Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T21:26:23.477Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Interference on Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Yield

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Derek W. Lewis  and
Robert H. Gulden
Derek W. Lewis
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
Robert H. Gulden*
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Kochia is a weed found in many sunflower fields across the Northern Great Plains. There is limited information about the ability of sunflower plants to compete with kochia, specifically when the weed grows both in the crop row and in the inter-row space, as in zero tillage systems that rely solely on herbicides to manage weeds. An experiment was conducted over seven site–yr, from 2009 to 2011, to determine the effect of kochia density and relative time of kochia seedling recruitment on sunflower growth and development, yield and seed quality. Kochia seed was broadcast on the soil surface at six densities, into sunflowers planted in 75-cm rows, either at the same time as the sunflower crop was planted (early weed seedling recruitment), or when the sunflowers were at the four-leaf stage (late weed seedling recruitment). When kochia plants emerged at the same time as the sunflowers, yield was reduced by up to 76% and sunflower head diam was reduced in four site–yr, stem diam was reduced in three site–yr, height was reduced in two site–yr and the number of leaves per sunflower plant was reduced in two site–yr The 5% action threshold for early emerging kochia was four kochia plants m−2 in the combined site–yr analysis. Additionally, early recruiting kochia seedlings reduced sunflower seed size and seed weight at two and three site–yr, respectively. Kochia plants that emerged after the four-leaf stage of the sunflower crop did not affect sunflower growth and development, yield, or seed quality. To reduce the potential for yield and seed quality losses, sunflower growers should be proactive with respect to managing kochia in sunflowers, particularly when the kochia plants emerge at about the same time as the sunflowers.

Keywords

Kochia, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad., KCHSCSunflower, Helianthus annuus LCrop weed interferenceplant competitionrectangular hyperbolayield loss
Type
Weed Management
Information
Weed Science , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , March 2014 , pp. 158 - 165
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Anonymous (2006) The Sunflower Production Guide. National Sunflower Association of Canada: Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives Publ, 40 pGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (2007) Manitoba Soil Fertility Guide. Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives Publ, 83 pGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (2011) Official Grain Grading Guide. Canadian Grain Commission, 546 pGoogle Scholar
Anonymous (2013a) Top Ten Worst Weeds in Sunflowers. http://www.sunflowernsa.com/growers/weeds/kochia/. Accessed: June 30, 2013Google Scholar
Anonymous (2013b) Yield Manitoba. Manitoba Agricultural Services Corporation, 77 pGoogle Scholar
Blackshaw, RE (1993) Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) density and relative time of emergence affects interference in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Sci. 41:551–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackshaw, RE, Beckie, HJ, Molnar, LJ, Entz, T, Moyer, JR (2005) Combining agronomic practices and herbicides improves weed management in wheat-canola rotations within zero-tillage production systems. Weed Sci. 53:528–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chubb, WO (1975) Weed competition in sunflower. Pages 129–132 in Proceedings of the Manitoba Agronomist Conference, Technology Papers. Winnipeg, MB Manitoba Agronomist Conference Google Scholar
Chubb, WO, Friesen, GH (1985) Wild oat interference in sunflower. Can J Plant Sci. 65:219–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connor, DJ, Sadras, VO (1992) Physiology of yield expression in sunflower. Field Crop Res 30:333–389.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cousens, R (1985) A simple model relating yield loss to weed density. Ann Appl Biol. 107:239–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durgan, BR, Dexter, AG, Miller, SD (1990) Kochia (Kochia scoparia) interference in sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Weed Technol 4:52–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friesen, LF, Beckie, HJ, Warwick, SL, Van Acker, RC (2009) The biology of Canadian weeds. 138. Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. Can J Plant Sci. 89:141–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friesen, LF, Mayert, TS, Morrison, IN (1991) Response of chlorsulfuron-resistant kochia to post-emergence sulfonylurea herbicides in spring wheat (Roblin). Res Rep, Expert Committee on Weeds (West Sect) 823 pGoogle Scholar
Grenz, JH, Istoc, VA, Manschadi, AM, Sauerborn, J (2008) Interactions of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana) as affected by sowing date, resource supply and infestation level. Field Crop Res 107:170–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knezevic, SZ, Weise, SF, Swanton, CJ (1994) Interference of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) in corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci. 42:568–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kvalseth, TO (1985) Cautionary note about R2 . Am Stat 39:279–285.Google Scholar
Leeson, YJ, Thomas, AG, Hall, LM, Brenzil, CA, Andrews, T, Brown, KR, Van Acker, RC (2005) Prairie weed survey, cereal, oilseed and pulse crops, 1970s to the 2000s. Weed Survey Series Publ. 05-1. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, 395 pGoogle Scholar
Lindquist, JT, Mortensen, DA, Clay, SA, Schmenk, R, Kells, JJ, Howatt, K, Westra, P (1996) Stability of corn (Zea mays) – velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) interference relationships. Weed Sci. 44:309–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lund, RE (1975) Tables for an approximate test for outliers in linear models. Technometrics 17:473–476.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manthey, FA, Hareland, GA, Zollinger, RK, Huseby, DJ (1996) Kochia (Kochia scoparia) interference with oat (Avena sativa). Weed Technol 10:522–525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, WE, Shirtliffe, SJ, McAndrew, DW, Holzapfel, CB, Lafond, GP (2009) Management of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in tame oat (Avena sativa L.) with early seeding dates and high seeding rates. Can J Plant Sci. 89:763–773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesbah, A, Miller, SD, Fornstrom, KJ, Legg, DE (1994) Kochia (Kochia scoparia) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis) interference in sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris). Weed Technol 8:754–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, PR, Brandt, SA, McDonald, CL, Waddington, J (2006) Chickpea, lentil, and pea response to delayed spring seeding on the Northern Great Plains. Can J Plant Sci. 86:1059–1070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donovan, JT (1996) Weed economic thresholds: useful agronomic tool or pipe dream. Phytoprotection 77:13–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Donovan, JT, McClay, A. S. (2002) Relationship between relative time of emergence of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) and yield loss of barley. Can J Plant Sci. 82:861–863.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, AM, Reddy, GP, Reddy, DS (2008) Effect of crop-weed competition in sunflower. Res Crop 9:580–581.Google Scholar
Schwinghammer, TD, Van Acker, RC (2008) Emergence timing and persistence of kochia (Kochia scoparia). Weed Sci. 56:37–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, E, Upadhyay, BM, Blackshaw, RE, Beckie, HJ, Harker, KN, Clayton, GW (2006) Economic benefits of integrated weed management systems for field crops in the dark brown and black soil zones of western Canada. Can J Plant Sci. 86:1273–1279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woon, CK (1987) Effect of two row spacings and hemp sesbania competition on sunflower. J. Agron Crop Sci. 159:15–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheljazkov, VD, Vick, BA, Baldwin, BS, Buehring, N, Astatkie, T, Johnson, B (2012) Effect of planting date, nitrogen rate, and hybrid on sunflower. J Plant Nutr 35:2198–2210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar