Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:33:57.740Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Spectral properties of short-wavelength (blue) cones in the turtle retina

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2009

Aviran Itzhaki ,
Shoshana Malik  and
Ido Perlman
Aviran Itzhaki
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-lsrael Institute of Technology and The Rappaport Institute, Haifa, Israel
Shoshana Malik
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-lsrael Institute of Technology and The Rappaport Institute, Haifa, Israel
Ido Perlman
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-lsrael Institute of Technology and The Rappaport Institute, Haifa, Israel
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Long- and medium-wavelength cones in the turtle retina participate in complex neural interactions. They are coupled via excitatory pathways to other cones and receive negative feedback inputs from luminosity-type horizontal cells. Little information has been collected on the S- (short-wavelength or blue) cones because they are scarce in the turtle retina and of smaller dimensions compared to the other cone types.

In this paper, flash sensitivity action spectra and photoresponses of seven turtle S-cones were measured in the dark-adapted state and during chromatic background illuminations. The desensitizing action of monochromatic background lights was not uniform across the visible spectrum. A red background was most effective in desensitizing the S-cones to long-wavelength stimuli while a blue background light produced its strongest action on the photoresponses elicited by short-wavelength stimuli. The effects of chromatic adaptation on the S-cone action spectrum and on the kinetics of the small-amplitude photoresponses suggested that the S-cones in the turtle retina were involved in complex neural interactions. These included excitatory inputs probably originating in neighboring L-cones and inhibitory long-wavelength inputs probably mediated by L-type horizontal cells.

Keywords

Short-wavelength conesRetinaTurtleChromatic adaptation
Type
Research Articles
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 9 , Issue 3-4 , October 1992 , pp. 235 - 241
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baylor, D.A., Fuortes, M.G.F. & O'bryan, P.M. (1971). Receptive fields of cones in the retina of the turtle. Journal of Physiology (London) 214, 265–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baylor, D.A. & Hodokin, A.L. (1973). Detection and resolution of visual stimuli by turtle photoreceptors. Journal of Physiology (London) 234, 163–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baylor, D.A. & Hodgkin, A.L. (1974). Changes in time scale and sensitivity in turtle photoreceptors. Journal of Physiology (London) 242, 729–758.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daly, S.J. & Normann, R.A. (1985). Temporal information processing in cones: effects of light adaptation on temporal summation and modulation. Vision Research 25, 1197–1206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawis, S.M. (1981). Polynomial expressions of pigment nomograms. Vision Research 21, 1427–1430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Detwiler, P.B. & Hodokin, A.L. (1979). Electrical coupling between cones in turtle retina. Journal of Physiology (London) 291, 75–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuortes, M.G.F., Schwartz, E.A. & Simon, E.J. (1973). Colour dependence of cone responses in the turtle retina. Journal of Physiology (London) 234, 199–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuortes, M.G.F. & Simon, E.J. (1974). Interactions leading to horizontal cell responses in the turtle retina. Journal of Physiology (London) 240, 177–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Itzhaki, A. & Perlman, I. (1984). Light adaptation in luminosity horizontal cells in the turtle retina: Role of cellular coupling. Vision Research 24, 1119–1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Itzhaki, A. & Perlman, I. (1987). Light adaptation of red cones and Ll-horizontal cells in the turtle retina: Effects of the background spatial pattern. Vision Research 27, 685–696.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolb, H. & Jones, J. (1982). Light and electron microscopy of the photoreceptors in the retina of the red-eared slider, Pseudemys scripta elegans. Journal of Comparative Neurology 209, 331–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolb, H. & Jones, J. (1985). Anatomic pathways for excitatory connections between red and green cones in the turtle retina. Journal of Neurophysiology 53, 304–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, H. & Jones, J. (1987). The distinction by light and electron microscopy of two types of cones containing colorless oil droplets in the turtle retina. Vision Research 27, 1445–1458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, H., Perlman, I. & Normann, R.A. (1988). Neural organization of the retina of the turtle Mauremys caspica: A light microscope and Golgi study. Visual Neuroscience 1, 47–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liebman, P.A. & Granda, A.M. (1971). Microspectrophotometric measurements of visual pigments in two species of turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans and Chelonia mydas. Vision Research 11, 105–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lipetz, L.E. (1985). Some neuronal circuits of the turtle retina. In MBL Lectures in Biology, Vol. 5: The Visual System, ed. Fein, A. & Levine, J.S., pp. 107–132. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.Google Scholar
Naka, K.I. & Rushton, W.A.H. (1966). S-potentials from colour units in the retina of fish (Cyprinidae). Journal of Physiology (London) 185, 536–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Normann, R.A. & Anderton, P.J. (1983). The incremental sensitivity curve of turtle cone photoreceptors. Vision Research 23, 1731–1733.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Normann, R.A., Perlman, I. & Daly, S.J. (1985). Mixing of color signals by turtle cone photoreceptors. Journal of Neurophysiology 54, 293–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Normann, R.A., Perlman, I., Kolb, H., Jones, J. & Daly, S.J. (1984). Direct excitatory interactions between cones of different spectral types in the turtle retina. Science 224, 625–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'bryan, P.M. (1973). Properties Of The Depolarizing Synaptic Potential Evoked By Peripheral Illumination In Cones Of The Turtle Retina. Journal of Physiology (London) 235, 207–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohtsuka, T. (1985a). Relation of spectral types of oil droplets in cones of turtle retina. Science 229, 874–877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohtsuka, T. (1985b). Spectral sensitivities of seven morphological types of photoreceptors in the retina of the turtle (Geoclemys reevesii). Journal of Comparative Neurology 237, 145–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perlman, I., Normann, R.A., Itzhaki, A. & Daly, S.J. (1985). Chromatic and spatial information processing by red cones and L-type horizontal cells in the turtle retina. Vision Research 25, 543–549.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed