Latin Syria and the West, 1149–1187

R. C. Smail

doi:10.2307/3678738

Latin Syria and the West, 1149–1187

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009

R. C. Smail

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R. C. Smail: Affiliation:
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

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Historians of the crusades have given most of their attention to the major crusading expeditions, especially to the first, and to the surface history of the Latin states in Syria, especially to that of the kingdom of Jerusalem. They have shown less interest in those conditions in western Europe from which all crusading activity grew. It is true that the roots of the movement prior to the First Crusade were traced by Erdmann in a magisterial study which remains the most important contribution made to the subject during the present century. But the First Crusade was not the end of the matter. European sentiment about the crusades and the Latin states continued to develop during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and beyond. Even in the twelfth century there was a body of opinion which was highly critical of crusading activity and this grew in the course of time; but the main weight of conventional opinion in the later twelfth and earlier thirteenth century came to accept the crusade, and the maintenance or recovery of Latin possession of the Holy Places, as a Christian responsibility.

Type: Research Article
Information: Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , Volume 19 , December 1969 , pp. 1 - 20

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3678738 [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1969

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References

^{page 1 note 1} Erdmann, C., Die Entstehung des Kreuzzugsgedankens (Stuttgart, 1935).Google Scholar

^{page 1 note 2} Flahiff, G. B. ‘Deus non vult. A Critic of the Third Crusade’, Medieval Studies, ix (1947), pp. 162–88;CrossRef Google ScholarThroop, P. A., Criticism of the Crusade: a Study of Public Opinion and Crusade Propaganda(Amsterdam, 1940).Google Scholar

^{page 2 note 1} SirPowicke, Maurice, The Thirteenth Century(Oxford, 1953), pp 80–81.Google Scholar

^{page 2 note 2} Rousset, P., Les Origines et les Caractères de la Première Croisade(Neuchâtel, 1945);Google ScholarAlphandery, P., La chrétienté et l'idée de croisade (2 vols., Paris, 1954–1959).Google Scholar

^{page 2 note 3} See especially Delaruelle, E., ‘L'idée de croisade chez saint Bernard’, Mélanges saint Bernard (Dijon, 1953), pp. 53–67;Google ScholarSeguin, A., ‘Bernard et la Seconde Croisade’, in Bernard de Clairvaux (Paris, 1953), pp. 379–409.Google Scholar

^{page 2 note 4} For example, in A History of the Crusades, editor-in-chief K. M. Setton, vol. i, The First Hundred Years, ed. Baldwin, M. W. (Philadelphia, 1955)Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 1} Heyd, W., Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen áge(édn. française refondue ed. Raynaud, F.), i (Leipzig, 1936), p. 180.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 2} Smail, R. C., Crusading Warfare (Cambridge, 1956), p. 95, n. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 3 note 3} J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (=PL), 200, col. 1294.

^{page 3 note 4} William, of Tyre, Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum, Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Historiens Occidentaux(i, Paris, 1844), p. 889. Cited hereafter as William of Tyre, with page reference.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 1} See note 6, p. 18, below.

^{page 4 note 2} See p. 18, n. 2 and p. 20, n. 1.

^{page 4 note 3} See note 3, p. 8, below.

^{page 4 note 4} For example, Baldwin III hoped to enfeoff Thierry of Alsace with Shaizar, William of Tyre, p. 850. For projected marriages with westerners, see p. 10, n. 1 and p. 16, n. 2.

^{page 4 note 5} Chronique d'ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. Latrie, M. L. de Mas (Paris, 1871), p. 117.Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 6} Schwerin, U., Die Aufrufe der Päpste zur Befreiung des Heiligen Landes von den Anfängen bis zurn Ausgang Innozenz IV (Berlin, 1937).Google Scholar

^{page 4 note 7} Reuter, H., Geschichte Alexanders des Dritten und der Kircke seiner Zeit, iii (Leipzig, 2nd edn., 1864), pp. 562–93;Google ScholarRöhricht, R., Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kreuzzüge, ii (Berlin, 1878), pp. 105–29;Google ScholarAlphandéry, P., La chrétienté et l'idée de croisade, i, pp. 208–21.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 1} SirRunciman, Steven, A History of the Crusades, ii (Cambridge, 1952), pp. 326–35.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 2} Röhricht, R., Regesta regni hierosolymitani (Innsbruck, 1893) (= Regesta) and Additamentum (Innsbruck, 1904), no. 261;Google ScholarBouquet, M., Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France (= RHGF), xv (Paris, 1808), pp. 540–541.Google Scholar

^{page 5 note 3} RHGF, xv, p. 540: ‘Pro quorum apparatu, antequam pontem Tyri transissemus, septem millia bissantiorum Accar, et mille Jerusalem mutuo accepimus.’

^{page 5 note 4} RHGF, xv, p. 541.

^{page 6 note 1} RHGF, xv, p. 523.

^{page 6 note 2} PL, 182, col. 64.

^{page 6 note 3} The widely ranging diplomatic exchanges at this time have been more than once reconstructed. See Vacandard, E., Vie de St Bernard, ii (Paris, 2nd edn., 1897), pp. 441–52;Google ScholarChalandon, F., Jean II Comnène (1118–1143) et Manuel I Comnène, 1143–1180 (Paris, 1912), pp. 334–42;Google ScholarGleber, H., Papst Eugen III, 1145–53 (Jena, 1936), pp. 108–36;Google ScholarBerry, V. G., ‘Peter the Venerable and the Crusades’, in Petrus Venerabilis 1156–1956, studies and texts commemorating the eighth centenary of his death, ed. Constable, G. and Kritzeck, J. (Rome, 1956), pp. 155–62.Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 4} Odo, of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem, ed. Berry, V. G. (Columbia U.P., New York, 1947), p. 68.Google Scholar

^{page 6 note 5} Berry, V. G., ‘Peter the Venerable and the Crusades’, pp. 156–57.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 1} Satabin, J., ‘Une lettre inédite de Saint Bernard’, Etudes religieuses et philosophiques, lxii (1894), pp. 322–23.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 2} Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, continuatio Praemonstratensh, in Monumenta Germaniae Historica (=MGH), Scriptores vi, p. 455: ‘…sed per Cistercienses monachos totum cassatur.’

^{page 7 note 3} Runciman, , Crusades, ii, pp. 342–44, 349.Google Scholar

^{page 7 note 4} In the letter published by Kehr (see following note), which is addressed to the master and brethren of the Temple in Spain, the pope writes: ‘venerabilibus fratribus nostris archiepiscopis et episcopis in diversis mundi partibus constitutis et tam regibus quam aliis mundi principibus commonitorias et exhortatorias litteras destinavimus.’

^{page 8 note 1} Regesta, no. 326; RHGF, xv, p. 681; Kehr, P. A. F., Papsturkunden in Spanien, Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Klasse, Neue Folge, Bd. xviii, 2 (Berlin, 1926), pp. 360–62.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 2} Runciman, , Crusades, ii, pp. 351–54, 357–58, 361–62.Google Scholar

^{page 8 note 3} Regesta, nos. 382–84, 392, 394, 396, 398, 399, 403–07, 411.

^{page 9 note 1} Regesta no. 394; RHGF, xvi, p. 40.

^{page 9 note 2} Regesta, no. 319; RHGF, xvi, p. 15.

^{page 9 note 3} Ibid. ‘Sunt etiam hie duae filiae Principis Raimundi, quae ad nubiles annos pervenere, facie et corpore nimis pulcherrimae, pro quibus clementiam vestram humiliter imploramus … quia in hac terra … eas maritare non possumus.’

^{page 9 note 4} Regesta, no. 382; RHGF, xvi, p. 59.

^{page 9 note 5} Regesta, nos. 464, 497, 498.

^{page 10 note 1} William of Tyre, p. 988, 1049.

^{page 10 note 2} Regesta, no. 394; RHGF, xvi, p. 40.

^{page 10 note 3} Runciman, Crusades, ii, pp. 328–30, 350, 370, 377, 379, 385–88, 391–92.

^{page 10 note 4} Runciman, Crusades, ii, p. 368.

^{page 11 note 1} Runciman, Crusades, ii, p. 369; Smail, Crusading Warfare, pp. 134—35.

^{page 11 note 2} Regesta, nos. 403, 404; RHGF, xvi, pp. 60–61, 62–63.

^{page 11 note 3} William of Tyre, pp. 870–71.

^{page 11 note 4} For Quantum predecessores (1145) see PL, 180, coll. 1064–66; for the version of 1165, PL, 200, coll. 384–86.

^{page 12 note 1} Cartellieri, A., Phitipp II August, ii (Leipzig and Paris, 1906), p. 85. ‘Aus den Nöten des heiligen Landes, die alles, was Christ heisst, in Mitleidenschaft ziehen, entsteht moderne Steuergesetzgebung.’Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 2} Pipe Roll, 13 Henry II, p. 194. For a view that the tax was in fact levied, see Mitchell, S. K., Taxation in Medieval England (Yale U.P., 1951), p. 115, and sources there cited.Google Scholar

^{page 12 note 3} Gervase of Canterbury, Opera Historica, ed. Stubbs, W., i (Rolls Series, 1879), PP. 198–99.Google Scholar

^{page 13 note 1} Runciman, Crusades, ii, p. 382.

^{page 13 note 2} Annales Pisani, MGH, SS, xix, p. 257.

^{page 13 note 3} William of Tyre, p. 960.

^{page 13 note 4} PL, 200, coll. 599–601; Martène, E. and Durand, U., Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum historicorum, dogmaticorum, moralium amplissima collectio, ii (Paris, 1724), pp. 747–50.Google Scholar

^{page 14 note 1} PL, 200, coll. 601–02; Martène and Durand, ii, pp. 750–51.

^{page 14 note 2} See p. 12, n. 3.

^{page 14 note 3} Gervase of Canterbury, i, p. 239; Gesta regis Henrici II (=Gestd), ed. W. Stubbs, i (Rolls Series, 1867), p. 32; Roger of Howden, Chronka, ed. W. Stubbs, ii (Rolls Series, 1869), pp. 35–36.

^{page 14 note 4} Gesta, i, p. 159.

^{page 14 note 5} Gervase, i, p. 298; Giraldus Cambrensis, Liber deprincipis instructione, in Opera, viii, ed. G. F. Warner (Rolls Series, 1891), pp. 191–93.

^{page 15 note 1} Gervase, i, p. 325.

^{page 15 note 2} Cazel, F. A., ‘The Tax of 1185 in aid of the Holy Land’, Speculum, xxx (1955), pp. 385–92;CrossRef Google ScholarLunt, W. E., ‘The Text of the Ordinance of 1184 concerning an Aid for the Holy Land’, English Historical Review, xxxvii (1922), pp. 235–42.CrossRef Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 3} Chronique d'ernoul, pp. 156–57; Das Itinerarium peregrinorum, ed. Mayer, H. E. (Stuttgart, 1962), p. 269.Google Scholar

^{page 15 note 4} Giraldus, Opera, v, p. 304. The author of the Itinerarium peregrinorum, p. 269, believed that the sum of Henry's gifts over the years amounted to 30,000 marks.

^{page 15 note 5} Giraldus, Opera, i, pp. 60–61; viii, pp. 209, 255

^{page 15 note 6} Giraldus, Opera, viii, p. 251.

^{page 15 note 7} Gesta, i, p. 116.

^{page 16 note 1} William of Tyre, pp. 980–87.

^{page 16 note 2} William of Tyre, p. 988.

^{page 16 note 3} Their mission is mentioned by Alexander III in Non sine gravi dolore, PL, 200, col. 928.

^{page 16 note 4} Regesta, nos. 497, 498; RHGF, xvi, pp. 198–99.

^{page 16 note 5} PL. 200, coll. 927–28.

^{page 17 note 1} GuUielmi Neubrigensis historia … libris quinque, ed. Hearne, T., iii (Oxford, 1719), p. 664.Google Scholar

^{page 17 note 2} Gesta, i, pp. 190–94; Howden, Chronica, ii, pp. 143–46.

^{page 17 note 3} Gesta, i, p. 243.

^{page 17 note 4} Regesta, nos. 572–74; Cartulaire general de l'ordre des Hospitallers de St. Jean de Jerusalem, ed. Roulx, J. Delaville le, i (Paris, 1894), nos. 558, 559.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 1} Gesta, i, p. 275; PL, 200, coll. 1296–97.

^{page 18 note 2} Gesta, i, p. 272–74; PL, 200, coll. 1294–96.

^{page 18 note 3} William of Tyre, pp. 1109–12.

^{page 18 note 4} For the outline of events during the mission of Heraclius, see Cartellieri, Philipp II August, ii, pp. 18–25.

^{page 18 note 5} Kehr, P., ‘Papsturkunden in Sizilien’, Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologische-historische Ktasse, 1899, p. 329, no. 26.Google Scholar

^{page 18 note 6} Gesta, i, pp. 332–33.

^{page 19 note 1} Giraldus, Opera, viii, p. 211.

^{page 19 note 2} Regesta, nos. 658, 660, 661, 663, 664, 664a, 669, 670, 676, 678, 681, 688.

^{page 20 note 1} Gesta, ii, pp. 15–19.

^{page 20 note 2} See p. 2 and n. 1.

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