Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T21:44:15.312Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A study of unusual Rayleigh matches in deutan deficiency

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 July 2008

J.L. BARBUR ,
M. RODRIGUEZ-CARMONA ,
J.A. HARLOW ,
K. MANCUSO ,
J. NEITZ  and
M. NEITZ
J.L. BARBUR*
Affiliation:
Applied Vision Research Centre, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Vision Sciences, City University, London, United Kingdom
M. RODRIGUEZ-CARMONA
Affiliation:
Applied Vision Research Centre, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Vision Sciences, City University, London, United Kingdom
J.A. HARLOW
Affiliation:
Applied Vision Research Centre, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Vision Sciences, City University, London, United Kingdom
K. MANCUSO
Affiliation:
Medical Collegeof Wisconsin, Department of Ophthalmology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
J. NEITZ
Affiliation:
Medical Collegeof Wisconsin, Department of Ophthalmology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
M. NEITZ
Affiliation:
Medical Collegeof Wisconsin, Department of Ophthalmology, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: John L. Barbur, Applied Vision Research Centre, The Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Vision Sciences, Northampton Square, City University, London EC1V 0HB, UK. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Rayleigh match data were modeled with the aim of explaining the locations of match midpoints and matching ranges, both in normal trichromats and in subjects with congenital color deficiency. Model parameters included the wavelength of peak sensitivity of cone photopigments, the effective photopigment optical density, and the noise amplitude in the red-green color channel. In order to avoid the suprathreshold, perceptual effects of extreme L:M cone ratios on color vision, selective post-receptoral amplification of cone signals is needed. The associated noise is also amplified and this causes corresponding changes in red-green threshold sensitivity. We propose that the noise amplitude and hence the size of the matching range in normal trichromats relates to the known inter-subject variation in the relative numbers of L and M cones. If this hypothesis can be shown to account for the extremes of the red-green matching range measured in normal trichromats, it is of interest to establish the extent to which it also predicts the unexpected, small matching ranges that are observed in some subjects with red-green color deficiency. A subset of subjects with deutan deficiency that exhibited less common Nagel matches were selected for genetic analysis of their cone pigment genes in order to confirm the type of deficiency, and to predict the corresponding peak wavelength separation (δλmax) of their two, long-wavelength cone pigments. The Rayleigh match model predicted accurately the midpoint and the range for the spectral differences specified by the genes. The prediction also required plausible selection of effective optical density of the cone pigments and noise. The noise needed varied, but the estimates were confined to lie within the limits established from the matching ranges measured in normal trichromats. The model predicts correctly the small matching ranges measured in some deuteranomalous subjects, principally accounted for by a low estimate of noise level in the red-green channel. The model also predicts the “normal” matches made by some subjects that rely on two hybrid genes and therefore exhibit red-green thresholds outside the normal range, typical of mild deuteranomaly.

Keywords

Color deficiencyRayleigh matchNagel anomaloscopeUnique yellowCone pigment genesL:M cone ratioCAD test
Type
Research Article
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 25 , Issue 3 , May 2008 , pp. 507 - 516
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Asenjo, A.B., Rim, J. & Oprian, D.D. (1994). Molecular determinants of human red/green color discrimination. Neuron 12, 1131–1138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbur, J.L. (2004). ‘Double-blindsight’ revealed through the processing of color and luminance contrast defined motion signals. Progress in Brain Research 144, 243–259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbur, J.L., Harlow, A.J., & Plant, G.T. (1994). Insights into the different exploits of colour in the visual cortex. Processing of the Royal Society London B 258, 327–334.Google ScholarPubMed
Birch, J. (2001). Diagnosis of Defective Colour Vision, 2nd Edition. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar
Carroll, J., Neitz, J. & Neitz, M. (2002). Estimates of L:M cone ratio from ERG flicker photometry and genetics. Journal of Vision 2, 531–542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicerone, C.M., Nagy, A.L., & Nerger, J.L. (1987). Equilibrium hue judgements of dichromats. Vision Research 27, 983–991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicerone, C.M. & Nerger, J.L. (1989). The density of cones in the fovea centralis of the human dichromat. Vision Research 29, 1587–1595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franceschetti, A. (1928). Die Bedeutung der Einstellungsbreite am Anomaloskop fur die Diagnose der eizelnen Typen der Farbensinnstorungen nebst Bemerkungen uber ihre Vererbungsmodus. Swiss Medical Weekly 52, 1273–1278.Google Scholar
Govardovskii, V.I., Fyhrquist, N., Reuter, T., Kuzmin, D.G. & Donner, K. (2000). In search of the visual pigment template. Visual Neuroscience 17, 509–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
He, J.C. & Shevell, S.K. (1995). Variation in color matching and discrimination among deuteranomalous trichromats: Theoretical implications of small differences in photopigments. Vision Research 35, 2579–2588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helve, J. (1972). A comparative study of several diagnostic tests of colour vision used for measuring types and degrees of congenital red-green defects. Acta Ophthalmologica Supplement 115, 1–64.Google ScholarPubMed
Hofer, H., Carroll, J., Neitz, J., Neitz, M. & Williams, D.R. (2005). Organization of the human trichromatic cone mosaic. Journal of Neuroscience 25, 9669–9679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hurvich, L.M. (1972). Color vision deficiencies. In Handbook of Sensory Physiology, ed. Jameson, D. & Hurvich, L.M., pp. 582–624. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Jagla, W.M., Jagle, H., Hayashi, T., Sharpe, L.T. & Deeb, S.S. (2002). The molecular basis of dichromatic color vision in males with multiple red and green visual pigment genes. Human Molecular Genetics 11, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamermans, M., Kraau, D.A. & Spekreijse, H. (1998). The cone/horizontal cell network: A possible site for colour constancy. Visual Neuroscience 15, 787–797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyahara, E., Pokorny, J., Smith, V.C., Baron, R. & Baron, E. (1998). Color vision in two observers with highly biased LWS/MWS cone ratios. Vision Research 38, 601–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nathans, J., Merbs, S.L., Sung, C.H., Weitz, C.J. & Wang, Y. (1992). Molecular genetics of human visual pigments. Annual Review of Genetics 26, 403–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neitz, J., Carroll, J., Yamauchi, Y., Neitz, M. & Williams, D.R. (2002). Color perception is mediated by a plastic neural mechanism that is adjustable in adults. Neuron 35, 783–792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neitz, J. & Jacobs, G.H. (1986). Polymorphism of the long-wavelength cone in normal human colour vision. Nature 323, 623–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neitz, J. & Jacobs, G.H. (1990). Polymorphism in normal human color vision and its mechanism. Vision Research 30, 621–636.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neitz, J., Neitz, M., He, J.C., & Shevell, S.K. (1999). Trichromatic color vision with only two spectrally distinct photopigments. Nature Neuroscience 2, 884–888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neitz, J., Neitz, M. & Kainz, P.M. (1996). Visual pigment gene structure and the severity of color vision defects. Science 274, 801–804.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neitz, M., Carroll, J., Renner, A., Knau, H., Werner, J.S. & Neitz, J. (2004). Variety of genotypes in males diagnosed as dichromatic on a conventional clinical anomaloscope. Visual Neuroscience 21, 205–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neitz, M. & Neitz, J. (2000). Molecular genetics of color vision and color vision defects. Archive of Ophthalmology 118, 691–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neitz, M., Neitz, J. & Jacobs, G.H. (1991). Spectral tuning of pigments underlying red-green color vision. Science 252, 971–973.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, J.H. (1938). Anomalous trichromatism and its relation to normal trichromatism. Proceedings of the Physical Society (London) 50, 661–697.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pokorny, J. & Smith, V.C. (1977). Evaluation of single pigment shift model of anomalous trichromacy. Journal of the Optical Society of America 67, 1196–1209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pokorny, J. & Smith, V.C. (1981). A variant of red-green color defect. Vision Research 21, 311–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pokorny, J. & Smith, V.C. (1987). L/M cone ratios and the null point of the perceptual red/green opponent system. Die Farbe 34, 53–57.Google Scholar
Pokorny, J., Smith, V.C. & Wesner, M. (1991). Variability in cone populations and implications. In From Pigments to Perception, ed. Valberg, A. & Lee, B.B., pp. 23–34. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rayleigh, L. (1881). Experiments on colour. Nature 25, 64–66.Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Carmona, M.L., Harlow, J.A., Walker, G. & Barbur, J.L. (2005). The variability of normal trichromatic vision and the establishment of the “normal” range. 979–982. Granada: International Colour Association.Google Scholar
Smith, V.C., Pokorny, J. & Diddie, K.R. (1978). Color matching and Stiles-Crawford effect in central serous choroidopathy. Modern Problems in Ophthalmology 19, 284–295.Google ScholarPubMed
Stockman, A. & Sharpe, L.T. (2000). The spectral sensitivities of the middle- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones derived from measurements in observers of known genotype. Vision Research 40, 1711–1737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stockman, A., Sharpe, L.T. & Fach, C. (1999). The spectral sensitivity of the human short-wavelength sensitive cones derived from thresholds and color matches. Vision Research 39, 2901–2927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, P.B. & Mollon, J.D. (2004). Modelling the Rayleigh match. Visual Neuroscience 21, 477–482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van de Kraats, J. & van Norren, D. (2007). Optical density of the aging human ocular media in the visible and the UV. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision 24, 1842–1857.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winderickx, J., Battisti, L., Hibiya, Y., Motulsky, A.G. & Deeb, S.S. (1993). Haplotype diversity in the human red and green opsin genes: Evidence for frequent sequence exchange in exon 3. Human Molecular Genetics 2, 1413–1421.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winderickx, J., Lindsey, D.T., Sanocki, E., Teller, D.Y., Motulsky, A.G. & Deeb, S.S. (1992). Polymorphism in red photopigment underlies variation in colour matching. Nature 356, 431–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, W.D. (1946). Researches on normal and defective colour vision. London, UK: Henry Kimpton.Google Scholar
Wyszecki, G. & Stiles, W. (1967). Color Science—Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulas. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar