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Manorial Organization in the Low Countries in the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Centuries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2011

F. L. Ganshof
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Extract

The type of economic organization known as the manor existed in the north of Gaul, including the regions which were later to be known as the Low Countries,1 in the Merovingian period and even in Roman times, but it is not till the eighth century that evidence regarding it becomes relatively abundant. The little that can be said of its structure and diffusion before the Carolingian period can only be of an introductory character. We have no evidence as to the relative proportions of large, middle-sized, and small estates, but there can be no doubt from texts of the seventh and early eighth centuries that large, indeed very large, estates existed at this period.

Type
Research Article
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Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , Volume 31 , December 1949 , pp. 29 - 59
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Copyright © Royal Historical Society 1949

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References

1 I include in this term the modern kingdoms of Belgium and Holland and the grand-duchy of Luxemburg, together with some adjacent regions of Germany and France, which in the Middle Ages formed part of the chief principalities of the Low Countries.

2 Testament of St. Amand of 675 (ed. B. Krusch in M[onumenta] G[ermaniae] H[istorica], S[criptores] R[eruni] M[erovingicarum], v. 484); B. Guérard, Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint-Berlin (Paris, 1840), no. 9 (a. 662);Halkin, J. and Roland, C. G., Cartulaire de I'abbaye de Stavelot-Malmidy, i (Brussels, 1909)Google Scholar, nos. 2 (c.a. 648), 6 (a. 670), 10 (c.a. 681), 11 (c.a. 681), 12 (a. 692) and 16 (a. 744).

3 Honnecourt: France, dép. Nord.—Roksem: Belgium, prov. West Flanders.

1 Guérard, op. cit., nos. 3, 5, 9, 11, 18, 20, 29, 33; Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19 (cf. Yernaux, J., ‘Les premiers siecles de l'abbaye de Stavelot-Malmédy’, Bull, de la Soc. d'art et d'hist. du diocèse de Liége, xix (1910), pp. 321–42Google Scholar, and Baix, F., Etude sur l'abbaye et principaté de Stavelot-Malmeédy, i (1924), pp. 152 ff.Google Scholar ); Wampach, C., Geschichte der Grundherrschaft Echternach, I. ii (Luxemburg, 1930)Google Scholar, nos. 1–38 (cf. I. i. 548 fi.)—Toxandria corresponded roughly to the Belgian provinces of Antwerp and Limburg and the Dutch province of North Brabant.

2 The Silva Carbonaria extended from the region of the Sambre in the south to the region between the Senne and the Dyle in the north.

3 I have converted hectares into acres by multiplying by 2.5 instead of by the more exact figure of 2.47, since I am concerned only with the order of magnitude of the estates.

1 Lobbes: Geénicot, L., ‘Donations De “Villae” ou défrichements: les origines du temporel de l'abbaye de Lobbes’, Miscellanea in honorem A. de Meyer (Louvain, 1946)Google Scholars, is too precise, since the documents he uses are too late in date.—Nivelles: Delanne, B., ‘Contributions a l'étude du domaine de l'abbaye de Nivelles’, Ann. de la Soc. arch, et folklorique de Nivelles et du Brabant Wallon, xiii (1942)Google Scholar, and Histoire de la ville de Nivelles (Nivelles, 1944), pp. 201 ff.—Ghent: Fayen, A., Liber Traditionum S. Petri Blandiniensis (Ghent, 1906), nos. 4, 42–6, 53, 58.Google Scholar

2 Germigny: France, dép. Ardennes, arr. Rethel, cant. Juniville, corom. Neuville-en-Tourne-à-Fuy.—Terron-sur-Aisne: dép. Ardennes, arr. and cant. Vouziers.

3 Vita Geretrudis, cc. 2, 3 (ed. B. Krusch in SRM, ii); Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, no. 3; Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 14, 15, 24.

4 It is impossible to define exactly which portions of the Carolingian royal domain went back to the house of Pepin, but cf. Zatschek, H., Wie das ersie Reich der Deutschen entstand (Prague, 1940), pp. 30–40Google Scholar, and Rousseau, F., La Meuse et le pays mosan en Belgique (Namur, 1930). pp. 221 ff.Google Scholar

1 St. Amand's: Vita S. Amomdi, c. 15 (ed, B. Krusch in SRM, v. 439).— Ghent: Fayen, op. cit., nos. 42–6 and especially no. 58 (cf. H. Pirenne, ‘ Liberté et propriété en Flandre du VIIe au XIe siècle’, Bull, de l'Acad. roy. de Belgique, Classe des Lettres, 1911, pp. 511–12).—St. Bertin's: H. Van Werveke, ‘Grands propriétaires en Flandre au VIIe et au VIIIe siècle’, Rev. beige de philol. et d'hist., ii (1923), and especially Guérard, op. cit., no. 3.— Rohingus and Bebelina: Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 1, 34, 35 (cf. F. Prims, ‘S. Willibrordus en S. Amandus te Antwerpen’, Collectanea Mechliniensia, 1931 1932).—Adalgisel-Grimo: Levison, W., ‘Das Testament des Diakons Adalgisel-Grimo vom Jahre 634’, Trierer Zeitschrift, vii (1932), esp. 1.Google Scholar 38–43.— St. Willibrord: Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 3, 4, 6, 9–12, 16, 17, 20, 21, 28, 30. 33

2 Carlot, A., Etude sur le domesticus franc (Liége, 1903), pp. 23–9.Google Scholar

1 Appendicia: Guérard, op. cit., no. 3, and Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, nos. 17, 18.—Amalgislus index: Vita Landiberti prima, c. 24 (ed. B. Krusch in SRM, vi; cf. Kurth, G., ‘La Vita S. Lamberti et M. Krusch’, Etudes Franques, ii, 1919).Google Scholar

2 Tulippe, O., Cours de géographie humaine, I. iii (Liége, 1942), pp. 6–15.Google Scholar

3 -rode: Fayen, op. cit., nos. 26, 32, 33. roeulx: Warichez, J., ‘Une descriptio villarum de l'abbaye de Lobbes a l'époque carolingienne’, Bull, de la comm. roy. d'hist., lxviii (1909), p. 249Google Scholar.—Stavelot-Malmédy and St. Hubert's: Yernaux, art. cit., pp. 321–31, and G. Kurth, ‘Les premiers siècles de l'abbaye de Saint-Hubert’, Bull, de la comm. roy. d'hist., 1898, pp. 24–8.—Lobbes: Génicot, art. cit. pp. 295–6.—Ardennes ‘forest’: Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, no, 6,—Bastogne; Levison, art. cit., 1. 43.

1 Divided estates: see notably the will of Adalgisel-Grimo (above p. 32, n. 1).—Attempts at reconstitution: Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 3, 4, 14, 25, 27. On the phenomenon in general, cf. Lesne, E., Histoire de la propriété ecclésiastique en France, i (Lille, 1910), pp. 212–13.Google Scholar

2 Nivelles: Delanne, ‘Contributions’, pp. 53–4, 27–47.—Toxandria: Wampach, op. cit., I, ii, nos. cited above, p. 32, n. 1 in fine. In the latter case, the small number of casatae which accompany the grants of centres of exploitation suggest that the estates were themselves very small, even if we assume that part of them was kept back by the donors.

3 This rather general analysis is based on the texts cited above, p. 30, n. I and p. 31, n. I, especially ihose of Fayen at the end of the latter note.

1 Polyptychs: (1) of St. Bertin's of 844–59 (Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97 ff.; brief commentary in Coopland, G. W., The abbey of St. Bertin and its neighbourhood (Oxford, 1914), pp. 17–22)Google Scholar; (2) of Lobbes, probably of 866 (Warichez, op. cit.); (3) of Priim of 893 (H. Beyer, Urkundenbuch für die… mittelrheinischen Territories., i (1860), no. 135).—Fragments of polyptychs: (1) of St. Amand's, of the second half of the ninth century (B, Guérard, Polyptyque de l'abbé Irminon ou dénombrement des manses, des serfs et des revenus de l'abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés), i (Paris, 1844), pp. 925–6; (2) of St. Peter's of Ghent, of between c. 820 and 879 (Fayen, op. cit., nos. 3, 4, 5).—To these may be added a part of the Brevium exempla ad describendas res ecolesiasticas et fiscales, which date from the end of the reign of Charlemagne or the beginning of that of Louis the Pious (A. Boretius, Capitularia regum francorum, i, no. 128). The polyptychs of St. Bertin's, Lobbes and St. Amand's and descriptio 5 of that of St. Peter's of Ghent belong to the class of ‘summary’ polyptychs, while that of Prtim and descriptiones 3–4 of Ghent belong to the class of ‘detailed’ polyptychs; cf. Taylor, C. H., ‘Note on the origin of polyptychs’, Mélanges d'histoire offerts à Henri Pirenne (Brussels, 1926), ii. 476–7.Google Scholar

2 Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, no. 34.

3 De Moreau, E., Histoire de I'Eglise en Belgique, i (2nd edn., Brussels, 1947), pp. 210 ff.Google Scholar

4 Guérard, Saint-Bertin, pp. 65 ff.; Fayen, op. cit., nos. 7–9, 11–25, 26–41; Wampach, of. cit., I, ii, nos. 45 ff.

1 Guérard, op. cit., lib. i, nos. 47, 52, 54; lib. ii, nos. 40, 43, 45, 62, 65; A. Van Lokeren, Chartes et documents de l'abbaye de Saint-Pierre à Gand, i (Ghent, 1868), no. II; Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, nos. 28, 30, 40; Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 90, 108, 140, 141, 147–50, 154.

2 St. Bertin's: Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97 ff. (cf. Van Werveke, H., ‘De bevolkingsdichtheid in de IXe eeuw: poging tot schatting’, Annales du XXXe Congrés de la fédération archéologique et historique de Belgique (Brussels, 1935). p. 112)Google Scholar.—Lobbes: Warichez, J., L'abbaye de Lobbes (Tournai, 1912), pp. 180–95Google Scholar (the number of estates is given differently in the two surviving copies of this list).—Ghent: Fayen, op. cit., nos. 2–5, 7–9, 11–25, 26–41, 59.—For the basis of conversion used in these calculations, see below, p. 43, n.2.

1 I. de Coussemaker, Cartulaire de I'abbaye de Cysoing, i (Lille, 1886), no. I; cf. Grierson, P., ‘La maison d'Evrard de Frioul et les origines du comté de Flandre’, Revue du Nord, xxiv (1938), pp. 241 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar, and ‘The identity of the unnamed fiscs in the “Brevium exempla ad describendas res ecclesiasticas et fiscales”’, Revue beige de Philologie et d'Histoire, xviii (1939), pp. 437–61. These four fiscs are described in the third part of the Brevium exempla. On their size, see also Lot, F., ‘La grandeur des fiscs à l'époque carolingienne’, Rev. beige de Phil, et d'Hist., iii (1924).Google Scholar

2 Guérard, op. cit., esp. the Breviatio or polyptych of Abbot Adalard on pp. 97 ff., but also the texts cited above, p. 30, n. 1, and lib. ii, no. 56. Cf. H. Van Werveke, art. cit., p. 109, and ‘Comment les établissements religieux beiges se procuraient-ils du vin au moyen âge?’, Rev. belge de Phil, et d'Hist., ii (1923). p. 645.

3 A. Giry, M. Prou, F. Lot and G. Tessier, Actes de Charles le Chauve, (Paris, 1943), no. 92; cf. Van Werveke, art. cit., p. 646.

4 Bouquet, Rec, hist, France, viii, 666; cf. Van Werveke, art. cit., p. 648.

1 Eberhard of Friuli: see above, p. 37, n. 1.—Erlebold: Dhondt, J., ‘Note sur l'acte de fondation de Sainte-Monégonde de Chimay’, Bull. comm. toy. d'hist., cvii (1942), pp. 332–3.Google Scholar

2 In general, see Halphen, L., Etudes critiques sur l'histoire de Charlemagne (Paris, 1921), pp. 240–5.Google Scholar

3 See for example the prescriptions of the Capitulate de Villis (Boretius, op. cit., i, no. 32), c. 36, and of the Capitulary of Aachen of 802–13 (ibid., no. 77), c. 19.

4 Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, no. 29 (a. 827); Dhondt, art. cit., p. 332 (a. 887).

5 S. Bonnans and E. Schoolmeesters, Cartulaire de l'église Saint-Lambert de Liége, i (Brussels, 1893), no. 6; Lauer, P., Recueil des actes de Charles III le Simple, i (Paris, 1940), no. 81.Google Scholar Cf. Fairon, E., ‘Les donations de forêts aux Xe et XIe siècles en Lotharingie et en Allemagne’, Rev. belge de Phil, et d'Hist., iv (1925), pp. 91–2, 105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

1 Warichez, ‘Descriptio’, p. 260; Fayen, op. cit., nos. 2, 4, 12, 36, 41.

2 Slicher Van Bath, B. H., Mensch en land in de Middeleeuwen, ii (Assen, 1944), pp. 14–17Google Scholar; Niermeyer, J. F., De wording van onze huishouding (The Hague, 1946), pp. 27–8.Google Scholar

3 This seems to have been shown by Slicher van Bath (op. cit., ii, 148–77, 222–5) to have been the case in the eastern part of the modern kingdom of the Netherlands, and it was no doubt the same in other regions as well.

4 Teisterbant: between the Lek and the Maas; Hamaland: the region of the upper Ijsel around Deventer; Fletheti: between the modern Zuiderzee and the Rhine, in the neighbourhood of Utrecht; Twente: between Ijsel and Vecht.

5 Artois and neighbouring pagi: Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97 ff.(Breviatio); charters of St. Amand's in Bouquet, vi. 530 (a. 822) and Actes de Charles le Chauve, i, no. 92 (a. 847).—Hainault: Warichez, op. cit., passim; Fayen, op. cit., no. 5; Dhondt, art. cit., p. 332; Bouquet, vi. 530; Actes de Charles le Chauve, i, no. 92.—Condroz and Ardennes: Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, nos. 23, 27, 34, 35; MGH, Dipt. reg. Germ., ii, no. 64; iii, no. 94; Beyer, op. cit., i, no. 135 (polyptych of Prüm), cc. xlv-xlvii.—Region of the Moselle: Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 71, 80, 93, 97, 112, 140, 141, 143, 148, 150, 156.— Brabant: Bonenfant, P., ‘La notice de donation du domaine de Leeuw à l'église de Cologne et le probléme de la colonisation saxonne en Brabant’, Rev. belge de Phil, et d'hist., xiv (1935)Google Scholar; Fayen, op. cit., no. 53; Warichez, op. cit., pp. 257–60; Bouquet, vi. 530; Actes de Charles le Chauve, i, no. 92; Bouquet, viii, 587–8 (a. 863).—Plain of Flanders: Guérard, op. cit., p. 102; Fayen, op. cit., nos. 3, 4, 5, 8, 27, 28; Bouquet, vi. 530; Actes de Charles le Chauve, i, no. 92; Bouquet, viii. 603–4 (a. 867), 632 (a. 871).—Toxandria: Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 84, 91,145.—Teisterbant: Muller, S., Oorkondenboek van het Sticht Utrecht, i (Utrecht, 1925), no. 67.—Google Scholar Hamaland: ibid., nos. 51, 52; Guérard, op. cit., p. 125.—Fletheti: Muller, op. cit., i, no. 69.—Twente: ibid., nos. 51, 52.

