issue 4 , December 2010 , pp. 369 - 373
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Blank, R. R. and Young, J. A. 1992. Influence of matric potential and substrate characteristics on germination of Nezpar Indian ricegrass. J. Range Manag. 45:205–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callihan, R. H., Prather, T. S., and Northam, F. E. 1993. Longevity of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) achenes in soil. Weed Technol. 7:33–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, R. A. and Young, J. A. 1970. Plant litter and establishment of alien annual species in rangeland communities. Weed Sci. 18:697–703.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, R. A. and Young, J. A. 1972. Microsite requirements for establishment of alien annual species in rangeland communities. Weed Sci. 20:350–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, R. A., Easi, D. A., Book, D. N., and Young, J. A. 1982. Quadratic response surface analysis of seed germination trials. Weed Sci. 30:411–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, R. A., Holbo, H. R., Eckert, R. E. Jr., and Young, J. A. 1970. Functional environment of downy brome communities in relation to weed control and revegetation. Weed Sci. 18:154–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, J. L. 1977. Population Biology of Plants. London Academic. 892 p.Google Scholar
Joley, D. B., Maddox, D. M., Mackey, B. E., Schoenig, S. E., and Casanave, K. A. 1997. Effects of light and temperature on germination dimorphic achenes of Centaurea solstitialis in California. Can. J. Bot. 75:2131–2139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keil, D. J. and Turner, C. E. 1993. Centaurea. Pages 222–223. In Hickman, J. C. ed. The Jepson Manual. Berkeley University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lacey, J. 1989. Knapweed management: a decade of change. Pages 1–6. In Fay, P. K. and Lacy, J. R. eds. Proceedings of Knapweed Symposium, April 4 and 5, 1989. Bozeman, MT Plant and Soil Science Department and Cooperative Extension Service, Montana State University, EB45.Google Scholar
Lacey, J., Husby, P., and Handl, G. 1990. Observations on spotted and diffuse knapweed invasion into ungrazed bunchgrass communities in Western Montana. Rangelands. 12:30–32.Google Scholar
Lacey, J., Marlow, C. B., and Lane, J. R. 1989. Influence of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) on surface runoff and sediment yield. Weed Technol. 3:627–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newman, E. I. 1963. Factors controlling the germination date of winter annuals. J. Ecol. 52:625–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nolan, D. G. and Upadhyaya, M. K. 1988. Primary seed dormancy in diffuse and spotted knapweed. Can. J. Plant Sci. 68:775–783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmquist, D. E., Evans, R. A., and Young, J. A. 1987. Comparative analysis of temperature response surfaces. Pages 97–104. In Frasier, G. and Evans, R. A. eds. Seed and Seedbed Ecology of Rangeland Plants. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Pp. 97–104.Google Scholar
Roché, C. T. and Roché, B. F. Jr. 1988. Distribution and amount of four knapweed (Centaurea L.) species in eastern Washington. Northwest Sci. 62:242–241.Google Scholar
Roché, B. F. Jr. and Talbot, C. J. 1986. The collection history of Centaurea found in Washington State. Pullman, WA Agriculture Research Center, Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, Research Bulletin XB0978. 36 p.Google Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. 1942. The Reproductive Capacity of Plants. London Bell. 266 p.Google Scholar
Schirman, R. 1981. Seed production and spring seedling establishment of diffuse knapweed. J. Range Manag. 34:45–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semenza, R. J., Young, J. A., and Evans, R. A. 1978. Influence of light and temperature on the germination and seedbed ecology of common mullein (Verbascum thapsus). Weed Sci. 26:577–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheley, R. L. and Larson, L. L. 1996. Emergence date effect on resource partitioning between diffuse knapweed seedlings. J. Range Manag. 49:241–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheley, R. L., Jacobs, J. S., and Carpinelli, M. F. 1998. Distribution, biology, and management of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) and spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa). Weed Technol. 12:353–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheley, R. L., Olson, B. E., and Larson, L. L. 1997. Effect of weed seed rate and grass defoliation level on diffuse knapweed. J. Range Manag. 50:39–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, D. J. and Stout, D. G. 1991. Duration of juvenile period in diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) Can. J. Plant Sci. 69:368–371.Google Scholar
Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M., and Webb, D. A. eds. 1976. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. Flora Europaea. Vol. 4. p. 282.Google Scholar
Watson, A. K. and Renny, A. J. 1974. The biology of Canadian weeds. 6. Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa . Can. J. Plant Sci. 54:687–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, J. A. and Evans, R. A. 1982. Temperature profiles for germination of cool season grasses. Oakland, CA U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. ARR-W-72. 92 p.Google Scholar
Young, J. A., Evans, R. A., and Eckert, R. E. 1968. Population dynamics of downy brome. Weed Sci. 16:20–26.Google Scholar
Young, J. A., Evans, R. A., and Kay, B. L. 1973. Temperature requirements for seed germination in an annual-type rangeland community. Agron. J. 65:656–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, J. A., Evans, R. A., and Major, J. 1972. Alien plants in the Great Basin. J. Range Manag. 25:194–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, J. A., Palmquist, D. E., and Evans, R. A. 1991. Temperature profiles for germination of big sagebrush seeds from native stands. J. Range Manag. 44:385–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, J. A., Kay, B. L., George, H., and Evans, R. A. 1980. Germination of three species of Atriplex. Agron. J. 72:705–709.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, J. A., Clements, C. D., Pitcairn, M. J., Balciunas, J., Enloe, S., Turner, C., and Harmon, D. 2005. Germination-temperature profiles for achenes of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solsititialis). Weed Technol. 19:815–823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar