Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T09:24:21.155Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cover crop, tillage, and herbicide effects on weeds, soil properties, microbial populations, and soybean yield

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Krishna N. Reddy ,
Robert M. Zablotowicz ,
Martin A. Locke  and
Clifford H. Koger
Robert M. Zablotowicz
Affiliation:
Southern Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776
Martin A. Locke
Affiliation:
Southern Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776
Clifford H. Koger
Affiliation:
Southern Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A field study was conducted during 1997 to 2001 on a Dundee silt loam soil at Stoneville, MS, to examine the effects of rye and crimson clover residues on weeds, soil properties, soil microbial populations, and soybean yield in conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems with preemergence (PRE)-only, postemergence (POST)-only, and PRE plus POST herbicide programs. Rye and crimson clover were planted in October, desiccated in April, and tilled (CT plots only) before planting soybean. Both cover-crop residues reduced density of barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, browntop millet, entireleaf morningglory, and hyssop spurge but did not affect yellow nutsedge at 7 wk after soybean planting (WAP) in the absence of herbicides. Densities of these weed species were generally lower with PRE-only, POST-only, and PRE plus POST applications than with no-herbicide treatment. Total weed dry biomass was lower when comparing CT (1,570 kg ha−1) with NT (1,970 kg ha−1), rye (1,520 kg ha−1) with crimson clover (2,050 kg ha−1), and PRE plus POST (640 kg ha−1) with PRE-only (1,870 kg ha−1) or POST-only (1,130 kg ha−1) treatments at 7 WAP. Soils with crimson clover had higher organic matter, NO3–N, SO4–S, and Mn, and lower pH compared with rye and no–cover crop soils. Total fungi and bacterial populations and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity were higher in soil with crimson clover, followed by rye and no cover crop. Soybean yields were similar between CT (1,830 kg ha−1) and NT (1,960 kg ha−1), no cover crop (2,010 kg ha−1) and rye (1,900 kg ha−1), and rye and crimson clover (1,790 kg ha−1), but they were higher in PRE plus POST (2,260 kg ha−1) than in PRE-only (1,890 kg ha−1) or POST-only (1,970 kg ha−1) treatments.

