Article contents
Spatial fragmentation and bottom-up appropriations: the case of Safavid Isfahan
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 April 2014
Abstract
It is widely claimed that there was a clear spatial continuity in the evolution of the traditional Middle Eastern city, with every new development the result of an intelligent, albeit unplanned, evolution of pre-existing doctrines of construction. However, as far as the new Safavid urban development of seventeenth-century Isfahan (in Iran) is concerned, it is possible to distinguish a spatial fragmentation, in terms of urban pattern and urban structure, between the old texture and new extensions.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014
References
1 Planhol, X.D., The World of Islam (New York, 1959)Google Scholar; English, P.W., City and Village in Iran: Settlement and Economy in the Kirman Basin (Madison, 1966)Google Scholar; Balbás, T.L., ‘La Edad Medina’, in Bellido, A.G. (ed.), Resumen histórico del urbanismo en Espaňa (Madrid, 1968)Google Scholar; Brown, L.C., ‘Introduction’, in Brown, L.C. (ed.), From Madina to Metropolis (Princeton, 1973)Google Scholar; Wheatley, P., ‘Levels of space awareness in the traditional Islamic city’, Ekistics, 253 (1976), 354–66Google Scholar; Benevolo, L., The History of the City (London, 1980)Google Scholar; Najmi, A.W., Herat, the Islamic city (London, 1988)Google Scholar; Norberg-Schultz, C., The Concept of Dwelling (Milan, 1985)Google Scholar; Kostof, S., The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings through History (Boston, MA, 1991)Google Scholar; Eigner, D., ‘Zur Entstehung des “islamischen” Stadtbildes’, in Machatschek, A., Kubelík, M. and Schwarz, M. (eds.), Von der Bauforschung zur Denkmalpflege (Vienna, 1993), 51–64Google Scholar; Beattie, A., ‘Damascus’, in Ring, T. and Salkin, R.M. (eds.), International Dictionary of Historic Places, 4 vols. (Chicago, 1994–96)Google Scholar; Lindemann, H., Stadt im Quadrat, Geschichte und Gegenwart einer einprägsamen Stadtgestalt (Braunschweig, 1999)Google Scholar; Ford, L.R., The Spaces between Buildings (Baltimore, 2000)Google Scholar; Bianquis, T., ‘Urbanism’, in Meri, J.W. (ed.), Medieval Islamic Civilization:An Encyclopedia, 2 vols. (New York, 2006), 849–51Google Scholar.
2 Blunt, W., Isfahan: Pearl of Persia (New York, 1966)Google Scholar; Honarfar, L., A Treasure of the Historical Monuments of Isfahan (Tehran, 1971)Google Scholar.
3 Blunt, Isfahan.
4 Mehrabadi, A.R., Athar-e Melli-ye Esfahan (The National Monuments of Isfahan) (Tehran, 1973)Google Scholar; Sultanzade, H., Muqaddamai bar tarikh-i shahr wa shahrnishini dar Iran (Introduction to the History of Cities and Urbanism in Iran) (Tehran, 1988)Google Scholar.
5 Zoroastrianism is a religion and philosophy which served as the state religion of a significant portion of the Iranian people for many centuries. It was founded before the sixth century BC and was gradually marginalized by Islam from the seventh century onwards. For more information, see Boyce, M., Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (London, 1979)Google Scholar; Clark, P., Zoroastrianism. An Introduction to an Ancient Faith (Brighton, 1998)Google Scholar; Dhalla, M.N., History of Zoroastrianism (New York, 1938)Google Scholar.
6 Nebuchadnezzar II (634–562 BC) was the king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and reigned from 605 to 562 BC. According to the Bible, he conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and sent the Jews into exile. He is credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
7 Golombek, L., ‘Urban patterns in pre-Safavid Isfahan’, Iranian Studies, 7 (1974), 18–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
8 Mehrabadi, Athar-e Melli-ye Esfahan; Golombek, ‘Urban patterns in pre-Safavid Isfahan’.
9 Golombek, ‘Urban patterns in pre-Safavid Isfahan’.
10 Gaube, H., Iranian Cities (New York, 1979)Google Scholar.
11 Gaube, Iranian Cities; Blake, S.P., Half the World: The Social Architecture of Safavid Isfahan, 1590–1722 (Costa Mesa, CA, 1999)Google Scholar.
12 Gaube, Iranian Cities.
13 Beaumont, P., Blake, G.H. and Wagstaff, J.M., The Middle East: A Geographical Study (London, 1976)Google Scholar.
14 Golombek, ‘Urban patterns in pre-Safavid Isfahan’.
15 Isfahan, the City of Light, British Museum, 6 May – 11 July 1976, an exhibition organized by the Ministry of Culture and Arts of Iran (Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Arts of Iran, 1976).
16 Golombek, ‘Urban patterns in pre-Safavid Isfahan’; Gaube, Iranian Cities.
17 Gaube, Iranian Cities.
18 Nasir Khusrou (AD 1004–88) was a Persian poet, philosopher, scholar and traveller. Safarnama, an account of his travels, is his most famous work.
19 Blunt, Isfahan, 23.
20 Ibid.
21 Honarfar, L., Ashnaii ba Shahr-e Tarikhi-e Esfahan (The Historic City of Isfahan) (Tehran, 1994), 44Google Scholar.
22 Kheirabadi, M., Iranian Cities: Formation and Development (Austin, 1991)Google Scholar.
23 Habibi, S.M., Az Shar ta Shahr (de la Cité à la Ville) (Tehran, 2006)Google Scholar.
24 Keyvani, M., Artisans and Guild Life in the Later Safavid Period: Contributions to the Social-Economic History of Persia (Berlin, 1982), 39Google Scholar.
25 Lapidus, I.M., Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1967)Google Scholar.
26 Bianca, S., Urban Form in the Arab World: Past and Present (London and New York, 2000), 152–3Google Scholar.
27 Eickelman, D., The Middle East: An Anthropological Approach (Englewood Cliffs, 1981)Google Scholar.
28 Bianca, Urban Form in the Arab World, 153.
29 Habibi, Az Shar ta Shahr; Bianca, Urban Form in the Arab World; Kheirabadi, Iranian Cities.
30 Gaube, Iranian Cities.
31 Blunt, Isfahan.
32 Savory, R., Iran under the Safavids (Cambridge, 1980)Google Scholar.
33 Lockhart, L. ‘Shah Abbas's Isfahan’, in Toynbee, Arnold J. (ed.), Cities of Destiny (London, 1976), 219Google Scholar.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Blake, Half the World.
37 Herdeg, K., Formal Structure in Islamic Architecture of Iran and Turkistan (New York, 1990)Google Scholar.
38 Ibid.
39 Curzon, G.N., Persia and the Persian Question, vol. II (London and New York, 1892)Google Scholar.
40 Barthold, W., An Historical Geography of Iran (Princeton, 1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
41 Chardin, J., Travels in Persia 1673–1677 (New York, 1971)Google Scholar.
42 Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, 38, 39.
43 Esmaeeli, A., ‘Chahar-Bagh dar Safarnameha’ (Chahar-Bagh in travel literatures), Golestan Honar, 5 (2006), 39–47Google Scholar.
44 Brignoli, J., ‘Bineshe Shah Abbas: Shahrsazi Saltanati Isfahan (La vision du prince: Urbanisme royal d’Isfahan)’, trans. D. Tabaee, Golestan Honar, 5 (2006), 60–71Google Scholar.
45 The name for the people of Tabriz.
46 Savory, Iran under the Safavids.
47 Blake, Half the World; Blunt, Isfahan.
48 Blake, Half the World.
49 Blunt, Isfahan, 13.
50 Savory, Iran under the Safavids, 154.
51 Lockhart, ‘Shah Abbas's Isfahan’, 23.
52 Blake, Half the World, 85.
53 Ibid.
54 Hakim, Besim in his book Arabic-Islamic Cities: Building and Planning Principles (Costa Mesa, CA, 1986) elaborates some of these socio-cultural regulationsGoogle Scholar.
55 The authors have elaborated the nature of this break applying the concept of ‘genius loci’ in Falahat, S. and Reza Shirazi, M., ‘New urban developments in Safavid Isfahan, continuity or disjuncture?’, Planning Perspectives, 27 (2012), 611–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
56 Madanipour, Ali, Tehran: The Making of a Metropolis (Chichester, 1998)Google Scholar.
- 3
- Cited by