The Minority of Henry III

G.J. Turner

doi:10.2307/3678076

The Minority of Henry III

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 June 2009

G.J. Turner

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Although the history of the reign of Henry III. has often been written, I venture to think that some generalisations about it have been too readily accepted and that this is especially the case with respect to the king's minority. Too much importance has been attached to the monastic chronicles, and too little to the testimony of official records. In the first part of this paper I narrate briefly a few of the chief incidents of the regency of the earl Marshal with a view to showing what part the great men of the realm played in the war. I also endeavour to show the importance of the offices of castellan and sheriff, and to explain the government's policy with respect to them on the king's accession. In another part of this paper I hope to be allowed to deal with the difficulties concerning the surrender of the castles into the king's hands and those concerning the termination of the minority itself.

Type: Research Article
Information: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , Volume 18 , December 1904 , pp. 245 - 295

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3678076 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1903

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^{page 246 note 1} This is the official account of the coronation taken from the letter to the justice of Ireland, announcing John's death and the coronation of Henry, III (Fædera, i. part i. p. 145Google Scholar). The date of the letter is probably February 6, 1217. (Cf. Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 31.)

^{page 246 note 2} Rogtri de Wendover Flores Historiarum (Rolls Series), ii. 198.

^{page 246 note 3} L'Histoirede Guillaumete Maréchal(Sociétéde l'Histoire de France), ii. 186. The names of those present are stated differently by different chroniclers. None of them represent Hubert as having been present.

^{page 246 note 4} Rot. Litt. Pat. pp. I, 2; Rot. Litt. Claus. p. 293.

^{page 247 note 1} Fædera, i. part i. 144.

^{page 247 note 2} Matthei Parisiensis Chronica Majora (Rolls Series), vi. 64.

^{page 247 note 3} In this Lawrence of St. Albans was mistaken; Fandulph, not Guala, was then the legate.

^{page 247 note 4} Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria (Rolls Series), ii. 233. The earl Marshal -committed the care of the king to the bishop by way of delegation, but the magnates no doubt consented. Guala had a share in the custody by virtue of his office as legate.

^{page 249 note 1} Many of the facts which follow have been noted (with others) by Professor Maitland, F. W. in Pleas of the Crown for the County of Gloucester, pp. xiii–xvGoogle Scholar.

^{page 249 note 2} Rot. Lift. Pat. pp. 17, 27.

^{page 249 note 3} Bouquet, , Recueil des Historiens (Guillelmus Annoricus de Gestis), xvii. 80Google Scholar

^{page 249 note 4} Rot. Lift. Claus. i. p. 92 b, 97, 99 b, 104.

^{page 249 note 5} Bouquet, , Recueil, xvii. 217Google Scholar.

^{page 249 note 6} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 56 b.

^{page 249 note 7} Ibid. p. 75 b.

^{page 249 note 8} Ibid. p. 78 b.

^{page 249 note 9} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. p. 105.

^{page 249 note 10} Rot. Lilt. Pat. p. 83.

^{page 249 note 11} The castle was in his possession on September 7 (ibid. p. 85). He began o account for the counties from Michaelmas.

^{page 250 note 1} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 83 b.

^{page 250 note 2} Ibid. p. 86 b.

^{page 250 note 3} His appointment is not enrolled.

^{page 250 note 4} Rot. Litt. Claws, i. 220, 649.

^{page 250 note 5} Ibid. p. 227.

^{page 250 note 6} See p. 249, note I, above.

^{page 250 note 7} Rogeri de Wendover Mores Historiarum, ii. 192, 255, 277.

^{page 250 note 8} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 148 b.

^{page 250 note 9} Ibid. p. 149 b.

^{page 251 note 1} In April 1216. Rot. Lift. Pat. p. 178.

^{page 251 note 2} Rot. Lift. Clous. i. 123 b

^{page 251 note 3} Rogeri de Wendover Flores Historiarum, ii. 192.

^{page 251 note 4} Canton Bléré; ar. Tours.

^{page 251 note 5} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 149 b.

^{page 251 note 6} Ibid. 179 b.

^{page 251 note 7} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 79 b.

^{page 251 note 8} In ar. and cant. Loches.

^{page 252 note 1} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 136.

^{page 252 note 2} Maitland, F. W., Pleas of the Crown, &c., p. 97Google Scholar. It appears from these rolls that Guy de Chanceaux acted as warden or deputy warden of the castle of Gloucester.

^{page 252 note 3} Rot. Litt. Claus. ii. 243.

^{page 252 note 4} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 146 b.

^{page 252 note 5} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 228, 243.

^{page 253 note 1} Geoffrey and Mathias de Martigny seem, however, to have been brothers (ibid. p. 243).

^{page 253 note 2} Rotuli Chartartim, p. 98 b.

^{page 253 note 3} Rot. Lift. Claus. i. 249 b.

^{page 254 note 1} Rotuli Chartarum, pp. 188, 221 bis.

^{page 255 note 1} Fædera, i. part i. 145.

^{page 255 note 2} Memoriak Fratris Walteri de Cwentria, ii. 233, 236.

^{page 255 note 3} Ibid. p. 236.

^{page 255 note 4} A life of Guala was published in the year 1767 by Giuseppe Frova under the pseudonym Filadelfo Libico.

^{page 256 note 1} The charters are printed in full in Frova's life of the cardinal (Libico, Filadelfo, Guala Bicherii Vita et Gesia, pp. 100, 103Google Scholar). The church was already built when Guala left England. The charter of Nov. 8, 1217, contains the words ‘ecclesia B. Andree Vercellensis quam idem dominus Guala in honore dei et B. Andree construxit ibidem.’ The story of Guala's taking away with him a large sum of money probably arose from the fact that about the time of his departure the king was endeavouring to raise 6, 000 marks for the use of his agents at the Roman court (Rott. Litt. Pat. pp. 167, 181, 184, 209).

^{page 256 note 2} Calendar of Papal Letters, i. 140, 142, 145; Rott. Litt. Pat. pp. 299, 352, 422; Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 581 b.

^{page 256 note 3} Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, No. 5375; Pressutti, Pietro, Regesta Honorii Papa III. p. 24Google Scholar, No. 131.

^{page 256 note 4} Potthast, Regesta, No. 5378; Pressutti, , Regesta, p. 27Google Scholar, No. 142, Calendar of Papal Letters, i. 41.

^{page 256 note 5} Calendar of Papal Letters, i. 42. The Pope sent a further letter of exhortation to the earl Marshal and others on January 19, 1217, begging them to follow the counsels of Guala. (Bouquet, , Recueil, xix. 625Google Scholar.)

^{page 257 note 1} Potthast, Regesta, No. 5417; Pressutti, , Regesta, p. 44Google Scholar, No. 244; Bouquet, , Recueil, xix. 623Google Scholar.

^{page 257 note 2} Potthast, Regesta (omitted); Pressutti, , Regesta, p. 45Google Scholar, No. 248; Calendar of Papal Letters, p. 44.

^{page 257 note 3} Potthast, Regesta, No. 5427; Pressutti, , Regesta, p. 48Google Scholar, No. 267; Bouquet, , Recueil, xix. 626Google Scholar.

^{page 257 note 4} Potthast, Regesta, No. 5528; Pressutti, , Regesta, p. 45Google Scholar, No. 248; Bouquet, , Recueil, xix. 629Google Scholar; Calendar of Papal Letters, p. 47.

^{page 257 note 5} Shirley, , Royal and other Historical Letters (Rolls Series), i. 6Google Scholar.

^{page 258 note 1} H. R. Luard, On the Relations between England and Rome during the Earlier Portion of the Reign of Henry III. The translation which follows is Dr. Luard's.

^{page 259 note 1} The claim of Lewis is discussed by Dr. Luard in his Relatións between England and Rome. In this pamphlet he insists on the importance to England of the work of Guala and Pope Honorius III.

^{page 259 note 2} In an article written by M. (P.) Guilhiermoz (Bibliothèque de l' Ecole des Chartes, Ix. 45). To this article M. (Charles) Bémont (the distinguished historian who first denied the condemnation of John for the murder) replied (ibid. p. 363), adhering firmly to his former position. Whether M. Guilhiermoz is right or wrong in his contention, his article, though somewhat marred by a certain acidity of tone, is one of the most brilliant pieces of historical criticism which have appeared recently.