Keywords

Acifluorfenbentazonclethodimflumetsulammetolachlorbarnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCGbroadleaf signalgrass, Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash BRAPPbrowntop millet, Brachiaria ramosa (L.) Stapf. PANRAentireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray IPOHGhyssop spurge, Euphorbia hyssopifolia L. EPHHSyellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. CYPEScrimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum L. ‘Dixie’; rye, Secale cereale L. ‘Elbon’soybean, Glycine max (L.) MerrConventional tillagecrimson cloverintegrated weed managementorganic matterno tillageryesoil microbial populationsweed densityweed biomass
Type
Weed Management
Information
Weed Science , Volume 51 , Issue 6 , December 2003 , pp. 987 - 994
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Ateh, C. M. and Doll, J. D. 1996. Spring-planted winter rye (Secale cereale) as a living mulch to control weeds in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol 10:347–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, J. P. and Putnam, A. R. 1986. Evidence for allelopathy by residues and aqueous extracts of rye (Secale cereale). Weed Sci 34:384–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruff, S. A. and Shaw, D. R. 1992a. Early season herbicide applications for weed control in stale seedbed soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol 6:36–44.Google Scholar
Bruff, S. A. and Shaw, D. R. 1992b. Tank-mix combinations for weed control in stale seedbed soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol 6:45–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgos, N. R. and Talbert, R. E. 1996. Weed control by spring cover crops and imazethapyr in no-till southern pea (Vigna unguiculata). Weed Technol 10:893–899.Google Scholar
Creamer, N. G., Bennett, M. A., Stinner, B. R., Cardina, J., and Regnier, E. E. 1996. Mechanisms of weed suppression in cover crop-based production systems. Hortscience 31:410–413.Google Scholar
CTIC. 2002. Conservation Technology Information Center, West Lafayette, IN. www.ctic.purdue.edu/CTIC/.Google Scholar
Donahue, S. J. 1992. Determination of nitrate-nitrogen by specific-ion electrode. Reference soil media diagnostics for the southern region of the United States. Pages 25–27 in Southern Cooperative Bulletin 347. Athens, GA: University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Station.Google Scholar
Elmore, C. D. and Heatherly, L. G. 1988. Planting system and weed control effects on soybean grown on clay soil. Agron. J 80:818–821.Google Scholar
Hargrove, W. L. 1986. Winter legumes as a nitrogen source for no-till grain sorghum. Agron. J 78:70–74.Google Scholar
Heatherly, L. G. and Elmore, C. D. 1983. Response of soybeans (Glycine max) to planting in untilled, weedy seedbed on clay soil. Weed Sci 31:93–99.Google Scholar
Heatherly, L. G., Elmore, C. D., and Wesley, R. A. 1992. Weed control for soybean (Glycine max) planted in a stale seedbed or undisturbed seedbed on clay soil. Weed Technol 6:119–124.Google Scholar
Kirchner, M. J., Wollum, A. G. III, and King, L. D. 1993. Soil microbial populations and activities in reduced chemical input agroecosystems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J 57:1289–1295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koger, C. H., Reddy, K. N., and Shaw, D. R. 2002. Effects of rye cover crop residue and herbicides on weed control in narrow and wide row soybean planting systems. Weed Biol. Manag 2:216–224.Google Scholar
Liebl, R., Simmons, F. W., Wax, L. M., and Stoller, E. W. 1992. Effect of rye (Secale cereale) mulch on weed control and soil moisture in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol 6:838–846.Google Scholar
Locke, M. A. and Bryson, C. T. 1997. Herbicide-soil interactions in reduced tillage and plant residue management systems. Weed Sci 45:307–320.Google Scholar
Locke, M. A., Reddy, K. N., and Zablotowicz, R. M. 2002. Weed management in conservation production systems. Weed Biol. Manag 2:123–132.Google Scholar
Mallory, E. B., Posner, J. L., and Baldock, J. O. 1998. Performance, economics, and adoption of cover crops in Wisconsin cash grain rotations: on-farm trials. Am. J. Altern. Agric 13:2–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. P. 1950. Use of acid, rose bengal and streptomycin in the plate method for enumerating soil fungi. Soil Sci 69:215–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehlich, A. 1984. Mehlich 3 soil extractant: a modification of Mehlich 2 extractant. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal 15:1409–1416.Google Scholar
Nelson, D. W. and Sommers, L. E. 1996. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. Pages 961–1010 in Bartels, J. M. ed. Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Methods. Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America.Google Scholar
Reddy, K. N. 2001. Effects of cereal and legume cover crop residues on weeds, yield, and net return in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol 15:660–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, K. N. 2003. Impact of rye cover crop and herbicides on weeds, yield, and net return in narrow row transgenic and conventional soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol. 17:28–35.Google Scholar
Reddy, K. N., Zablotowicz, R. M., and Locke, M. A. 1995. Chlorimuron adsorption, desorption, and degradation in soils from conventional tillage and no-tillage systems. J. Environ. Qual 24:760–767.Google Scholar
Sainju, U. M. and Singh, B. P. 1997. Winter cover crops for sustainable agricultural systems: influence on soil properties, water quality, and crop yields. Hortscience 32:21–28.Google Scholar
[SAS] Statistical Analysis Systems. 1998. SAS User's Guide. Version 7. Cary, NC: Statistical Analysis Systems Institute.Google Scholar
Schnürer, J. and Rosswall, T. 1982. Fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis as a measure of total microbial activity in soil and litter. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 43:1256–1261.Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. R. 1996. Contribution of cover crops to weed management in sustainable agricultural systems. J. Prod. Agric 9:475–479.Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. R., Beste, C. E., and Potts, W. E. 1991. Response of weeds to tillage and cover crop residue. Weed Sci 39:195–199.Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. R. and Daughtry, C. S. T. 1993. Weed suppression by live and desiccated hairy vetch (Vicia villosa). Weed Sci 41:207–212.Google Scholar
Varco, J. J., Spurlock, S. R., and Sanabria-Garro, O. R. 1999. Profitability and nitrogen rate optimization associated with winter cover management in no-tillage cotton. J. Prod. Agric 12:91–95.Google Scholar
Wagner, S. C., Zablotowicz, R. M., Locke, M. A., Smeda, R. J., and Bryson, C. T. 1995. Influence of herbicide-desiccated cover crops on biological soil quality in the Mississippi Delta. Pages 86–89 in Kingery, W. L. and Buehring, N. eds. Conservation Farming: A Focus on Water Quality. Proceedings of the 1995 Southern Conservation Tillage Conference for Sustainable Agriculture. Mississippi Agriculture Forestry Experiment Station Special Bulletin 88-7.Google Scholar
Yenish, J. P., Worsham, A. D., and York, A. C. 1996. Cover crops for herbicide replacement in no-tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol 10:815–821.Google Scholar
Zablotowicz, R. M., Locke, M. A., and Smeda, R. J. 1998. Degradation of 2,4-D and fluometuron in cover crop residues. Chemosphere 37:87–101.Google Scholar