1 This has been noted by Déléage, A., La vie rurale en Bourgogne jusqu'au début du XIe siècle, i (Mâcon, 1941), pp. 433–41 and 447.Google Scholar

2 Moringhem. (dép. Pas-de-Calais): Guérard, op. cit., p. 98; cf. Van Werveke, ‘Bevolkingsdichtheid’, p. 110.—Seine and Loire: Guérard, Polyptyque de I'abbé Irminon, ii, nos. IX (Breve de Villamilt: Villemeux, dép. Eure-et-Loir), XII (Breve de centena Corbonensi: Corbon; dép. Orne).

3 This is the view of P. Bonenfant, art. cit., pp. 783–4. Although our account of the estate does not appear to be earlier than the first years of the eleventh century, the general features of the description of its structure seem to be derived from a much older document. The size is calculated by B. Delanne, ‘Contributions’, p. 42.

1 Caput fisci: see above, p. 37, n. I; Cap. de Villis (Boretius, Capitularia, i, no. 32), c. 19.—Annappes: Brevium exempla (ibid., no. 128), cc. 25 sqq.; identification and areas in Grierson,‘Unnamed fiscs’.—Tournai: C. Duvivier, Actes et documents anciens intéressant la Belgique, i (Brussels, 1898), no. 3 (a. 884–98/9); Lauer, op. cit., no. 2 (o. 898/9); cf. Pirenne, H., ‘Le fisc royal de Tournai’, Mélanges d'hist. du moyen âge offerts à M.F. Lot (Paris, 1925)Google Scholar; Rolland, P., Les origines de la commune de Tournai (Brussels, 1931), pp. 27–34Google Scholar. —Salles: Dhondt, art. cit., p. 332.—One could easily add to these examples; F. Rousseau, op. cit., pp. 221–43, gives some instances for the region of the Meuse, but they are to some extent reconstructions.

2 Grierson, art. cit.; J. Vannejus, ‘Une énigme toponymique, Treola’, Bull, de la comm. roy. de Toponymie et Dialectologie, xxii (1948). Triel: dép. Seine-et-Oise, arr. Versailles, cant. Poissy.

3 First type: see below, p. 49. Second type: see above, p. 40 (Moringhem).

4 Fayen, op. cit., nos. 7, 8, 9, 11, 14; Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97–103 (nos. xvii, xviii, xx, xxiii, xxviii); Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, no. 23 (Wandelaicus mansus, probably demesne), 27, 28, 34, 35; Dipt. reg. Germ., iii, no. 94; Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 71, 80, no, 141, 143.

1 For Annappes and the other manors of the same region described in the Brevium exempla: Grierson, art. cit. For manors of St. Bertin's: Van Werveke, art. cit., pp. 112–13.

2 Ganshof, F. L., ‘Le domaine gantois de l'abbaye of Saint-Pierre-au-Mont-Blandin à l'époque carolingienne’, Rev. belge de Phil, et d'Hist., xxvi (1948).Google Scholar

3 Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 140, 141 (Moselle region); Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, no. 27 (Condroz); Guérard, op.cit., p. 101 (St. Bertin's).

4 Artois: tabular analysis of the estates of St. Bertin's in Van Werveke, art. cit., pp. 112–13.—Plain of Flanders: the estate of St. Peter's of Ghent (1,125 acres); Tielrode, north of Ghent, a possession of Lobbes (at least 1,100 acres): Roulers, a possession of St. Amand's (more than 3,245 acres, not including the demesne: Bouquet, vi. 530–1); Poperinge, a possession of St. Bertin's (5,535 acres: Guérard, op. cit., p. 102). The estimates for Tielrode and Roulers are on the conservative side, for I have calculated on the assumption that the mansus was only II hectares, while in this region it was certainly larger.—Hainault: table of the estates in Hainault of Lobbes in 866 given by Génicot, L., L'économie rurale namuroise au bas moyen âge (Namur, 1943), p. 31.Google Scholar

1 On the survival of the word cultura in the Low Countries, see Génicot, op. cit., pp. 94 ff., and Lindemans, J., ‘Toponymische verschijnselen op kaart gebracht: II. Kouter’, Bull, de la comnt. roy. de Toponymie et de Dialectologie, xiv (1940).Google Scholar

2 The figures which follow are intended to do no more than indicate orders of magnitude. Fractions of less than a hectare and an acre have been omitted from the initial and final stages of the calculations. The bonnier has been taken as 1–28 hectares, the figure arrived at by Guérard (Polyptyque de l'abbé Irminon, i. 169–79); that of 1.38, given by Guilhiennoz, P. (‘De l'équivalence des anciennes mesures’, Bibl. de I'Ecole des Chartes, lxxiv (1913), p. 306)Google Scholar, would give slightly higher results. The relatively small gap between the figures arrived at by these two scholars, using entirely different methods, is reassuring. For areas reckoned in terms of the number of modii of seed required for proper sowing (modiata), we have assumed that one modius would be needed for 0.65 acre, which is that suggested by the figures in the polyptych of St. Amand's (Guérard, op. cit., i. 925–6). The acre is reckoned as 0.40 hectare.

3 Villance and Mabompré: Beyer, op. cit., i, no. 135 (xlv and xlvi), pp. 166, 170; for the two first culturae of Villance we have assumed 300 modiatae per cultura, which is a low estimate.—Coyecques: Guéard, Saint-Bert in, p. 101.—Ragnies, Leernes, Ladeuze: Warichez, op. cit., pp. 251, 255, 257.—Maire: Guérard, Irminon, p. 925.—Ghent: Fayen, op. cit., no. 3; cf. Ganshof, art. cit.—Bousignies: Guérard, Irminon, p. 925.

4 This is the view of Déléage, op.cit., i. 452.

1 E.g. Guérard, Saint-Beriin, p. 100 (no. xxiv); Irminon, p. 925 (estate of St. Amand's).

2 Bees: e.g. Warichez, op. cit., pp. 250, 255.—Swine: I have assumed a normal relation of 100 pigs to 85 hectares, as on the manor of St. Bertin's of Poperinge (Guérard, op. cit., p. 102), but simply to indicate roughly the order of magnitude involved.

3 E.g. Guérard, Saint-Berlin, p. 99 (Acquin: ‘de pastura inculta, bunaria I’); Fayen, op. cit., nos. 3 (Ghent: ‘de terra ad avinam seminandum in anno tercio’), 14 (Brakel, hamlet of Sint-Martens-Latem: ‘mariscum ad fenum colligendum’), 7, 8, 9, 41 (‘wadriscampi, muruscapus’); Beyer, op. cit., i, no. 135, p. 173 (Bastogne: ‘deserta’).

4 E.g. Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, no. 141; Fayen, op. cit., no. 2. Cf. J. Halkin, ‘Etude historique sur la culture de la vigne en Belgique’, Bull, de la Soc, d'art et d'-Hist. du dioc. de Liége, ix (1895), and Van Werveke, ‘Vin’ (above, p. 37. n. 2).

1 Capit. ecclesiasticum of 818/19 (Boretius, Capitularia, i, no. 138), c. 10, and Hincmari capitula, ii, inquis. 2 (in Migne, Patrologia latina, cxxv. 777).— St. Bertin's: Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97, 101, 102, 105, 106.—Prüm: Beyer, op. cit., i. 171, 173.—Lobbes: Warichez, op. cit., pp. 252, 255.

8 Mabompré: Beyer, op. cit., i. 170 (no. 135) and the commentary (not entirely trustworthy) of Deleage (op. cit., i. 471–4) on the culturae of Villance, Mabompré and Tavigny. One of the culturae of Mabompré was at Noville, the modern commune of Noville-lez-Bastogne, contiguous with Mabompré which already seems to have formed a parish at the period of the polyptych.— Zegelsem: Warichez, op. cit., p. 258. The meadows of the demesne were at Op or Nederbrakel, a modern commune adjoining that of Zeg.

2 Terra mansionaria: Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, no. 159.—Mansus: Tulippe, O., ‘Le manse a l'époque carolingienne’, Ann. de la Soc. scientifique de Bruxelles, Section des sciences économiques, lvi (1936), p. 246Google Scholar; Perrin, C. E., ‘Observations sur le manse dans la région parisienne au début du IXe siècle’, Ann. d'hist. sociale, viii (1945)Google Scholar, especially pp. 41, 44. On the mansus in general, see Bloch, Marc, ‘The rise of dependent cultivation and seigniorial institutions’, Cambridge Economic History, i (1942), pp. 265–9.Google Scholar

1 St. Bertin's: calculations based on the polyptych.—Ghent: Ganshof, art. cit.—Brabant, estates of St. Amand's: Bouquet, viii. 587 (a. 863); and G. Des Marez, ‘Note sur le manse brabancon au moyen âge’, Mélanges… Pirenne, i (but based on later material).—Lobbes: Génicot, op. cit., p. 30.— On the estates of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in the Paris region, see Perrin, op. cit., pp. 41 ff., and especially the table on p. 52.

2 Dipt, regum Germ., iii, no. 94; Dhondt, art. cit., p. 332. Cf. C. E. Perrin, Essai sur la fortune immobiliére de I'abbaye alsacienne de Marmoutier au Xe et au XIe siècles (Strasbourg, 1935), p. 72.

3 E.g. Warichez, op. cit., pp. 255–6.

4 Unspecified estate of St. Amand's: 27 free mansi, I servile mansus (Guérard, Irminon, i. 926).—Lobbes: Ragnies, 44½ free, 6 servile; Thuillies, 23 free, 2 servile; Leernes, 36 free, 4 ‘lidile’, 4 servile; Saintes, 18 free, 8 servile; Ladeuze, 17 free, 3 servile; Biesmerée, 18 free, I servile (Warichez, op. cit., pp. 251, 252, 255, 257, 258, 262).—Stavelot-Malmedy: Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, no. 27 (2 free, 2 servile); Dipl. regum Germ., ii, no. 64 (fisculus of Blandef, prov. Liége, comm. Louveigé: 32 free, 12 servile).— Echternach: Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 141 (1 free, 2 servile, to which are added 2 free and I servile), 143 (4 free, 1 servile).—Prüm: Beyer, op. cit., i, no. 135, pp. 169, 171 (Villance: 44J free, 7 servile, 2 ‘journaux’; Mabompré: 16 free, 4 servile).—Estates of the church of Cologne in Brabant: Bonenfant, art. cit., p. 809 (only 7 servile mansi in the whole immense domain).

1 This is shown, for example, by the fact that, on the estates of St. Bertin's, serui and ancillae as well as ingenuí and ingenuae occupy mansi of the same type which are certainly free; see the various descriptions in the Breviatio (Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97 fl.).

8 Prüm: Villance (Beyer, op. cit., i, no. 135, pp. 167–9) and Mabompré (ibid., p. 171).—St. Amand's: Nivelle, dép Nord (Bouquet, viii. 588).—On the manor of St. Peter's at Ghent and on the villa of Prüm at Tavigny (Beyer, op. cit., i. 172) the mansi are all each occupied by a single family. For St. Bertin's and Lobbes, the evidence of the sources is insufficient, but in the first case at least the phenomenon of overpopulation does not seem to have been unknown.

2 St. Bertin's: Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97, 99, 100, 101, 102.—Lobbes: Warichez, op. cit., pp. 251, 253, 263.—Prüm: Beyer, op. cit., i. 166–72 (no. 135).—Brabant, manor of Leeuw: Bonenfant, art. cit., p. 809 (if this instance dates froin the ninth century).—At Ghent, and in the four manors of St. Amand's whose description is preserved in the polyptych, the divided mansus is not found.

4 Isolated halt-mansus: Lobbes: Ragnies, Trahegnies, Castillon, Biercée (Warichez, op. cit., pp. 251, 253, 263, 266); St. Bertin's: Quelmes, Acquin, Bainghen, Ruminghem, Poperinge (Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97–102).—Example of a clearly subdivided mansus: Warichez, op. cit., p. 262.—Region of Seine and Loire: Bloch, op. cit., pp. 266–7; Perrin, observ., pp. 41–2, 46–8.

5 Polyptychs of Lobbes and Prüm, passim; for Echternach: Wampach, op. cit., I. i, 428–9.

1 Villance: mansi and fractions at Libin, Anloy, Maissin, Redu, Transinne, and probably at Opont and Ochamps.—Ghent: Fayen, op. cit., no. 4; cf. Ganshof, loc. cit.—Another example of ‘Streulage’ for the estate of Lobbes at Zegelsem: Waxichez, op. cit., pp. 258–9; cf. however p. 49 and n. I, and p. 51, n. 1.

2 St. Bertin's: Guérard, op. cit., pp. 101–2.—Ghent: Fayen, op. cit., nos. 3–4; cf. Ganshof, loc. cit.—Lobbes: Génicot, op. cit, pp. 29–31.— Somain: Coussemaker, op. cit., no. 3, pp. 7–8; cf. Grierson, art. cit., p. 443.

3 Wellin 62 (Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, no. 35); Jumet 68 (Warichez, op. cit., p. 260); Vellereille 58 (ibid., p. 256); Ragnies 44½, Leernes 44, Tielrode 40 (ibid., pp. 251, 255–6, 260); Poperinge 47½ (Guérard, op. cit., p. 102), Lierneux 46 (Halkin and Roland, loc. cit.); Blandef 46 (Dipl. reg. Germ., ii, no. 64: Stavelot-Malmédy); Villance 47 (Beyer, op. cit., i. 166, no. 135).

4 See below, p. 49, n. I, and p. 37, n. I, and p. 41, n. I.

1 Warichez, op. cit., p. 258; Bouquet, vi, 530.

2 Thuillies 26, Donstiennes 25, Strée 25, Herly 16, Hestrud 12, Hon 30, Saintes 26, Ladeuze 20, Gottignies 15, Gilly 14, Biesmerée 19, Castillon 10½, Trazegnies 17, Haine-Saint-Pierre 30 (Warichez, loc. cit.); Graide 36, Humain 10, Chooz 13, Leignon 32, Vervoz 24 (Halkin and Roland, loc. cit.); Quelmes 15½, Acquin 24½, Baighen 18½, Coyecques 21, Wizernes 18, Audrehem 15, Escalles 16, Guines 16, Thérouanne 10, Tubersent 18 (Guérard, loc. cit.); Ghent 25 (Fayen, loc. cit.); Bousignies 21, Brillon 10, unnamed estate 28 (Guérard, Irminon, i. 925: St. Amand's).—Similar observations of Verriest, L., Institutions mediévales (Mons, 1946), p. 42Google Scholar, and, for Lorraine, Perrin, C. E., Recherches sur la seigneurie rurale en Lorraine (Paris, 1935). p. 630.Google Scholar

3 Trahegnies 7½, Epinoit 8, Asnoit 4, Biercée 7½ (Warichez, loc. cit.); Awagne (hamlet of Lisogne) 4, Bende 4, Ozo (hamlet of Izier) 5, Wohinne (former hamlet of Ocquier) 5 (Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, nos. 27, 35); Ruminghem 2½ (Guérard, Saint-Bertin, loc. cit.); Douchy 5 (Fayen, loc. cit.); Maire (comm. Tournai) 6 (Guérard, Irminon, i. 925: St. Amand's); Osweiler 3 + 3, Meckel 3 (Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, nos. 141, 143).

4 Beyer, op. cit., i. 173. This may have been the result of local conditions, and of the fact that Bastogne had only recently become a villa of the classical type (see above, p. 33).

