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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 12 February 2009
The Emperor Frederick II. was one of the most extraordinary personages in history. He has found many biographers among Continental writers. Muratori, Giannone, Von Raumer, and Hofler have described his remarkable career either with national pride or with stern condemnation. But until Dean Milman wrote his history of Latin Christianity, a few lines in Gibbon and a few pages of Hallam contained all the information which could be obtained respecting him by the English reader. Since the Dean wrote, information from other sources has been obtained, which I now propose to bring before you. We see this remarkable man only indistinctly through the mists of calumny and prejudice. On account of his long contest with the popes, he has been assailed by Roman Catholic writers with vituperative epithets. I propose in the following paper to give an account of his life; to show whether or no Roman Catholic writers were justified in regarding him as a monster of iniquity; to describe his natural endowments and acquirements, and the services which he conferred on his country; and to bring before you that celebrated struggle with the popes which has affected the course of events in his own age, and through succeeding generations.
page 135 note 1 Rogers's, Italy, p. 67Google Scholar.
page 144 note 1 Matthew Paris, pp. 431–4, 461–7, an. 1228, N. 1–4.
page 144 note 2 Matthew Paris, sub an. 1228, written at the end of 1227, December 6.
page 145 note 1 Jordanus, in Raynald. sub anno.
page 145 note 2 Matthew Paris, pp. 469, 470, 472, 476–86, 490. Raynaldus, an. 1229, N. 42–3.
page 146 note 1 Muratori, xvi. 624.
page 146 note 2 Matthew Paris, pp. 574, 579–81, 599, 609, 651–3.
page 147 note 1 Matthew Paris, writing in his Monastery of St. Albans, sub anno 1239, expresses these views.
page 147 note 2 Matthew Paris, sub ann. 1240.
page 148 note 1 Matthew Paris, sub ann. 1241.
page 149 note 1 See Matthew Paris, sub arm. 1244.
page 149 note 2 Ibid. pp. 886–7, 896, 920. See also Giannone, Stor. di Napoli, lib. xvii. cap. 3.
page 149 note 3 Matthew Paris, pp. 753–756, 928.
page 149 note 4 Peter de Vinea, lib. i. 3.
page 150 note 1 Muratori, Annul, sub anno.
page 150 note 2 Matthew Paris (pp. 1015–16) gives us the words used by him on this occasion, which show his anguish: ‘Woe is me! mine own flesh and blood fight against me.’ Dante, however, with whom Peter de Vinea conferred in Hell, asserted his innocence.—Inferno, xiii. 58.
page 151 note 1 Matthew Paris, sub ann. 1239.
page 151 note 2 Matthew Paris, 1245. He is the best authority for the impressions which prevailed in Christendom. Almost every page contains details and complaints of the exorbitant imposts laid on England by the Roman Church.
page 152 note 1 Matthew Paris, pp. 1160–62, 1196.
page 152 note 2 Ibid. pp. 646, 667–9, 667–85, 812–884.
page 152 note 3 Raynaldus, sub anno 1251, and Sismondi, , Répub. ItaL., vol. ii., p. 244Google Scholar.
page 153 note 1 Peter de Vinea (i. 18–19) says that the mendicant orders, whom he calls ‘the Pope's evil angels,’ were let loose against Frederick, to inflame the people down to the lowest by their unscrupulous denunciations.
page 153 note 1 Inferno, canto xix. 1. 105–111.
page 154 note 1 Dante, Inferno, canto x. ver. 119.
page 156 note 1 Dante, , Purgatorio, canto iii. v. 107Google Scholar.