^{page 260 note 1} Chronica Majora (Rolls Series), iii. 3. The story as told by Roger of Wendover, some twenty years earlier, is briefer and much less favourable to Hubert of Burgh. Roger distinctly states that Hubert had a conference with his knights before it was decided not to surrender the castle.

^{page 261 note 1} He held them by letters patent dated July 24, 1215 (Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 150).

^{page 261 note 2} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 38.

^{page 261 note 3} Ibid. p. 65.

_{page 261 note 4} Ibid. p. 87.

^{page 261 note 5} Rot. Litt. Claus.i. 299 b, 305 b.

^{page 261 note 6} Rot. Litt. Pat. pp. 42, 59, 109.

^{page 262 note 1} Edited by M. (Paul) Meyer for the Socifte de l'Histoire de France. Another valuable chronicle in which the history of the war is told at considerable length is Histoire des Dues de Normandie, edited by the late Francisque Michel for the same society.

^{page 262 note 2} Rot. Lift. Pat. p. 25.

^{page 262 note 3} Ibid. p. 108.

^{page 262 note 4} That the town was taken by Lewis and retaken by the loyalists appears from letters patent dated September 16, 1220 (ibid. p. 249). Lewis had seized Winchelsea, but was hemmed in by the men of the Weald. He was unable to escape by sea because the neighbouring port of Rye was in the hands of the king's party, who had ships at their disposal. Eventually help came from France, Rye was taken, and Lewis left England (Histoire des Dues de Normandie, pp. 182–187).

^{page 262 note 5} Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria, ii. 235; Rogeri de Wendautr flores Historiarum, ii. 206.

^{page 263 note 1} L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, ii. 208.

^{page 263 note 2} The earl Marshal attested royal letters on March 4 at Shoreham; on March 5 at Guildford; and on March 7 at Farnham.

^{page 263 note 3} Rot. Lite. Pat. p. 10. Dr. Stubbs held, on the authority of some letters close dated May 20, 1218, that the earl of Salisbury had attended the king's council at Oxford in January. I am satisfied, however, that the council mentioned in the letters close may have been and probably was held in the summer of 1217 (Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 319).

^{page 263 note 4} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 299.

^{page 263 note 5} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 57.

^{page 263 note 6} Ibid. p. 62. Porchester must have been besieged and taken by Philip d'Aubigni after March 20, 1216 (Rot. Litt. Claus. i. p. 301 b).

^{page 263 note 7} Walter of Coventry mentions that the king took the castles of Marlborough, , Farnham, , Winchester, , and Chichester, (Memoriale, ii. 236Google Scholar).

^{page 264 note 1} Rogeri de Wendaver Flores Historiarum, ii. p. 208.

^{page 264 note 2} According to the chronicle of Merton he landed on April 22. Dutaillis, Petit, La Vie de Louis VIII, p. 514Google Scholar.

^{page 265 note 1} Accounts of the battle at Lincoln are given by , Roger of , Wendover, Flores Historiarum, ii. 211Google Scholar.; L'Histoirede Guillaume le Maréchal, ii. 220; Histoire des Dues de Normandie, p. 194. For a criticism of the various accounts of the battle, see an able article by Professor Tout in the English Historical Review for April 1903.

^{page 266 note 1} Their letters of safe-conduct are dated June 6, 1217, Rot. Lilt. Pat. p. 68. It would seem that a draft of the treaty of Lambeth was submitted to the magnates at the meeting, and that Guala refused to accept it without some alterations. The archbishop of Tyre sent a report to the Pope. See Bouquet, , Recueil, xix. 635Google Scholar. In the index to the printed text of the Patent Rolls the archbishop is, through a pardonable error, described as of Tours. Not long after the departure of the archbishop, a Cistercian monk came to England and endeavoured to arrange a peace (Histoire des Dues &c. p. 200).

^{page 266 note 2} Ibid. p. 69.

^{page 266 note 3} Ibid. p. 70.

^{page 266 note 4} Ibid. p. 70.

^{page 266 note 5} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 314.

^{page 266 note 6} The movements of the earl are taken from his attestations of royal letters.

^{page 266 note 7} L'Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal, ii. 259, 260; Histoire des Dues de Normandie, pp. 200–2.

^{page 267 note 1} Chronica Majora, iii. 28, 29.

^{page 267 note 2} Fædera, vol. i. part i. p. 148. As to the text of the treaty see p. 288, note 3, below.

^{page 267 note 3} Rot. Lift. Pat. pp. 168, 284; Rot. Lift. Clam. i. 377 Chronica de Mailros, p. 131.

^{page 267 note 5} ibid. p. 149; Bouquet, , Recueil, xix. 648Google Scholar.

^{page 268 note 1} Chronica de Mailros, p. 132.

^{page 268 note 2} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 132.

^{page 268 note 3} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 148.

^{page 268 note 4} These facts are apparent from his attestations of royal letters.

^{page 268 note 5} On July 8, 1217. See Shirley, , Royal Letters, i. 532Google Scholar.

^{page 269 note 1} L'Histoirede Guillaume le Maréchal, line 15536.

^{page 269 note 2} Ibid. line 15610.

^{page 269 note 3} Preparations were made for the Queen's departure at the end of July 1217 (Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 113; Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 315). She seems, however, to have remained in England for some weeks longer, as she took part in the negotiations for peace (Histoire des Dues &c. p. 204).

^{page 270 note 1} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 110.

^{page 270 note 2} He was first so described inroyal letters of June 25, 1215. Rot. Litt Pat. p. 144 b; Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 217 b.

^{page 271 note 1} Rotuli Chartarum, p. 202.

^{page 271 note 2} Rogeri de Wendovei Florts Historiarum, ii. 307.

^{page 271 note 3} Rot. Litt. Pat. pp 191, 263, 264, 265, 315, 316, 317; Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 476 b; Shirley, , Royal Letters, i. 98Google Scholar.

^{page 272 note 1} Rot. Litt. Pat. pp. 159 b, 169 b, 179. The letters patent by which he was appointed sheriff of Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire, and Buckinghamshire are not enrolled.

^{page 272 note 2} Ibid. p. 144 b.

^{page 273 note 1} By letters patent of June 7, 1217. Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 186 b.

^{page 273 note 3} Sot. Litt. Pat. p. 75. John Marshal, however, had been appointed sheriff of the county on March 21, 1217 (ibid. p. 44), and had received further letters patent of appointment on June II, 1217 (ibid. p. 69). He was probably first appointed when the castle was taken by the royalists; and as the city was for a time abandoned when Lewis returned from France (Histoire des Dues &c, p. 192) a second appointment was considered necessary when it again fell into the king's hands. John Marshal seems to have been unwilling to accept the office of sheriff.

^{page 273 note 3} Ibid. pp. 81, 90, 92, 94.

^{page 273 note 4} Ibid. p. 121.

^{page 273 note 5} Rot. Litt. Pat. pp. 172, 161.

^{page 274 note 1} Rot. Lift. Pat. p. 199 b.

^{page 274 note 2} Ibid. p. 65.

^{page 274 note 3} Ibid. p. 117.

^{page 274 note 4} Ibid. p. 130.

^{page 274 note 5} Ibid. p. 178.

^{page 274 note 6} The following facts should be noticed. On March 22, 1217, the regent directed him to cause the queen Isabel to have her dower in Stamford. This was an unusual mandate if the earl were then fighting against the king (Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 302). On April 16 the king ratified a truce between himself and his council on the one side and the earl on the other, to last for eight days from April 17 (Rot. Litt. Pat. p. no). On May 9 the earl had letters of safe-conduct without term (ibid. p. 62). In letters close of June n he is described as ‘dilectus et fidelis noster’ and from other letters close of June 12, from which it appears that the manor of Ekington had recently been granted to him, he is described as ‘fidelis noster.’ He had restitution of the manor of Carlton and soke of Grantham on June 21 (Rot. Litt. Claus. p. 311), and of the manor of Easton on July 23 (ibid. p. 315) but no general order of restitution is mentioned on the roll of letters close. He was cousin to John, and his sister was the mother of John's bastard son Richard, who is called Ricardus de Warenna in letters close of November 24, 1222 (ibid. p. 523).

^{page note 275 note 1} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 135.

^{page note 275 note 2} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 403. This entry is misplaced on the roll and undated.

^{page note 275 note 3} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 181. The letters are undated, but the date of the entry preceding them on the roll is Nov. 6.

^{page note 275 note 4} This is evident from the Pipe Rolls.

^{page 276 note 1} Rot. Litt Pat. p. 321.

^{page 276 note 2} Rot. Litt. Clans, i. 417 b The king's sister Eleanor was in the custody of Robert de Courtenay on February 5, 1224. Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 426.

^{page 276 note 3} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 508.

^{page 276 note 4} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 234.

^{page 279 note 1} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 530. Pandulph had been appointed warden on January 28, 1221 (Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 281).

^{page 279 note 2} Ibid. p. 362.

^{page 279 note 3} Rot. Litt. Clam. i. 513.

^{page 279 note 4} Shirley, , Royal Letters, i. 4Google Scholar.

^{page 279 note 5} P. 250, above.

^{page 279 note 6} P. 251, above.

_{page 280 note 1} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 177; Fædera, i. part i. 152.

^{page 280 note 2} The charter granted to Guala (supra, p. 328) on November 8, 1217, was quite exceptional.

^{page 280 note 3} SirPollock, F. and ProfessorMaitland, , History of English Law (second edition), vol. ii. p. 438Google Scholar.

^{page 281 note 1} Rot Lift. Pat. p. 1.

^{page 281 note 2} Ibid. pp. 107, 112; Rot. Litt. Claus. i. pp. 299 b, 312. It should be noticed that Philip Augustus hud been crowned king of France shortly after his fourteenth birthday.

^{page 282 note 1} Fædera, i. part i. 144; Nichols, John, Collection of all the Wills of the Kings and Queens of England, p. 13Google Scholar; Thomas, William, A Survey of the Cathedral Church of Worcester, p. 19Google Scholar. In all these printed copies the words ‘nulla tenus in presentia eorum ordinarem,’ which are obviously incorrect, occur. The true reading should be ‘nullatenus inpresentiarum ordinarem.’

^{page 283 note 1} On April 14, 1219, when the earl Marshal died, Guala and Savary de Mauléon had left England, and the bishop of Worcester and the master of the Knights Templars were dead.

^{page 283 note 2} Calendar of Papal Letters, i. 44; Pressutti, , Regesta, p. 45Google Scholar, no. 248; Potthast, Regesta (omitted).

^{page 283 note 3} Memoriale Walteri de Coventria (Rolls Series), ii. 260.

^{page 283 note 4} P. 269, above.

^{page 284 note 1} Hardy, Itinerarium Johannis Regis.

^{page 284 note 2} Shirley, , Royal Letters, i. 117Google Scholar.

^{page 284 note 3} P. 288, note 2, below.

^{page 285 note 1} The writ contains the words ‘et tibi computabitur adscaccarium.’ To each such writ there is a corresponding writ of ‘Computate’ addressed to the barons of the Exchequer.

^{page 285 note 2} Writs of ‘Computabitur’ were addressed during the war to persons who were not sheriffs on the following dates: In 1215, June 16, 29; July 2, 22, 23, 27; Aug. 2, 8, II, 16, 17, 19, 21; September 20; Oct. 9, 15; Nov. 4, 13, 16; Dec. 23. In 1216, Jan. 7, 28; Feb. 23; March 7; April 4, 7, 14, 15; May 27; June I, 27, Sept. 15. Similar writs were addressed to various sheriffs: in 1215, Dec. 18; in 1216, Jan. 7, March 27, 30, April II, 12, June 2, Aug. 29; in 1217, Jan. 7, May 5. This list must not be taken as perfect; and it must be remembered that a sheriff might have to account for other revenues than his farm of his county. The writ addressed to Hervey Belet on March 30, 1216, which contains the following words, is instructive: ‘Hanc autem solucionem facere, quia nisi earn indilate feceritis oportebit nos ipsos earn facere de denariis garderobe nostre, quod valde nobis ad presens grave erit et molestum.’

^{page 285 note 3} Rot. Lift. Claus. i. 306 b.

^{page 286 note 1} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 602.

^{page 286 note 2} Ibid.

^{page 286 note 3} Ibid.p. 336. It had been decided on or before September 29 to hold this council on October 20.

^{page 286 note 4} Ibid. p. 371.

^{page 286 note 5} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 125.

^{page 286 note 6} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. p. 377 b. On February 22 the sheriffs were also ordered to cause the new issue of Magna Carta and the charter of the forest to be read in full county court, and the clause in Magna Carta which provided that adulterine castles should be razed to be observed.

^{page 287 note 1} Rot. Litt. Claus. p. 375; Rot. Litt. Pat. pp. 170, 171.

^{page 287 note 2} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 66.

^{page 287 note 3} Ibid. p. 70.

^{page 287 note 4} Ibid. p. 101.

^{page 287 note 5} Ibid. p. 118.

^{page 287 note 6} Ibid. p. 154.

^{page 287 note 7} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 328, 343.

^{page 288 note 1} Rot. Litt. Claus. pp. 340, 343, 376 b.

^{page 288 note 1} Pipe Rolls, no. 61.

^{page 288 note 3} This statement rests on a clause in one of the texts of the treaty of Lambeth. The source of the text of the treaty printed in the Fædera is not mentioned, but it agrees with that printed in the Spicilegium of Luc d'Achery (ed. 1723, torn. iii. 586), the source of which is thus described: ‘Ex cartulario S. Egidii apud Pontem Audomari.’ It is, however, somewhat remarkable that the treaty should have been sealed, as there expressed, by the king, as at the time he had no seal. The text of the treaty now in reference differs considerably from that in the Spicilegium and the Fædera. It is printed in Thesaurus novus Anecdotorum of Edmond Martene and Ursin Durand, tom. i. 857, and its source is given as ‘Ex MS. illustrissimi marchionis Daubais.’ The treaty was in two parts, of which the text in the Thesaurus is the part executed by Lewis; but the names of the persons by whom it was sealed have been omitted.

^{page 289 note 1} Madox, , History of the Exchequer, ed. 1769, vol. ii. p. 139Google Scholar.

^{page 289 note 2} It will be found from the Pipe Rolls that the sheriffs accounted for the prohcuum from the year 7 John until the end of his reign. When the sheriffs accounted for the proficuumas well as for their ordinary farms, they are described on the rolls as accounting ‘ut custodes.’.

^{page 290 note 1} When the king began to attest his own letters patent, the sheriffs were once again made to account for the proficuum ‘ut custodes.’ Later in the reign they farmed the proficuum itself, and they then ceased to account ‘ut custodes’and began to account again as sheriffs. I have collected full particulars of the proficuum through the whole of the reign of Henry III., but they cannot be printed in this paper on account of the great space which they would occupy.

^{page 290 note 2} Potthast, Regesta, No. 5905, Calendar of Papal Letters, p. 58.

^{page 290 note 3} Ibid.

^{page 290 note 4} Ibid.

^{page 290 note 5} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 182.

_{page 290 note 6} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 384.

^{page 290 note 7} P. 257, above.

_{page 291 note 1} Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 382, 388.

^{page 291 note 2} Rot. Litt. Pat. p. 179.

^{page 291 note 3} Ibidem passim. Rot. Litt. Claus. passim.

^{page 291 note 4} Ibid.pp. 389, 390, 405.

^{page 291 note 5} A council was summoned to meet at Oxford on the Wednesday after the close of Easter (April 23), at which certain arduous business touching the state of the king and his realm was to be transacted (Rot. Litt. Claus. i. 405).

^{page 291 note 6} The bishop of Coventry attested letters on May 16, June 7, 1219 (Rot. Litt. Clous, i. 391 b, 392); the bishop of London on April 23, 1220 (ibid. p. 416 b); Martin of Pattishill Feb. 15, 1220 (ibid. p. 435), and William Briwer on Oct. 8, 1220 (ibid. p. 472).

^{page 292 note 1} The statements which follow are based on the excellent summary of the poem by its editor M. (Paul) Meyer (L'Histoire &c. iii. 283 to 286).

^{page 293 note 1} L'Histoire &c. torn. iii. pp. iv–vii.

^{page 293 note 2} Ibid.torn. iii. p. 258. The earl Marshal died May 14, 1218

^{page 294 note 1} Chronica Rogeri de Hoveden (Rolls Series), iv. 48. Richard de Mareis, however, received papal letters confirming him in the office of chancellor on his promotion to the see of Durham (Calendar of Papal Letters, i. 62).

^{page 294 note 2} Vol. i. p. xx.

^{page 294 note 3} Vol. ii. p. 124.

^{page 295 note 1} Matthai Parisiensis Chronica Majota, Additamenta (Rolls Series), vi. 64.

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