Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T05:06:01.352Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The effect of overall stimulus velocity on motion parallax

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2008

YING ZHANG  and
PETER H. SCHILLER
YING ZHANG
Affiliation:
Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
PETER H. SCHILLER
Affiliation:
Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study examined the effectiveness with which motion parallax information can be utilized by rhesus monkeys for depth perception. A visual display comprised of random-dots that mimicked a rigid, three-dimensional object rocking back and forth was used. Differential depth was produced by presenting sub-regions of the dots moving at different velocities from the rest of dots in the display. The tasks for the monkeys were to detect or discriminate a target region that was protruding the furthest from the background plane. To understand the role of stimulus movement, we examined the accuracy and the rapidity of the saccadic responses as a function of rocking velocity of the entire three-dimensional object. The results showed that performance accuracy improved and reaction times decreased with increasing rocking velocities. The monkeys can process the motion parallax information with remarkable rapidity such that the average reaction time ranged between 212 and 246 milliseconds. The data collected suggest that the successive activation of just two sets of cones is sufficient to perform the task.

Keywords

Motion parallaxRandom-dot displayStimulus movement velocityDepth perceptionRhesus monkeys
Type
Research Article
Information
Visual Neuroscience , Volume 25 , Issue 1 , January 2008 , pp. 3 - 15
Copyright
© 2008 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Albright, T.D. (1984). Direction and orientation selectivity of neurons in visual area MT of the macaque. Journal of Neurophysiology 52, 1106–1130.Google Scholar
Albright, T.D. & Desimone, R. (1987). Local precision of visuotopic organization in the middle temporal area (MT) of the macaque. Experimental Brain Research 65, 582–592.Google Scholar
Arterberry, M.E. & Yonas, A. (2000). Perception of three-dimensional shape specified by optic flow by 8-week-old infants. Percept Psychophysics 62, 550–556.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, M.F., Parton, A.D. & Eagle, R.A. (1998). The interaction of binocular disparity and motion parallax in determining perceived depth and perceived size. Perception 27, 1317–1331.Google Scholar
Braunstein, M.L. (1962). Depth perception in rotating dot patterns: Effects of numerosity and perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, 415–420.Google Scholar
Cao, A. & Schiller, P.H. (2002). Behavioral assessment of motion parallax and stereopsis as depth cues in rhesus monkeys. Vision Research 42, 1953–1961.Google Scholar
Cao, A. & Schiller, P.H. (2003). Neural responses to relative speed in the primary visual cortex of rhesus monkey. Visual Neuroscience 20, 77–84.Google Scholar
Caudek, C. & Rubin, N. (2001). Segmentation in structure from motion: Modeling and psychophysics. Vision Research 41, 2715–2732.Google Scholar
Cavanagh, P., Saida, S. & Rivest, J. (1995). The contribution of color to depth perceived from motion parallax. Vision Research 35, 1871–1878.Google Scholar
Cumming, B.G. & Parker, A.J. (1999). Binocular neurons in V1 of awake monkeys are selective for absolute, not relative, disparity. Journal of Neuroscience 19, 5602–5618.Google Scholar
DeAngelis, G.C., Cumming, B.G. & Newsome, W.T. (1998). Cortical area MT and the perception of stereoscopic depth. Nature 394, 677–680.Google Scholar
DeAngelis, G.C. & Uka, T. (2003). Coding of horizontal disparity and velocity by MT neurons in the alert macaque. Journal of Neurophysiology 89, 1094–1111.Google Scholar
Eby, D.W. (1992). The spatial and temporal characteristics of perceiving 3D structure from motion. Percept Psychophysics 51, 163–178.Google Scholar
Howard, I.P. (2002). Seeing in Depth. Volume 1: Basic Mechanisms. Toronto: I. Porteous.
Howard, I.P. & Rogers, B.J. (2002). Seeing in Depth. Volume 2: Depth Perception. Toronto: I. Porteous.
Hubel, D.H. & Wiesel, T.N. (1974). Uniformity of monkey striate cortex: A parallel relationship between field size, scatter, and magnification factor. Journal of Comparative Neurology 158, 295–305.Google Scholar
Lappin, J.S. & Fuqua, M.A. (1983). Accurate visual measurement of three-dimensional moving patterns. Science 221, 480–482.Google Scholar
Li, L. & Warren, W.H., Jr. (2000). Perception of heading during rotation: Sufficiency of dense motion parallax and reference objects. Vision Research 40, 3873–3894.Google Scholar
Maunsell, J.H. & Van Essen, D.C. (1983). Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. II. Binocular interactions and sensitivity to binocular disparity. Journal of Neurophysiology 49, 1148–1167.Google Scholar
Nawrot, M. (2003a). Depth from motion parallax scales with eye movement gain. Journal of Vision 3, 841–851.Google Scholar
Nawrot, M. (2003b). Eye movements provide the extra-retinal signal required for the perception of depth from motion parallax. Vision Research 43, 1553–1562.Google Scholar
Newsome, W.T., Mikami, A. & Wurtz, R.H. (1986). Motion selectivity in macaque visual cortex. III. Psychophysics and physiology of apparent motion. Journal of Neurophysiology 55, 1340–1351.Google Scholar
Ohtsuka, S., Ujike, H. & Saida, S. (2002). Relative distance cues contribute to scaling depth from motion parallax. Percept Psychophysogy 64, 405–414.Google Scholar
Ono, H. & Ujike, H. (2005). Motion parallax driven by head movements: Conditions for visual stability, perceived depth, and perceived concomitant motion. Perception 34, 477–490.Google Scholar
Ono, H. & Wade, N.J. (2005). Depth and motion in historical descriptions of motion parallax. Perception 34, 1263–1273.Google Scholar
Perrone, J.A. (2004). A visual motion sensor based on the properties of V1 and MT neurons. Vision Research 44, 1733–1755.Google Scholar
Regan, D. (2000). Human Perception of Objects: Early Visual Processing of Spatial Form Defined by Luminance, Color, Texture, Motion, and Binocular Disparity. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
Robinson, D.A. (1963). A Method of Measuring Eye Movement Using a Scleral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 10, 137–145.Google Scholar
Rogers, B. & Graham, M. (1979). Motion parallax as an independent cue for depth perception. Perception 8, 125–134.Google Scholar
Rogers, B. & Graham, M. (1982). Similarities between motion parallax and stereopsis in human depth perception. Vision Research 22, 261–270.Google Scholar
Steinbach, M.J., Ono, H. & Wolf, M.E. (1991). Motion parallax judgements of depth as a function of the direction and type of head movement. Canadian Journal of Psychology 45, 92–98.Google Scholar
Todd, J.T. & Oomes, A.H. (2002). Generic and non-generic conditions for the perception of surface shape from texture. Vision Research 42, 837–850.Google Scholar
Treue, S., Husain, M. & Andersen, R.A. (1991). Human perception of structure from motion. Vision Research 31, 59–75.Google Scholar
Ujike, H. & Ono, H. (2001). Depth thresholds of motion parallax as a function of head movement velocity. Vision Research 41, 2835–2843.Google Scholar
Vanduffel, W., Fize, D., Peuskens, H., Denys, K., Sunaert, S., Todd, J.T. & Orban, G.A. (2002). Extracting 3D from motion: Differences in human and monkey intraparietal cortex. Science 11, 413–415.Google Scholar
Xiao, D.K., Marcar, V.L., Raiguel, S.E. & Orban, G.A. (1997). Selectivity of macaque MT/V5 neurons for surface orientation in depth specified by motion. European Journal of Neuroscience 9, 956–964.Google Scholar