5 Estates of Lobbes at Namur, Dinant, Thuin and around the abbey itself: Warichez, op. cit, pp. 259, 261, 263, 264.—St. Bertin's: Guérard, Saint-Bertin, pp. 101, 103, 106.—Stavelot-Malmédy: Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, nos. 34, 45; Dipt. reg. Germ., ii, no. 64; iii, no. 94.—Estates of Prum at Villance, holdings of Libin: Beyer, op. cit., i, 168 (no… 135); cf. Y. Leonard, ‘Note sur les sens du terme “saticum” au Xe sieclé, Le Moyen Age, 1946.—Echternach: Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, no. 154.—Estate of St. Amand's at Maire: Guérard, Irminon, i. 925.

1 M. Bloch, op. cit., pp. 265–7; Perrin, Manse, p. 50.

2 Meadows and wood making part of the mansus, and the arable of the latter dispersed over several fields: e.g. Fayen, op. cit., nos. 26, 33.—Vineyard: Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, no. 143.

3 St. Peter's of Ghent: Fayen, op. cit., nos. 2, 4, 12, 35, 41.—Lobbes: Warichez, op. cit., p. 260.—St. Bavo's of Ghent: C. P. Serrure, Cartulaire de Saint-Bavon à Gand, no. 4,—St. Amand's: Bouquet, vi. 530–1; Actes de Charles le Chauve, i, no. 92; P. Lauer, Rec. des actes de Charles III le Simple, no. 18.—Tournai: Actes de Charles le Chauve, i, no. 173.

4 Estates of St. Bertin's at Acquin, Bainghen, Poperinge, Wizernes, Audrehem, Guines (Guérard, Saint-Bertin, pp. 99, 100, 102, 103, 104–5). On the other hand, on the estate of Lobbes at Castillon, the mayor and the brewer occupied together a single mansus (Warichez, op. cit., p. 263), and on that of Prüm at Villance the forester occupied only a quarter of a mansus Situated at Libin (Beyer, op. cit., i. 167).

1 First case: annexes to the manors of St. Bertin's, cited in the last note.—Second case: annexes to the manors of Lobbes at Thuillies (La Houzée), Zegelsem (at Op- and Nederbrakel, St. Martens Lierde, perhaps Schelderode and a fourth place), and Jumet (Heigne): Warichez, op. cit., pp. 252, 258–9, 260. It is comparable to those found in the polyptych of Irminon (e.g. breve ix, Villemeux, nos. 264 sq.); cf. above, p. 40, nn. 1, 2 and p. 49, n. 1, and Van Werveke, art. cit., p. no.

2 Bloch, loc. cit., is right in insisting on this point. Verriest, op. cit., pp. 45–6, appears to be more or less of the same opinion.

3 For St. Bertin's, the lunarii and the homines qui faciunt in anno ii (or iii) dies, in several descriptiones of the polyptych (Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97 sq.). Cf. Van Werveke, art. cit., p. 111.

4 For St. Bertin's, the luminarii (Guérard, loc. cit.), who appear to correspond to the votivi homines of the polyptych of Irminon (breve iv: Gagny). Cf, Van Werveke, loc. cit.

1 Only some characteristic examples have been chosen; others can be found in the polyptychs or their fragments cited above, p. 35, n. 1. The dues owed by tenants on the estates of Prum in the Low Countries (Beyer, op. cit., i, no. 135, xlv-lii) and given in detail in the polyptych are studied by C. E. Perrin, Recherches, pp. 639 sqq. and in ‘Une étape de la seigneurie: l'exploitation de la réserve à Prum au IXe siècle’, Ann. d'hist. écon, et soc, vi (1934). See also the table in K. Lamprecht, Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter, ii (Leipzig, 1885), pp. 146–9.

2 Guérard, op. cit., p. 99.

3 The lord, in this case the abbot of St. Amand's, probably assumed the obligation, vis-à-vis the king, of providing the cartage when it was required.

4 Guérard, Irminon, i. 925.

1 Warichez, op. cit., p. 253. The descriptions of the Lobbes polyptych are of a summary character and have chiefly in view the revenue which the abbey derived from each estate; they are thus to some extent comparable with those dealing with Annappes and other fisci in the Brevium exempla. Labour services in the fields are only occasionally mentioned.

2 The wood in question was probably that used as posts for fencing; cf. Perrin, Recherches, p, 765. The scantlings, or boards placed lengthwise along the slope of the roof to which the roof-covering was attached, were called ‘aisselins’ in medieval French.

3 Fayen, op. cit., no. 4; cf. Ganshof, loc. cit.

4 Perrin, Recherches, p. 632.

5 At Villance (Beyer, op. cit., i. 169, no. 135) we hear of 5d. in redemption of the hostilitium, 15 bundles of tanning bark (dabrastos xv: the interpretation is that of Lamprecht, op. cit., I. ii (1886), p. 787, n. 3), and the aratura or cultivation of a specified piece of ground as being due from holders of both free and servile land, but in addition to these denned obligations any service might be demanded from holders of servile land (reliquum tempus facit omne servitium quicquid ei iubetur). There is a similar provision at Mabompré (ibid., p. 171), where, after the list of specific services, we hear of omnt servitium quicquid ei iubetur.

1 Warichez, op. cit., pp. 251, 252, 255, 257. On the manor of Ladeuze the tenants of servile mansi owed three days service a week, while nothing similar was laid down for tenants of free mansi.

