Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-03T19:26:27.542Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biochemical Interactions of Atrazine and Glyphosate in Soybean (Glycine max) Seedlings

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Robert E Hoagland
Robert E Hoagland*
Affiliation:
South. Weed Sci. Lab., U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv., Stoneville, MS 38776
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate possible interactions of atrazine and glyphosate on soybeans at the molecular level. Because these compounds alter the extractable activities of nitrate reductase (NR)3 and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), these enzymes were chosen as biochemical markers. Levels of anthocyanin, hydroxyphenolic compounds, and chlorophyll were also determined. Three-day-old dark-grown soybean seedlings, susceptible to both herbicides, were transferred to 2 mM CaSO4 or CaSO4 containing high-purity 10–4 M atrazine, 10–4M glyphosate, or a combination of both herbicides at 10–4 M each. Plants were placed in a growth chamber under continuous light (200 μE·m–2·s–1) at 25 C and harvested at 24-h intervals over a 96-h time course. Interactions of atrazine and glyphosate on hypocotyl elongation were detected after 96 h when the compounds were supplied simultaneously. Intermediate PAL levels were found in the atrazine + glyphosate treatment compared to the levels for each herbicide alone. At 96 h, anthocyanin content in hypocotyls in the atrazine + glyphosate treatment was twice that of the atrazine treatment, and hydroxyphenolic content was increased by 25% (per axis). Interactions of these herbicides were also apparent on NR activity; i.e., on a per organ basis the combination treatment resulted in levels 20% higher than glyphosate alone in roots and 16 times greater than glyphosate alone in leaves after 96 h. Total chlorophyll content in hypocotyls (μg/organ) was decreased by atrazine but not significantly by glyphosate after 96 h. Atrazine + glyphosate resulted in chlorophyll content equal to that of atrazine alone. Mathematical analyses showed that interactions on NR, PAL, anthocyanin levels, and hypocotyl elongation were antagonistic at 96 h. These data demonstrate interaction between atrazine and glyphosate in plant tissues that is related to some biochemical parameters associated with the secondary molecular mode of action of these herbicides.

Keywords

Atrazine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3, 5-triazine-2,4-diamineglyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycinesoybean Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Centennial’Herbicide antagonism herbicide mode of actionherbicide synergismnitrate reductase [EC 1.9.6.1]phenylalanine ammonia-lyase [EC 4.3.1.5]
Type
Physiology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry
Information
Weed Science , Volume 37 , Issue 4 , July 1989 , pp. 491 - 497
Copyright
Copyright © 1989 by the Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

