Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T18:05:30.688Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Elliott Carter's and Luigi Nono's Analyses of Schoenberg's Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31: Divergent Approaches to Serialism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2019

Abstract

Despite Nono's and Carter's opposing views, divergent compositional aesthetic, and applicability of twelve-tone music, the two composers shared their admiration for the works of the Second Viennese School. In this article, I examine Carter's 1957 and Nono's 1956 analyses of Schoenberg's pivotal twelve-tone work: Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31 (1926–28). The study offers a rare opportunity to look at the same piece analysed by two composers with unique points of view. Completed only a year apart, the analyses illuminate aspects of Schoenberg's work that each composer found most compelling and applicable to their own works. Thus, these analyses, combined with sketches housed at the Paul Sacher Stiftung (Basel), the Library of Congress (Washington, DC), and the Fondazione Archivio Luigi Nono (Venice), not only shed light on Schoenberg's system, but also become a valuable tool for tracking both Carter's and Nono's compositional processes, showing how Schoenberg influenced two schools of thought.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press, 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adorno, Theodor W.Das Altern der neuen Musik’, broadcast April 1954, first published in Der Monat 80 (1955), 150–8; expanded in Dissonanzen: Musik in der verwalteten Welt (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1956), 136–59; ‘The Aging of the New Music’, trans. R. Hullot-Kentor and F. Will, in Adorno, Essays on Music, ed. R. Leppert (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), 181–202.Google Scholar
Auner, Joseph. ‘Schoenberg's Row Tables: Temporality and the Idea’, in The Cambridge Companion to Schoenberg, ed. Shaw, Jennifer and Auner, Joseph. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 157–76.Google Scholar
Babbitt, Milton. ‘Three Essays on Schoenberg’, in Perspectives on Schoenberg and Stravinsky, ed. Boretz, Benjamin and Cone, Edward. New York: W. W. Norton, 1972. 4760.Google Scholar
Babbitt, Milton. ‘Some Aspects of Twelve-Tone Composition (1955)’, in The Collected Essays of Milton Babbitt, ed. Peles, Stephen with Dembski, Stephen, Mead, Andrew, and Straus, Joseph N.. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. 3847.Google Scholar
Bailey, Kathryn. “‘Work in Progress”: Analysing Nono's Il canto sospeso’. Music Analysis 11/ 2–3 (1992), 279334.Google Scholar
Berg, Alban. ‘Why Is Schönberg's Music So Difficult to Understand?’ Arnold Schönberg Center. Arnold Schönberg zum 50. Geburtstage, 13 September 1924. Sonderheft der Musikblätter des Anbruch, 6. Jg., August–September-Heft 1924, 329–41. https://www.schoenberg.at/index.php/en/alban-berg-ueber-schoenbergs-musik-2 (accessed January 19, 2019). English translation published in Willi Reich, The Life and Work of Alban Berg. New York: Da Capo, 1982. 189–204; also in Bryan R. Simms, Pro Mundo – Pro Domo: The Writings of Alban Berg. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Bernard, Jonathan. ‘An Interview with Elliott Carter’. Perspectives of New Music 28/2 (Summer 1990), 180214.Google Scholar
Bonds, Mark Evan. A History of Music in Western Culture. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2006.Google Scholar
Boss, Jack. ‘The “Musical Idea” and Global Coherence in Schoenberg's Atonal and Serial Music’. Intégral 14/15 (2000/2001), 209–64.Google Scholar
Boss, Jack. Schoenberg's Twelve-Tone Music: Symmetry and the Musical Idea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Google Scholar
Brindle, Reginald Smith. ‘Current Chronicle: Italy’. The Musical Quarterly 47/2 (April 1961), 247–55.Google Scholar
Carter, Elliott. ‘Variations for Orchestra (1955)’, in The Writings of Elliott Carter: An American Composer Looks at Modern Music, ed. Stone, Else and Stone, Kurt. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977. 308–10.Google Scholar
Carter, Elliott. ‘La Musique sérielle aujourd'hui (1965/94)’, in Collected Essays and Lectures, 1937–1995, ed. Bernard, Jonathan W.. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997. 1718.Google Scholar
Carter, Elliott. ‘The Orchestral Composer's Point of View (1970)’, in Collected Essays and Lectures, 1937–1995, ed. Bernard, Jonathan W.. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997. 235–50.Google Scholar
Carter, Elliott. ‘Shop Talk by an American Composer’. The Musical Quarterly 46/2 (1960), 189201. Reprinted in Jonathan W. Bernard, ed. Collected Essays and Lectures, 1937–1995. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997. 214–24.Google Scholar
Carter, Elliott. ‘Walter Piston (1946)’, in Collected Essays and Lectures, 1937–1995, ed. Bernard, Jonathan W.. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1997. 158175.Google Scholar
Carter, Elliott. Harmony Book, ed. Hopkins, Nicholas and Link, John. New York: Carl Fischer, LLC, 2002.Google Scholar
Cherlin, Michael. Schoenberg's Musical Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Edwards, Allen. Flawed Words and Stubborn Sounds: A Conversation with Elliott Carter. New York: W. W. Norton, 1971.Google Scholar
Emmery, Laura. ‘Evolution and Process in Elliott Carter's String Quartets’. PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara, 2014.Google Scholar
Emmery, Laura. ‘In Disguise: Musical Borrowings in Elliott Carter's Early String Quartets’, in Form and Process in Music, 1300–2014: An Analytical Sampler, ed. Boss, Jack et al. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, December 2015. 125–46.Google Scholar
Emmery, Laura. ‘Formation of a New Harmonic Language in Elliott Carter's String Quartet No. 2’. Contemporary Music Review 36/5 (2017), 338405.Google Scholar
Emmery, Laura. “‘Workshop Minnesota”: Elliott Carter's Analysis of Luigi Nono's Il canto sospeso. Elliott Carter Studies Online 3 (2018). http://studies.elliottcarter.org/volume03/01Emmery/01Emmery.html (accessed 18 January 2019).Google Scholar
Evans, Joan. ‘Hans Rosbaud and the Music of Arnold Schoenberg’. Canadian Music Review 21/2 (2001), 4159.Google Scholar
Fox, Christopher. ‘Luigi Nono and the Darmstadt School: Form and Meaning in the Early Works (1950–1959)’. Contemporary Music Review 18/2 (1999), 111–30.Google Scholar
Frisch, Walter, ed. Schoenberg and His World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Gay, Peter. Modernism: The Lure of Heresy: From Baudelaire to Beckett and Beyond. New York: Norton, 2008.Google Scholar
Guberman, Daniel A. ‘Composing Freedom: Elliott Carter's “Self-Reinvention” and the Early Cold War’. PhD diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2012 .Google Scholar
Guberman, Daniel A.Elliott Carter as (Anti-)Serial Composer’. American Music 33/1 (2015), 6888.Google Scholar
Haimo, Ethan. Schoenberg's Serial Odyssey: The Evolution of his Twelve-tone Method, 1914–1928. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Haimo, Ethan. Schoenberg's Transformation of Musical Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.Google Scholar
Iddon, Martin. New Music at Darmstadt: Nono, Stockhausen, Cage, and Boulez. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.Google Scholar
Krenek, Ernst. Studies in Counterpoint Based on the Twelve-tone Technique. New York: Schirmer, 1940.Google Scholar
Leibowitz, René. Introduction à la musique de douze sons: Les Variations pour orchestre op. 31, d'Arnold Schoenberg. Paris: L'Arche, 1949.Google Scholar
Leibowitz, René. Schoenberg and His School: The Contemporary Stage of the Language of Music, trans. Newlin, Dika. New York: Philosophical Library, 1949.Google Scholar
Link, John F.The Combinatorial Art of Elliott Carter's Harmony Book’, in Harmony Book, ed. Hopkins, Nicholas and Link, John. New York: Carl Fischer, LLC, 2002. 722.Google Scholar
Mackey, Steven. ‘A Matter of Taste’. New York Times, 7 September 1997, 21, 38.Google Scholar
Mead, Andrew. ‘Pitch Structure in Elliott Carter's String Quartet No. 3’. Perspectives of New Music 22 (1/2) (1983–84), 3160.Google Scholar
Mead, Andrew. ‘Twelve-Tone Composition and the Music of Elliott Carter’, in Concert Music, Rock, and Jazz Since 1945: Essays and Analytical Studies, 2nd edn, ed. Elizabeth, West Marvin and Hermann, Richard. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2002. 67102.Google Scholar
Meyer, Felix. ‘Left by the Wayside: Elliott Carter's Unfinished Sonatina for Oboe and Harpsichord’, in Elliott Carter Studies, ed. Boland, Marguerite and Link, John. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 217–35.Google Scholar
Meyer, Felix and Shreffler, Anne C.. Elliott Carter: A Centennial Portrait in Letters and Documents. Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2008.Google Scholar
Mila, Massimo. ‘Nonos Weg – zum Canto sospeso’, in Luigi Nono: Texte: Studien zu seiner Musik, ed. Stenzl, Jürg. Zurich: Atlantis, 1975. 380–93.Google Scholar
Nielinger-Vakil, Carola. Luigi Nono: A Composer in Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.Google Scholar
Nono, Luigi. Il canto sospeso. Mainz: Ars Viva Verlag, 1956.Google Scholar
Nono, Luigi. ‘Gespräch mit Hansjörg Pauli’ (1969), in Für wen komponieren sie eigentlich?, ed. Pauli, H.. Frankfurt: Fischer, 1971. 106–27.Google Scholar
Nono, Luigi. ‘Geschichte und Gegenwart in der Musik von Heute’, in Texte, Studien zu seiner Musik, ed. Stenzl, Jürg. Zürich: Atlantis, 1975. 3440.Google Scholar
Nono, Luigi. ‘Gespräch mit Hartmut Lück’ (1972), in Texte, Studien zu seiner Musik, ed. Stenzl, Jürg. Zürich: Atlantis, 1975. 280–90.Google Scholar
Nono, Luigi. ‘Musica e Resistenza’ (1963), in Luigi Nono: Scritti e colloqui. Toscany: Libreria Musicale Italiana (LMI), 2001. 144–7.Google Scholar
Nono, Luigi. ‘Analisi del Tema (battute 34–57) delle ‘variationen für orch. Op. 31’ di A.S.’ (1957), in Variationen für orchester, Op. 31. Partitura analizzata da Luigi Nono. Belluno-Venezia: Edizioni Colophon, 2011.Google Scholar
Peles, Stephen. ‘Serialism and Complexity’, in The Cambridge History of American Music, ed. Nicholls, David. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 496516.Google Scholar
Perle, George. Serial Composition and Atonality: An Introduction to the Music of Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962.Google Scholar
Roderick, Peter. ‘Rebuilding a Culture: Studies in Italian Music after Fascism, 1943–1953’. PhD diss., University of New York, 2010.Google Scholar
Rosen, Charles. The Musical Languages of Elliott Carter. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1984.Google Scholar
Rosen, Charles. Schoenberg. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Rufer, Joseph. Composition with Twelve Notes Related Only to One Another, trans. Searle, Humphrey. New York: Macmillian, 1954.Google Scholar
Schiff, David. The Music of Elliott Carter, 2nd edn. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Schoenberg, Arnold. ‘The Orchestral Variations, Op. 31: A Radio Talk’. The Score 27 (July 1960), 2740.Google Scholar
Schoenberg, Arnold. Style and Idea: Selected Writings of Arnold Schoenberg, ed. Stein, Leonard, trans. Black, Leo. London: Faber & Faber, 1975.Google Scholar
Schoenberg, Arnold. The Musical Idea and the Logic, Technique, and Art of Its Presentation, ed. and trans. Carpenter, Patricia and Neff, Severine. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Schoenberg, Arnold. Variationen für orchester, Op. 31. Partitura analizzata da Luigi Nono. Belluno – Venezia: Edizioni Colophon, 2011.Google Scholar
Shaw, Jennifer and Auner, Joseph. The Cambridge Companion to Schoenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.Google Scholar
Shreffler, Anne C.A Myth of Empirical Historiography: A Response to Joseph N. Straus’. The Musical Quarterly 84/1 (2000), 30–9.Google Scholar
Simms, Bryan R. The Atonal Music of Arnold Schoenberg 1908–1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Soderberg, Stephen. ‘At the Edge of Creation: Elliott Carter's Sketches in the Library of Congress’, in Elliott Carter Studies, ed. Boland, Marguerite and Link, John. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. 236–49.Google Scholar
Straus, Joseph. ‘The Myth of Serial “Tyranny” in the 1950s and 1960s’. The Musical Quarterly 83/3 (1999), 301–43.Google Scholar
Straus, Joseph. ‘A Revisionist History of Twelve-Tone Serialism in American Music’. Journal of the Society for American Music 2/3 (2008), 355–95.Google Scholar
Straus, Joseph. Twelve-Tone Music in America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar