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A Decade of Glyphosate-Resistant Lolium around the World: Mechanisms, Genes, Fitness, and Agronomic Management

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Christopher Preston ,
Angela M. Wakelin ,
Fleur C. Dolman ,
Yazid Bostamam  and
Peter Boutsalis
Christopher Preston*
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
Angela M. Wakelin
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
Fleur C. Dolman
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
Yazid Bostamam
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
Peter Boutsalis
Affiliation:
School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
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Abstract

Glyphosate resistance was first discovered in populations of rigid ryegrass in Australia in 1996. Since then, glyphosate resistance has been detected in additional populations of rigid ryegrass and Italian ryegrass in several other countries. Glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass and Italian ryegrass have been selected in situations where there is an overreliance on glyphosate to the exclusion of other weed control tactics. Two major mechanisms of glyphosate resistance have been discovered in these two species: a change in the pattern of glyphosate translocation such that glyphosate accumulates in the leaf tips of resistant plants instead of in the shoot meristem; and amino acid substitutions at Pro 106 within the target site, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). There are also populations with both mechanisms. In the case of glyphosate resistance, the target site mutations tend to provide a lower level of resistance than does the altered translocation mechanism. Each of these resistance mechanisms is inherited as a single gene trait that is largely dominant. As these ryegrass species are obligate outcrossers, this ensures resistance alleles can move in both pollen and seed. Some glyphosate-resistant rigid ryegrass populations appear to have a significant fitness penalty associated with the resistance allele. Field surveys show that strategies vary in their ability to reduce the frequency of glyphosate resistance in populations and weed population size, with integrated strategies—including alternative weed management and controlling seed set of surviving plants—the most effective.

Keywords

Glyphosaterigid ryegrass, Lolium rigidum Gaud. LOLRIItalian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam. LOLMU.Glyphosate resistanceherbicide resistanceglyphosate translocation5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthaseEPSPStarget site mutationfitness penalty
Type
Special Topics
Information
Weed Science , Volume 57 , Issue 4 , August 2009 , pp. 435 - 441
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

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