2 Beyer, loc. cit.; cf. Perrin, Recherches, p. 641, and the table in Lamprecht, op. cit., ii (1885), pp. 146–9.

3 St. Bertin's: at Acquin and Coyecques the tenant of a half-mansus owes the same services as the tenant of a full mansus, and his wife owed the same quantity of flax as other tenants (Guérard, op. cit., pp. 99, 101). For Prum, see the brevia of Villance, Mabompré and Tavigny; cf. Perrin, Recherches, pp. 641–2, and the table in Lamprecht, op. cit., ii. 145.

4 Lobbes: Warichez, op. cit., pp. 254, 255, 256, 258, 260–1, 265.— St. Amand's: Guérard, Irminon, pp. 925–6.—Ghent; Fayen, op. cit., no, 4; cf. Ganshof, art. cit.—For the explanation, see Bloch, op. cit., pp. 265–6.

5 See above, p. 50, and Guérard, Saint-Bertin, pp. 99, 100, 102, 105, 107.

1 In general, see the descriptiones of the polyptychs of St. Bertin's and Prüm.— Vaccariae, etc.: Warichez, op. cit., p. 260; Fayen, op. cit., no. 4; Guérard, op. cit., p. 102.

2 Warichez, op. cit., pp. 260, 263; Guérard, op. cit., pp. 103–6; Fayen, op. cit., nos. 9, 14, 40;. Bonenfant, art. cit., p. 810 (so far as the text cited is valid for the ninth century); Slicher van Bath, op. cit., i. 55 sq.

8 Hagastaldi: Fayen, op. cit., nos. 4, 5; Warichez, op. cit., pp. 251–8, 260, 262, 263, 266; cf. Annales Bertiniani, a. 869 (ed. Waitz, p. 98).—Absi homines: Beyer, op. cit., i. 170, no. 135.— Solivagi: Bonenfant, art. cit., pp. 809–10 (see last note).—Praebenda: Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107; Brevium exempla (Boretius, Capitularia, i, no. 128), no. 25 (Annappes).—Mancipia: Guérard, Saint-Bertin, passim; Irminon, p. 925.—Camsilarise, etc.: Fayen, loc. cit.; Guérard, loc. cit.; Warichez, op. cit., p. 258. Cf. Capitulate de Villis (Boretius, Capitularia, i, no. 32), cc. 31, 50.

1 Ghent: Fayen, op. cit., no. 4; cf. Ganshof, art. cit. —St. Bertin's: small manors included in the villa of Moringhem or attached to the villae of Acquin, Bainghen, Poperinge, etc., and perhaps in the small estate of Barbinghem (comm. Moringhem), Guérard, op. cit., pp. 98 sq.

2 Services due from the holders of isolated mansi: Guérard, op. cit., pp. 97–8, 99.—On the two types of services: Bloch, M., Les caractéres originaux de I'histoire rurale française (Paris, 1931), pp. 75–6Google Scholar; Perrin, Recherches, pp. 631–3.—Ansinga: Perrin, C. E., ‘De la condition des terres dites “ansingae”’, Mélanges… Lot (Paris, 1925)Google Scholar; an example from the regions we are concerned with in Wampach, op. cit., I. ii, no. 154 (probably as a measure of area).—Prüm: Beyer, op. cit., i, no. 135, xlv-xlviii.

3 Prüm: texts cited in preceding note.—Sint-Pieters-Leeuw: Bonenfant, loc. cit. (so far as applicable to the ninth century).

1 St. Amand's: Guérard, Irminon, i. 925–6 (the four villae).—Prüm: Beyer, op. cit., i. 167, no. 135, xlv (Villance); less clearly, p. 171, no. xlvi (Mabompré, where the service of the tenants is mentioned only in connection with the sowing of spring wheat). Cf. Bloch, Caractéres originaux, pp. 30 sq.; Perrin, Prüm, pp. 456–7.

2 Examples taken from land acquired by St. Peter's of Ghent in the pagi of Courtrai and Ghent, in the region of the Lys (Fayen, op. cit., nos. 26, 33). In both cases, the fields in question include fractions of holdings. Cf. Déléage, op. cit., i. 256–7.

3 Capitulate de Villis (Boretius, Capitularia, i, no. 32), cc. 6, 30, 33; Brevium exempla (ibid., no. 128), cc. 25, 30, 32, 33, 34; Warichez, op. cit., pp. 255. 256, 258.

4 Personal dues, generally estimated in terms of money, appear in many descriptiones of estates of St. Bertin's and Lobbes.

5 This is clear from the Capitulate de Villis and the Brevium exempla. See also Bloch, M., ‘La organizacion de los dominios reales carolingios’, Anuario de historia del derecho Espanol (1926).Google Scholar

6 These dispositions are particularly clear in the case of the abbey of Corbie, only just outside the region with which we are concerned (L. Levillain, ‘Les statuts d'Adalhard’, Le Moyen Age, 1900; cf. E. Lesne, ‘ L'économie domestique d'un monastere au IXe siècle, d'après les statuts d'Adalhard’, Mélanges… Lot). On the question in general, see Lesne, E., Histoire de la proprété eccltésiastique en France, vi (1943), pp. 321 sqq.Google Scholar

1 Halkin and Roland, op. cit., i, no. 27.

2 Einharti epistolae (ed. K. Hampe in MGH, Epist. aevi carolini, iii), nos. 5, 55, 56.

1 I should like to express my thanks to my friend Philip Grierson for his kindness in undertaking the translation of this paper.