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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
On August 24, 1851, Narciso Lopez, Venezuelan by birth, Colonel in the Spanish Army by merit, Governor of Madrid, Field-Marshal and Senator in the Spanish Cortes, by royal favour, and chief of the filibusters against Cuba by predilection, was captured by Spanish troops in his third attempt to destroy the sovereignty of Spain over that island. Although the President of the United States had solemnly proclaimed the illegality of such expeditions departing from Southern centres as New Orleans, the Government of the United States had taken no measures to prevent such departures and the abiding apathy of the American administration, together with the annexationist tendencies manifest throughout the preceding decade of American history, had rightly aroused Spanish suspicions concerning the true intent of the United States.
page 149 note 1 For the Lopez expeditions, see Caldwell, R. G., The Lopez Expeditions to Cuba, 1848–51. Princeton, New Jersey, 1915, passimGoogle Scholar.
page 150 note 1 F.O. 72/774. Domestic. de Isturiz, Xavier, Spanish Minister to England, to Palmerston. London, 07, 1850Google Scholar.
page 150 note 2 F.O. 72/771. Consular Despatches. Cuba. Reports of Consul Kennedy to Palmerston. Havana, May–August, 1850.
page 150 note 3 F.O. 72/774. Domestic. Palmerston to Xavier de Isturiz. London, September 17, 1850.
page 150 note 4 F.O. 72/765. Howden to Palmerston, No. 4. Madrid, August 3,1850.
page 151 note 1 F.O. 72/764. Palmerston to Howden, No. 26. London, August 22, 1850.
page 151 note 2 French F.O. Correspondance Politique, Espagne, Vol. 836. General de la Hitte, French Foreign Minister, to M. de Bourgoing, French Minister to Spain, Paris, August 10, 1850.
page 151 note 3 3 F.O. 72/744. Domestic. Isturiz to Palmerston. London, November 18, 1850.
page 151 note 4 F.O. 72/744. Domestic. Palmerston to Isturiz. London, December,26, 1850.
page 151 note 5 F.O. 72/780. Palmerston to Howden, No. 88. London, May 26, 1851; No. 114, London, June 23, 1851; and No. 121, London, July 18, 1851.
page 151 note 6 F.O. 72/793. Consular (Cuba). Palmerston to Consul Crawford, No. 15, London, September 15, 1851; French F.O. Corr. Pol., Etats-Unis, Vol. 106. Baroche, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to Comte de Sartiges, Minister to the United States. Paris, September 11, 1851. Enclosing Baroche to the Minister of Marine. Paris, September 11, 1851.
page 152 note 1 F.O. 72/786. Howden to Palmerston, No. 234. Secret and Confidential. Madrid, September 15, 1851.
page 152 note 2 F.O. 72/797. Domestic. Isturiz to Palmerston, London, September 29, 1851.
note 152 note 3 Becker, Jerónimo, História de las Relaciones Exterióres de Espana durante el Siglo XIX.. Two vols., Madrid, 1924. Vol. II, pp. 231–2Google Scholar.
page 152 note 4 F.O. 72/781. Palmerston to Howden, No. 216, London, November 21, 1851.
page 152 note 5 U.S. State Department Archives. Despatches, Spain, Vol. 36. Barringer to Webster, No. 55, Madrid, August 4, 1851.
page 152 note 6 Ibid., Vol. 37. Barringer to Webster, No. 58, Madrid, September 18, 1851.
page 153 note 1 U.S. State Department Archives. Despatches, Spain, Vol. 37. Barringer to Webster, No. 59, Madrid, September 22, 1851.
page 153 note 2 Ibid., No. 62, Madrid, October 14, 1851.
page 153 note 3 F.O. 5/529. Bulwer to Palmerston, No. 137, New York, August 5, 1851.
page 153 note 4 F.O. 5/526. Palmerston to Bulwer and Crampton. June to December, 1851.
page 153 note 5 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 683. Walewski to Baroche, London, August 29, 1851.
page 153 note 6 F.O. 72/787. Howden to Palmerston. Private, Madrid, September 20, 1851.
page 153 note 7 Becker, Jerónimo. Op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 233–4Google Scholar.
page 154 note 1 U.S. State Department Archives. Despatches, France, Vol. 33. Rives to Webster, No. 105, Paris, October 2, 1851; see also French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 106. Baroche to Sartiges, Paris, October 2, 1851.
page 154 note 2 U.S. State Department Archives. Despatches, Great Britain, Vol. 62. Abbott Lawrence to Webster, No. 139. London, November 7, 1851.
page 155 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Espagne, Vol. 839. Baroche to Aupick, Paris, November 10, 1851. Baroche disagreed with Palmerston. Ibid., Angleterre, Vol. 684. Baroche to Walewski. Paris, October 7, 1851.
page 155 note 2 Ibid., Espagne, Vol. 839. Aupick to Baroche, Madrid, November 25, 1851.
page 155 note 3 Simpson, F. A., Louis Napoleon and the Recovery of France, 1848–1856. London, 1923, p. 13Google Scholar.
page 155 note 4 F.O. 72/789. Howden to Granville, No. 342. Madrid, December 24, 1851.
page 156 note 1 Simpson, F. A., op. cit., Chapters V and VI, passim; Ward, A. W. and Gooch, G. P., Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy. Three vols., New York, 1922–1923. Vol. II, pp. 333–4Google Scholar.
page 156 note 2 Richardson, J. D., Messages and Papers of the Presidents. Ten vols., Washington, 1896–1899. Vol. V, pp. 113–18Google Scholar.
page 156 note 3 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats–Unis, Vol. 106. Turgot to Sartiges, Paris, December 18, 1851; ibid., December 31, 1851. How earnestly the Whig Administration strove to placate Europe is also shown by the fact that Webster read to the British Minister, Crampton, his proposed despatches to Barringer in Spain concerning Cuba, the New Orleans affair, and Spanish-American relations. F.O. 5/531. Crampton to Palmerston, No. 58. Washington, December 1, 1851.
page 157 note 1 The other two were the Don Pacifico affair with Greece, and the Haynau incident, affecting Austria.
page 157 note 2 Ward, A. W., and Gooch, G. P., Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, Vol. II, Chapter VIIGoogle Scholar. The European Revolution and After, 1848–54. Hearnshaw, F. J. C.. Part III, “The Fall of Palmerston and After, 1850–52,” pp. 325–37Google Scholar, passim.
page 157 note 3 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 106. Sartiges to Baroche, Washington, November 3, 1851.
page 158 note 1 F.O. 84/832. Havana, passim.
page 158 note 2 Ward, A. W., and Gooch, G. P., Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy Vol. II, p. 333Google Scholar.
page 158 note 3 Spain attempted to justify this plea by the argument, very weak in the light of her past activities, that by such action, Cuban officials could use their vessels, supplies, etc., to stop slave-traders instead of using them against piratical attempts on Cuba. F.O. 72/803. Howden to Granville, No. 8. Madrid, January 9, 1852.
page 158 note 4 Ibid., Howden to Granville, No. 40. Madrid, January 28, 1852.
page 159 note 1 F.O. 27/924. Granville to Cowley, No. 19. London, February 26, 1852.
page 159 note 2 Ibid.; also French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 684. Turgot to Walewski, Paris, January 22, 1852.
page 159 note 3 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 684. Walewski to Turgot, London, January 20, 1852.
page 159 note 4 Ibid., Turgot to Walewski, Paris, January 29, 1852.
page 159 note 5 Ibid., Walewski to Turgot, London, January 29, 1852.
page 159 note 6 Becker, Jerónimo. Op. cit., Vol. II, p. 234Google Scholar.
page 160 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Turgot to Walewski, Paris, February 3, 1852. (A strange place to find this despatch); Espagne, Vol. 839. Turgot to Aupick. Paris, February 10, 1852. For confirmation by a Spaniard, see Becker, Jerónimo, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 234–5Google Scholar.
page 160 note 2 Becker, Jerónimo, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 235Google Scholar, citing a despatch of Valdegamas to the Spanish Foreign Office of February 4, 1852.
page 160 note 3 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Espagne, Vol. 839. Aupick to Turgot, Madrid, February 17, 1852; ibid., Vol. 840, Aupick to Turgot, Madrid, March 2, 1852.
page 161 note 1 F.O. 27/924. Granville to Cowley, No. 19. London, February 26, 1852.
page 161 note 2 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 685. Walewski to Turgot, London, February 18, 1852.
page 161 note 3 Ibid., Turgot to Walewski, Paris, February 19, 1852.
page 161 note 4 Ward, A. W., and Gooch, G. P., Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, Vol. II, p. 338Google Scholar.
page 161 note 5 F.O. 27/924. Granville to Cowley, No. 19. London, February 26, 1852.
page 162 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 685. Walewski to Turgot, London, March 2, 1852; ibid., March 5, 1852.
page 162 note 2 Ibid., Walewski to Turgot, London, March 6, 1852.
page 162 note 3 Ibid., Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Turgot to M. Théodore Duclos, Minister of Marine, Paris, March 19, 1852.
page 163 note 1 French. F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Duclos to Turgot, Paris, March 20, 1852.
page 163 note 2 Ibid., Turgot to Duclos, Paris, March 26, 1852.
page 163 note 4 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Turgot to Sartiges, Paris, April 1, 1852.
page 163 note 5 Ibid., Vol. 106. Baroche to Sartiges, Paris, October 2, 1851.
page 164 note 1 See F.O. 27/929. Cowley to Granville, No. 7. Paris, February 21, 1852.
page 164 note 2 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 684. Walewski to Turgot, London, February 27, 1852.
page 164 note 3 Becker, Jerónimo, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 236Google Scholar.
page 164 note 4 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Turgot to Sartiges, Paris, February 26, 1852.
page 164 note 5 Ibid., Sartiges to Turgot, Washington, March 21, 1852.
page 164 note 6 F.O. 5/542. Malmesbury to Crampton, No. 34, London, April 8, 1852; No. 35, London, April 8, 1852; No. 36, London, April 8, 1852.
page 164 note 7 Becker, Jerońimo, op. cit., Vol. II, pp. 236–7Google Scholar.
page 164 note 8 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Turgot to Sartiges, Paris, April 1, 1852. Angleterre, Vol. 685. Walewski to Turgot, London, March 22, 1852. A copy of Malmesbury's instructions to Crampton, translated into French, can be found in French F.O. Memoires et Documents. Angleterre, Vol. 127. Document 44.
page 164 note 9 F.O. 72/814. Domestic. Isturiz to Malmesbury, London, April 26, 1852; ibid., April 29, 1852.
page 164 note 10 F.O. 72/804. Howden to Malmesbury, No. 112. Madrid, May 6, 1852. Enclosing Miraflores' acknowledgment of April 30, 1852.
page 165 note 1 F.O. 5/542. Malmesbury to Crampton, No. 34. London, April 8, 1852.
page 165 note 2 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 685. Walewski to Turgot, London, March 22, 1852. Walewski laid much emphasis on the clear enunciation of this expression of British policy. Ibid., Walewski to Turgot, London, March 27, 1852.
page 165 note 3 F.O. 5/542. Malmesbury to Crampton, No. 35. London, April 8, 1852.
page 165 note 4 Ibid., No. 36. London, April 8, 1852.
page 165 note 5 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Turgot to Sartiges, Paris, April 1, 1852.
page 165 note 6 Ibid., Turgot to Sartiges, Paris, April 15, 1852.
page 165 note 7 Ibid., Sartiges to Turgot, Washington, April 25, 1852.
page 166 note 1 F.O. 5/545. Crampton to Malmesbury, No. 50. Washington, April 25, 1852. For the documents, see U.S. State Department Archives. Notes to the State Department. England, Vol. 29, Crampton to Webster, Washington, April 23, 1852; France, Vol. 15, Sartiges to Webster, Washington, April 23, 1852.
page 167 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Sartiges to Turgot, Washington, April 25, 1852.
page 168 note 1 U.S. State Department Archives. Notes from the Department, England, Vol. 7. Webster to Crampton, Washington, April 29, 1852.
page 168 note 2 Ibid., France, Vol. 6. Webster to Sartiges, Washington, April 29, 1852.
page 168 note 3 F.O. 5/545. Crampton to Malmesbury, No. 52. Washington, May 3, 1852.
page 168 note 4 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Sartiges to Turgot, Washington, May 3, 1852.
page 168 note 5 Ibid., Turgot to Sartiges, Paris, May 13, 1852.
page 168 note 6 This referred to the boundary dispute between Brazil and the Argentine in South America.
page 169 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Sartiges to Turgot, Washington, May 7, 1852.
page 169 note 2 Ibid., Espagne, Vol. 840. Turgot to Aupick, Paris, May 22, 1852.
page 169 note 3 Ibid., Aupick to Turgot, Madrid, June 2, 1852.
page 169 note 4 Ibid., Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Turgot to Sartiges, Paris, May 27, 1852.
page 170 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 685. Turgot to Walewski, Paris, May 11, 1852.
page 170 note 2 Ibid., Angleterre, Vol. 685. Turgot to Walewski, May 27, 1852.
page 170 note 3 F.O. 27/934. Cowley to Malmesbury, No. 294. Paris, June 3, 1852. See also F.O. 27/935. Cowley to Malmesbury, No. 382. Paris, July 1, 1852.
page 170 note 4 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Sartiges to Turgot, Washington, May 23, 1852.
page 170 note 5 F.O. 5/545. Crampton to Malmesbury, No. 96. Washington, July 12,1852. For notes, see U.S. State Department Archives. Notes to Department. England, Vol. 29. Crampton to Webster, Washington, July 8, 1852. France, Vol. 15. Sartiges to Webster. Washington, July 8,1852.
page 171 note 1 F.O. 5/545. Crampton to Malmesbury, No. 97. Washington, July 12, 1852. French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Sartiges to Turgot, Washington, July 12, 1852. Including the annexed compte rendu of the conference of July 7 with President Fillmore.
page 171 note 2 F.O. 5/543. Malmesbury to Crampton, No. 76. London, August 9, 1852.
page 171 note 3 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 107. Drouyn de Lhuys to Sartiges. Paris, August 5, 1852; ibid., August 19, 1852.
page 171 note 4 Ibid., Sartiges to Drouyn de Lhuys, Newport, Rhode Island, August23. 1852.
page 171 note 5 Ibid., Turgot to Sartiges, Paris, July 15, 1852.
page 171 note 6 Ibid., Angleterre, Vol. 686. Turgot to Walewski, Paris, July 5,1852.
page 171 note 7 Ibid., Walewski to Turgot, London, July 9, 1852.
page 171 note 8 F.O. 72/814. Domestic. Memorandum, Isturiz to Malmesbury, London, July 22, 1852.
page 172 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Espagne, Vol. 840. Turgot to Aupick, Paris, July 10, 1852; Aupick to Turgot, San Ildefonso, July 23, 1852 (Miraflores shared this fear); Turgot to Aupick, Paris, August 3, 1852.
page 172 note 3 See French F.O. Correspondance Consulaire. Espagne, Vol. 60. Cuba, Havana. Gaillard de Ferry to Miraflores, Havana, October 18, 1852.
page 172 note 4 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 108. Sartiges to Drouyn de Lhuys, Washington, November 7, 1852.
page 173 note 1 Bemis, S. F., editor. The American Secretaries of State. Ten vols. New York, 1927–1929. Vol. VIGoogle Scholar. Stearns, Foster, Edward Everett, p. 121Google Scholar.
page 173 note 2 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 108. Sartiges to Drouyn de Lhuys, Washington, November 15, 1852.
page 173 note 3 Ibid.
page 173 note 4 Frothingham, P. R., Edward Everett, Orator and Statesman, Boston, 1925, pp. 335–6Google Scholar. Everett to W. H. Trescott.
page 174 note 1 Frothingham, P. R., op. cit., pp. 333–4Google Scholar. Everett to R. C. Winthrop, Washington, December 6, 1852.
page 175 note 1 U.S. State Department Archives. Notes from Department. England, Vol. 7. Everett to Crampton, Washington, December 1, 1852. France, Vol. 6. Everett to Sartiges, Washington, December 1, 1852.
page 175 note 2 F.O. 5/548. Crampton to Malmesbury, No. 198. Washington, December 2, 1852.
page 176 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 108. Sartiges to Drouyn de Lhuys, Washington, December 2, 1852.
page 177 note 1 There is no reference whatever to his quondam approval of the proposals in either the Fillmore MSS., or his printed letters. See the Fillmore MSS. Vols. 34—41, inclusive. April 16, 1852—January 10, 1853. The Buffalo Historical Society, Buffalo, New York; also Severance, F. H. editor, The Millard Fillmore Papers, Two vols., Publications of the Buffalo Historical Society. Vols. 10–11. Buffalo, N.Y., 1907Google Scholar.
page 177 note 2 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 108. Sartiges to Drouyn de Lhuys, Washington, December 5, 1852.
page 177 note 3 Ibid., Drouyn de Lhuys to Sartiges, Paris, December 9, 1852.
page 178 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 108. Drouyn de Lhuys to Sartiges, Paris, December 23, 1852.
page 178 note 3 Ibid., Drouyn de Lhuys to Aupick, Paris, March 10, 1853.
page 178 note 4 Ibid., Aupick to Drouyn de Lhuys, Madrid, March 16, 1853.
page 178 note 5 Ibid., Angleterre, Vol. 687. Walewski to Drouyn de Lhuys, London, December 22, 1852. Etats-Unis, Vol. 108. Drouyn de Lhuys to Sartiges, Paris, December 23, 1852.
page 178 note 6 Ibid., Angleterre, Vol. 687. Drouyn de Lhuys to Walewski, Paris, December 23, 1852.
page 179 note 1 Ward, A. W., and Gooch, G. P., Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, Vol. II, p. 340Google Scholar.
page 179 note 2 Bemis, S. F., American Secretaries of State, Vol. VIGoogle Scholar. Stearns, Foster, Edward Everett, p. 133Google Scholar.
page 179 note 3 London Times, January 22, 1853, p. 4.
page 179 note 4 London Spectator, Vol. 24, No. 1, 271. 11 6, 1852, pp. 1053–4Google Scholar.
page 179 note 5 London Spectator, Vol. 25, No. 1, 282. 12 22, 1853, p. 70Google Scholar. See also No. 1,311, August 13, 1853, pp. 779–80. The Spectator is “startled to find how nearly this country had been dragged into an obligation to insure Spain against the consequences of her own weakness towards foreign powers, or of bad government towards her own subjects.”
page 179 note 6 Bemis, S. F., American Secretaries of State, Vol. VIGoogle Scholar. Stearns, Foster, Edward Everett, p. 134Google Scholar.
page 180 note 1 F.O. 5/561. Lord John Russell to Crampton, No. 21. London, February 16, 1853.
page 181 note 1 Bemis, S. F., American Secretaries of State, Vol. VIGoogle Scholar. Stearns, Foster, Edward Everett, p. 135Google Scholar.
page 181 note 2 Frothingham, P. R., op. cit., p. 339Google Scholar.
page 181 note 3 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 688. Walewski to Drouyn de Lhuys, London, February 17, 1853.
page 181 note 4 Ibid., Drouyn de Lhuys to Walewski, Paris, February 24, 1853.
page 181 note 5 Ward, A. W., and Gooch, G. P., Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, Vol. II, p. 340Google Scholar.
page 181 note 6 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Angleterre, Vol. 688. Private note of Clarendon to Walewski, London, March 2, 1853.
page 182 note 1 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 109. Drouyn de Lhuys to Sartiges, Paris, March 10, 1853.
page 182 note 2 Ibid., Sartiges to Drouyn de Lhuys, Washington, March 7, 1853.
page 182 note 3 Ibid., Drouyn de Lhuys to Sartiges, Paris, March 24, 1853.
page 182 note 5 French F.O. Corr. Pol. Etats-Unis, Vol. 109. Sartiges to Drouyn de Lhuys, Washington, April 24, 1853.
page 183 note 1 Frothingham, P. R., op. cit., p. 333Google Scholar.
page 183 note 2 Richardson, J. D., Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. V, pp. 164–6Google Scholar.
page 184 note 1 Congressional Globe, 32nd Congress, 2nd Session, p. 139.
page 184 note 2 Ibid., pp. 139–40.
page 184 note 3 Ibid., p. 184.
page 184 note 4 Richardson, J. D., Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. V, p. 183Google Scholar.
page 184 note 5 See Senate Executive Documents, 32, 2, Document No. 13.