1. Anonymous. 1989. Crop Protection Chemicals Reference. 5th ed. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Press/John Wiley & Sons, New York. 2266 pp.Google Scholar
2. Appleby, A. P. and Somalhi, M. 1978. Antagonistic effect of atrazine and simazine on glyphosate activity. Weed Sci. 26:135–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Arnon, D. 1949. Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts: Polyphenol oxidases in Beta vulgaris . Plant Physiol. 24:1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Baird, D. D., Upchurch, R. P., Homesley, W. B., and Franz, J. E. 1971. Introduction of a new broadspectrum postemergence herbicide class with utility for herbaceous perennial weed control. Proc. North Cent. Weed Control Conf. 26:64–68.Google Scholar
5. Baur, J. R. 1979. Reduction of glyphosate-induced tillering in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) by several chemicals. Weed Sci. 27:69–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6. Caseley, J. C. and Coupland, D. 1985. Environmental and plant factors affecting glyphosate uptake, movement and activity. Pages 92–123 in Grossbard, E. and Atkinson, D., eds. The Herbicide Glyphosate. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
7. Colby, S. R. 1967. Calculating synergistic and antagonistic responses of herbicide combinations. Weeds 15:20–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Cole, D. J. 1985. Mode of action of glyphosate—a literature analysis. Pages 48–74 in Grossbard, E. and Atkinson, D., eds. The Herbicide Glyphosate. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
9. Cole, D. J., Caseley, J. C., and Dodge, A. D. 1983. Influence of glyphosate on selected plant processes. Weed Res. 23:173–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10. Coupland, D. 1985. Metabolism of glyphosate in plants. Pages 25–34 in Grossbard, E. and Atkinson, D., eds. The Herbicide Glyphosate. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
11. Duke, S. H. and Duke, S. O. 1978. In vitro nitrate reductase activity and in vivo phytochrome measurements of maize seedlings as affected by various light treatments. Plant Cell Physiol. 19:481–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Duke, S. O., Hoagland, R. E., and Elmore, C. D. 1979. Effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. IV. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, free amino acids, and soluble hydroxyphenolic compounds in axes of light-grown soybeans. Physiol. Plant. 46:307–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13. Fedtke, C. 1982. Biochemistry and physiology of herbicide action. Spring-Verlag, Berlin. 202 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Gramlich, J. V., Davis, D. E., and Funderburk, H. H. Jr. 1965. The effect of atrazine on N metabolism of resistant and susceptible plants. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 18:611.Google Scholar
15. Hatzios, K. K. 1983. Herbicide antidotes: Development, chemistry and mode of action. Adv. Agron. 36:265–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Hatzios, K. K. and Hoagland, R. E., eds. 1988. Crop Safeners for Herbicides—Development, Uses, and Mechanisms of Action. Academic Press, New York. 400 pp.Google Scholar
17. Hatzios, K. K. and Penner, D. 1985. Interactions of herbicides with other agrochemicals in higher plants. Rev. Weed Sci. 1:1–63.Google Scholar
18. Havir, E. A. and Hanson, K. R. 1970. L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (potato tubers). Methods Enzymol. 17:575–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19. Hay, J. R. 1976. Herbicide transport in plants. Pages 365–396 in Audus, L. J., ed. Herbicides: Physiology, Biochemistry and Ecology. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
20. Hoagland, R. E. 1980. Effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. VI. Effects of glyphosate and glyphosate metabolites on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, growth, and protein chlorophyll, and anthocyanin levels in soybean (Glycine max) seedlings. Weed Sci. 28:393–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Hoagland, R. E. 1985. Influence of glyphosate on nitrate reductase activity in soybean (Glycine max). Plant Cell Physiol. 26:565–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22. Hoagland, R. E. and Duke, S. O. 1981. Effects of herbicides on extractable phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in light- and dark-grown Glycine max (L.)Merr. seedlings. Weed Sci. 29:433–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23. Hoagland, R. E. and Duke, S. O. 1983. Relationships between phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and physiological responses of soybean (Glycine max) seedlings to herbicides. Weed Sci. 31:845–852.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24. Hoagland, R. E., Duke, S. O., and Elmore, C. D. 1979. The effects of glyphosate on metabolism of phenolic compounds. III. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, free amino acids, soluble protein and hydroxyphenolic compounds in axes of dark-grown soybeans. Physiol. Plant. 46:357–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Hoagland, R. E. and Graf, G. 1974. The purification and properties of an amidohydrolase from soybean. Can. J. Biochem. 52:903–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26. Hoffman, O. L. 1978. Herbicide antidotes. Concept to crop. Chemtech 8:488–492.Google Scholar
27. Jangaard, N. O. 1974. The effect of herbicides, plant growth regulators and other compounds on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity. Phytochemistry 13:1769–1775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Kitchen, L. M., Witt, W. W., and Rieck, C. E. 1981. Inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthesis by glyphosate. Weed Sci. 29:571–577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Lee, T. T. 1982. Mode of action of glyphosate in relation to metabolism of indol-3-acetic acid. Physiol. Plant. 54:289–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Martell, A. E. 1971. Principles of complex formations. Pages 259–263 in Faust, S. D. and Hender, J. V., eds. Organic Compounds in Aquatic Environments. Marcel-Dekker, New York.Google Scholar
31. Murphy, J. B. and Kies, M. W. 1960. Note on a spectrophotometric determination of proteins in dilute solutions. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 45:382–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32. Pallos, F. M. and Casida, J. E. 1978. Chemistry and Action of Herbicide Antidotes. Academic Press, New York. 171 pp.Google Scholar
33. School, R. L., Harper, J. E., and Hageman, R. H. 1974. Improvements of the nitrate color development in assays of nitrate reductase by phenazine methosulfate and zinc acetate. Plant Physiol. 53:825–828.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
34. Selleck, G. W. and Baird, D. D. 1981. Antagonism with glyphosate and residual herbicide combinations. Weed Sci. 29:185–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35. Singleton, Y. L. and Rossi, J. S. Jr. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotunstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 18:144–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Steinrucken, H. C. and Amrhein, N. 1980. The herbicide glyphosate is a potent inhibitor of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic −3-phosphate synthase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 94:1207–1212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37. Torstensson, L. 1985. Behavior of glyphosate in soils and its degradation. Pages 137–150 in Grossbard, E. and Atkinson, D., eds. The Herbicide Glyphosate. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
38. Turner, D. J. and Loader, M.C.P. Complexing agents as herbicide additives. Weed Res. 18:199–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Wilson, H. P., Hines, T. E., Bellinder, R.E., and Grande, J. A. 1985. Comparisons of HOE-39866, SC-0224, paraquat, and glyphosate in no-till corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci. 33:531–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar