Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 December 2011
This paper is concerned with three emerging issues that define the way in which international conservation law moves forward in the coming decades. The three issues are those related to the use of science to frame regimes; the use of philosophy to examine the values of what is trying to be achieved; and the use of politics to ensure that local communities are linked to conservation efforts. Consideration of each of these three areas is relatively recent, none of them having being at the forefront of conservation considerations of international importance in the past. In the future, this is likely to change.
1 See Gillespie, A., Conservation, Biodiversity and International Law (Edward Elgar, 2011), at pp. 10–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2 Ibid., at pp. 11–13.
3 Ibid., at p. 12.
4 International Whaling Committee, ‘Report of the Scientific Committee’ (IWC, 2010), Doc. IWC/63/Rep 1, at pp. 5–6, available at: http://iwcoffice.org/_documents/sci_com/SCRepFiles2011/63-Rep1-with%20covers.pdf; see also ‘Whale Forensics’, New Scientist, 3 Oct. 2009, at pp. 4–5.
5 Gillespie, n. 1 above, at pp. 17–18.
6 Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.
7 Available at: http://www.cbd.int/gti.
8 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 5 June 1992, in force 29 Dec. 1993, available at: http://www.cbd.int/convention/text.
9 Caracas (Venezuela), 1 Dec. 1996, in force 2 May 2001, available at: http://www.iacseaturtle.org.
10 Ibid., footnote to Annex I.
11 Washington, DC (USA), 3 Mar. 1973, in force 1 July 1975, available at: http://www.cites.org. See CITES ‘Standard Nomenclature’ Resolution 12.11 (2010), available at: http://www.cites.org/eng/res/12/12-11R15.php.
12 Mexico City (Mexico), 7 Feb. 1936, in force 15 Mar. 1937, available at: http://www.fws.gov/le/pdffiles/Mexico_Mig_Bird_Treaty.pdf.
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18 Ramsar (Iran), 2 Feb. 1971, in force 21 Dec. 1975, available at: http://www.ramsar.org.
20 Gillespie, n. 1 above, at pp. 42–5.
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23 See CBD COP Decisions VII/9 (2004); IV/10 (2002); V/15 (2000); V/3 (2000), and III/18 (1998); all available at: http://www.cbd.int/decisions/cop.
24 See CBD COP Decision X/44 (2010) on ‘Incentive Measures’. Note also the earlier CBD COP Decision IX/6 (2008) on the same topic, and para. 2 of Decision IX/11 (2008) on ‘Review of Implementation of Articles 20 and 21’. All documents available at: http://www.cbd.int/decisions/cop.
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31 See n. 18 above. For the reflection of this principle in Ramsar Resolutions, see Resolutions 8.4 (2002), 8.34 (2002), 8.23 (2002), 8.25 (2002), 8.40 (2002), 7.15 (1999), 7.16 (1999), 6.10 (1996), 2.3 (1984), and 1.6 (1980) on ‘Assessment of Wetland Values’, available at: http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-resol/main/ramsar/1-31-107_4000_0__.
32 Available at: http://www.thegef.org.
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41 See n. 11 above.
42 Bonn (Germany), 23 June 1979, in force 1 Nov. 1983, available at: http://www.cms.int.
43 Bern (Switzerland), 19 Sept. 1979, in force 1 June 1982, available at: http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/cultureheritage/nature/bern/default_en.asp.
44 Available at: http://www.cbd.int/agro/pollinator.shtml.
45 Available at: http://www.cbd.int/gspc.
46 Gillespie, n. 1 above, at pp. 132–4.
47 CBD COP Decision VI/26 (2002) on ‘The 2010 Target’, available at: http://www.cbd.int/decisions.
48 CBD COP Decision X/2 (2010) on ‘Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020’, available at: http://www.cbd.int/decisions.
49 OIE Resolution XIV (2007) on ‘Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare’, available at: http://www.oie.int.
50 IUCN Resolution 24 (1990), ‘Conservation of Wildlife through Wise Use as a Renewable Natural Resource’, Resolution of the 18th Session of the IUCN General Assembly, Perth, Australia, 28 Nov. to 5 Dec. 1990.
51 CBD COP Decision V/24 (2000) on ‘Sustainable Use as a Cross Cutting Issue’, available at: http://www.cbd.int/decisions.
52 At n. 42 above.
53 At n. 11 above.
54 At n. 14 above.
55 CITES COP Decisions 14.58 and 14.59 (2007) on ‘Transport of Live Specimens’, available at: http://www.cites.org/eng/dec/index.php.
56 See, e.g., the Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards (aihts) between the European Community, Canada, and the Russian Federation; in force 1 June 1999, 37 International Legal Materials (1998) 532.
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58 Paris (France), 19 Mar. 1902, in force 11 May 1907, 102 British and Foreign State Papers 969, Art VII, available at: http://eelink.net/~asilwildlife/bird_1902.html.
59 The 1957 Interim Convention on the Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals, Washington, DC (US), 9 Feb. 1957, in force 14 Oct. 1957, 314 United Nations Treaty Series 105, Art. IX(3).
60 See UN Doc. A/CONF.13/L. 56 (1958).
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62 WHC Decision 10/34.COM/8B (2010), available at: http://whc.unesco.org/archive/2010/whc10-34com-8Be.pdf.
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65 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 14 June 1992; available at: http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?documentid=78&articleid=1163. See also UN Dept of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development, Agenda 21, Chapters 3, 11 and 14, available at: http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21.
66 Johannesburg (South Africa), 26 Aug. to 4 Sept. 2002; see para. 44, Sections J, L, and H of the WSSD Plan of Implementation, UN. Doc. A/CONF.199/20, available at: http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/documents/summit_docs/2309_planfinal.htm.
67 At n. 8 above, Art. 8(j); see also Art. 1(c).
68 UNGA Resolution 64/203 (2010), available at: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/474/01/PDF/N0947401.pdf?OpenElement.
69 New York (NY), 13 Sept. 2007, available at: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/declaration.html.
70 Ibid., Arts. 24 and 25.
71 See UNESCO/WHC, ‘Summary Report of the 12th General Assembly of States Parties to the WHC’ (Doc. WHC-99/CONF.206/7), at p. 4, para. 20; available at: http://whc.unesco.org/archive/1999/whc-99-conf206-7e.pdf.
72 See Damania, R., et al. ., A Future for Wild Tigers (World Bank, 2008)Google Scholar, at p. 15; and Birdlife, State of the World’s Birds: Indicators for Our Changing World (Birdlife, 2008), at p. 20.
73 The spectrum of what ‘participate’ is or means is very wide. For the options in this area, see IUCN, Guidelines for Management Planning of Protected Areas (IUCN, 2003), pp. 57–61.
74 See generally Kemf, E. (ed.), Indigenous Peoples and Protected Areas (Earthscan, 1993)Google Scholar.
75 CBD COP Decision IX/18 (2008) on ‘Protected Areas’, Section A, para. 19; available at: http://www.cbd.int/decisions/cop.
76 Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats (agreed under the auspices of the CMS, n. 42 above), Paris (France), 26 Oct. 2007, in force 1 June 2008, available at: http://www.cms.int/species/gorillas/index.htm.
77 Ibid., Arts. III(2)(k) and VIII(1).
78 See Raven, S., Assessment of the Solution-Orientated Research Needed to Promote a More Sustainable Bushmeat Trade in Central and West Africa (DEFRA, 2002).Google Scholar
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80 See UNESCO, Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of the World Network, available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001038/103849Eb.pdf.
81 See UNESCO, The Madrid Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves (2008–2013), at p. 15, Target 10, available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0016/001633/163301e.pdf.
82 Ramsar COP Resolutions 8.36 (2002) on ‘Participatory Environmental Management’, and 8.14 (2002) on ‘New Guidelines for Management Planning for Ramsar Sites’, both available at: http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-resol-resolutions-of-8th/main/ramsar/1-31-107%5E21367_4000_0__.
83 Ramsar COP Recommendation 6.3 (1996) on ‘Involving Local and Indigenous People’; and Resolution 8.14 (2002), ibid.
84 WHC, n. 16 above, Art. 5(a).
85 Cattaneo, M. & Trifoni, J., The World Heritage Sites of UNESCO: Nature Sanctuaries (WhiteStar, 2003), at pp. 16Google Scholar, 66, 70 and 100–1; Pressouyre, L., The World Heritage Convention, Twenty Years Later (UNESCO, 1992), at pp. 14–15, and 22.Google Scholar
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87 Proposal for a ‘Fifth C’ to be Added to the Strategic Objectives, WHC-07/31 COM/13B. See also, 31 COM 13 B (2007) 31 COM 13 B. All documents available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions.