Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T07:08:25.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Dynamics, Composition and Origin of the Geomagnetically-Trapped Corpuscular Radiation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 November 2021

James A. Van Allen*
Affiliation:
(, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa)

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Part 3.
Copyright
Copyright © Academic Press 1962 

References

Alfvén, H. Cosmical Electrodynamics Oxford, Clarendon Press, 237 pp., 1950.Google Scholar
Armstrong, A. H., Harrison, F. B. and Rosen, L. Flux and Energy of Charged Particles at 300- and 600-mile Altitude Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc. 4, 360, 1959.Google Scholar
Armstrong, A. H., Harrison, F.B., Heckman, H. H. and Rosen, L. Charged Particles in the Inner Van Allen Radiation Belt J. geophys. Res. 66, 351357, 1961.Google Scholar
Arnoldy, R. L., Hoffman, R. A. and Winckler, J. R. Observations of the Van Allen Radiation Regions during August and September 1959, Part I J. geophys. Res. 65, 13611375, 1960.Google Scholar
Bennett, W. H. Solar Proton Stream Forms with a Laboratory Model Rev. Sci. Instr. 30, 6369, 1959.Google Scholar
Birkeland, Kr. The Norwegian Aurora Polaris Expedition, Volume I On the Cause of Magnetic Storms and the Origin of Terrestrial Magnetism. First Section pp. 1-315, Plates I-XXI, 1908. Second Section pp. 319-801, Plates XXII-XLII, 1913. Christiania, Norway, H. Aschehong and Co. (English).Google Scholar
Block, L. Model Experiments on Aurorae and Magnetic Storms Tellus, 7, 6586, 1955.Google Scholar
Brüche, E. Some New Theoretical and Experimental Results on the Aurora Polaris Terr. Mag. and atmos. Electricity, 36, 4152, 1931.Google Scholar
Chapman, S. and Bartels, J. Geomagnetism, Vols. I and II Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1049 pp., 1940.Google Scholar
Christofilos, N. C. Various classified memoranda, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1958.Google Scholar
Christofilos, N. C. The Argus Experiment J. geophys. Res. 64, 869875, 1959.Google Scholar
Coleman, P. J. Jr., Sonett, C. P. and Judge, D. L. Some Preliminary Results of the Pioneer V Magnetometer Experiment J. geophys. Res. 65, 18561857, 1960.Google Scholar
Dragt, A. J. Effect of Hydromagnetic Waves on the Lifetime of Van Allen Radiation Protons J. geophys. Res. 66, 16411649, 1961.Google Scholar
Dresden, M. Private Communication, 1961.Google Scholar
Fan, C. Y., Meyer, P. and Simpson, J. A. Trapped and Cosmic Radiation Measurements from Explorer VI pp. 951-966 of Space Research (Proceedings of the First International Space Science Symposium), ed. Kallman-Bijl, H. K., Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., 1195 pp., 1960.Google Scholar
Forbush, S. E., Venkatesan, D. and McIlwain, C. E. Intensity Variations in Outer Van Allen Radiation Belt J. geophys. Res. 66, 22752287, 1961.Google Scholar
Freden, S. C. and White, R. S. Protons in the Earth’s Magnetic Field Phys. Rev. Letters 3, 910, 1959 and 3, 145, 1959.Google Scholar
Freden, S. C. and White, R. S. Particle Fluxes in the Inner Radiation Belt J. geophys. Res. 65, 13771383, 1960.Google Scholar
Gangnes, A. V., Jenkins, J. F. Jr., and Van Allen, J. A. The Cosmic-Ray Intensity Above the Atmosphere Phys. Rev. 75, 5769, 1949.Google Scholar
Gibson, G., Jordan, W. C. and Lauer, E. J. Containment of Positrons in a Mirror Machine Phys. Rev. Letters 5, 141144, 1960.Google Scholar
Hamlin, D. A., Karplus, R., Vik, R.C. and Watson, K. M. Mirror and Azimuthal Drift Frequencies for Geomagnetically Trapped Particles J. geophys. Res. 66, 14, 1961.Google Scholar
Hess, W. N. Van Allen Belt Protons from Cosmic-Ray Neutron Leakage Phys. Rev. Letters, 3, 1113, 1959, and 3, 145, 1959.Google Scholar
Hess, W. N., Patterson, H. W., Wallace, R. and Chupp, E. L. Cosmic-Ray Neutron Energy Spectrum Phys. Rev. 116, 445457, 1959.Google Scholar
Hess, W. N. and Starnes, A. J. Measurement of the Neutron Flux in Space Phys. Rev. Letters, 5, 4850, 1960.Google Scholar
Hess, W. N., Canfield, E. H. and Lingenfelter, R. E. Cosmic-Ray Neutron Demography J. geophys. Res. 66, 665677, 1961.Google Scholar
Holly, F. E. and Johnson, R. G. Measurement of Radiation in the Lower Van Allen Belt J. geophys. Res. 65, 771772, 1960.Google Scholar
Holly, F. E., Allen, L. Jr., and Johnson, R. G. Radiation Measurements to 1500 Kilometers Altitude at Equatorial Latitudes J. geophys. Res. 66, 16271639, 1961.Google Scholar
Jensen, D.C., Murray, R. W. and Welch, J. A. Jr Tables of Adiabatic Invariants for the Geomagnetic Field 1955.0 AFSWC-TN-60-8, 109 pp, April 1960. AFSWC-TN-60-19, 77 pp, August 1960, (unpublished) Air Force Special Weapons Center Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Kallman-Bijl, H. K. Space Research (Proceedings of the First International Space Science Symposium), North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1195 pp, 1960.Google Scholar
Kasper, J. E. Geomagnetic Effects on Cosmic Radiation for Observation Points Above the Earth J. geophys. Res. 65, 3953, 1960.Google Scholar
Kellogg, P. J. Possible Explanation of the Radiation Observed by Van Allen at High Altitudes in Satellites Nuovo Cim. Serie X, 11, 4866, Gennaio, 1959.Google Scholar
Kellogg, P. J. Electrons of the Van Allen Radiation J. geophys. Res. 65, 27052713, 1960.Google Scholar
Kertz, W. Ein Neues Mass für die Feldstärke des Erdmagnetischen Äquatorialen Ringstrom Abhandlungen, Akad. Wiss. Göttingen Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse Beiträge zum Internationalen Geophysikalischen Jahr, Heft 2. Göttingen, Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1958.Google Scholar
Krassovsky, V. I., Shklovsky, I. S., Galperin, G. I. and Svetlitsky, E. M. On Fast Corpuscles of the Upper Atmosphere pp. 5963 of Proceedings of the Moscow Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. III, ed. Syrovatsky, S. I., Int. U. Pure Applied Phys., Moscow, 1960.Google Scholar
Kulenkampf, H. Bemerkung zum Intensitätsverlauf der Ultrastrahlung in grössen Höhen Die Naturwissenschaften, 21, 2526, 1933.Google Scholar
Lew, J. S. Drift Rate in a Dipole Fieldt, geophys. Res. 66, 26812685, 1961.Google Scholar
Lin, W. C. and Van Allen, J. A. Private Communication, 1960.Google Scholar
Lin, W. C. Observation of Galactic and Solar Cosmic Rays from October 13, 1959 to February 17, 1961 with Explorer VII (Satellite 1959 Iota) State University of Iowa Research Report 61-16, August 1961. (unpublished).Google Scholar
Malmfors, K. G. Determination of Orbits in the Field of a Magnetic Dipole with Applications to the Theory of the Diurnal Variation of Cosmic Radiation Arkiv för Matem., Astr. och Fys. 32A, No. 8, 64 pp. 1945.Google Scholar
Martyn, D. F. The Theory of Magnetic Storms and Auroras Nature, Lond. 167, 9294, 1951.Google Scholar
Mcllwain, C. E. Private Communication, 1960.Google Scholar
McIlwain, C. E. and Rothwell, P. Spatial Dependence of the Intensity of Charged Particles Trapped in the Earth’s Field Between 50°N and 50°S Geographic Latitude, and 300- to 2000-km. Altitude J. geophys. Res. 65, 25082509, 1960 (Abstract).Google Scholar
McIlwain, C. E. Coordinates for Mapping the Distribution of Magnetically Trapped Particles J. geophys. Res. 66, 36813691, 1961.Google Scholar
Naugle, J. E. and Kniffen, D. A. Flux and Energy Spectrum of the Protons in the Inner Van Allen Belt Phys. Rev. Letters 7, 36, 1961.Google Scholar
Northrup, T. G. and Teller, E. Stability of the Adiabatic Motion of Charged Particles in the Earth’s Field Phys. Rev. 117, 215225, 1960.Google Scholar
O’Brien, B. J. and Ludwig, G. H. Development of Multiple Radiation Zones on October 18, 1959 J. geophys. Res. 65, 26962699, 1960.Google Scholar
O’Brien, B. J., Van Allen, J. A., Roach, F. E. and Gartlein, C. W. Correlation of an Auroral Arc and a Subvisible Monochromatic 6300Å. Arc with Outer-Zone Radiation on 28 November 1959 J. geophys. Res. 65, 27592766, 1960.Google Scholar
Parker, E. N. Effect of Hydromagnetic Waves in a Dipole Field on the Longitudinal Invariant J. geophys. Res. 66, 693708, 1961.Google Scholar
Pennington, R. H. Equation of a Charged Particle Shell in a Perturbed Dipole Field J. geophys. Res. 66, 709712, 1961.Google Scholar
Pizzella, G. Private Communication, 1961.Google Scholar
Poincaré, H. Remarques sur une expérience de M. Birkeland C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris 123, 930, 1896.Google Scholar
Ray, E. C. On the Application of Liouville’s Theorem to the Intensity of Radiation Trapped in the Geomagnetic Field. State University of Iowa Research Report 59-21, 1959 (unpublished).Google Scholar
Ray, E. C. Private Communication, 1960.Google Scholar
Ray, E. C. On the Theory of Protons Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field J. geophys. Res. 65, 11251134, 1960.Google Scholar
Rodionov, S. N. An Experimental Test of the Behaviour of Charged Particles in an Adiabatic Trap J. Nuclear Energy, Part C, Plasma Physics I, 247252, 1960.Google Scholar
Rosen, A., Farley, T. A. and Sonett, C. P. Soft Radiation Measurements on Explorer VI Earth Satellite pp. 938-950 of Space Research (Proceedings of the First International Space Science Symposium), ed. Kallman-Bijl, H. K., Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., 1195 pp., 1960.Google Scholar
Rossi, B. Interpretation of Cosmic-Ray Phenomena Rev. Mod. Phys. 20, 537583, 1948.Google Scholar
Rothwell, P. and McIlwain, C. E. Magnetic Storms and the Van Allen Radiation Belts: Observation with Satellite 1958ϵ (Explorer IV) J. geophys. Res. 65, 799806, 1960.Google Scholar
Singer, S. F. A New Model of Magnetic Storms and Aurorae Trans. Am. Geophys. 38, 175190, 1957.Google Scholar
Singer, S. F. Radiation Belt and Trapped Cosmic Ray Albedo Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 171173, 1958.Google Scholar
Singer, S. F. Trapped Albedo Theory of the Radiation Belt Phys. Rev. Letters 1, 181183, 1958.Google Scholar
Singer, S. F. Cause of the Minimum in the Earth’s Radiation Belt Phys. Rev. Letters 3, 188190, 1959.Google Scholar
Singer, S. F. Latitude and Altitude Distribution of Geomagnetically Trapped Protons Phys. Rev. Letters 5, 300303, 1960.Google Scholar
Singer, S. F. On the Nature and Origin of the Earth’s Radiation Belts pp. 797-820 of Space Research (Proceedings of the First International Space Science Symposium), ed. Kallman-Bijl, H. K., Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., 1195 pp., 1960.Google Scholar
Spitzer, L. Jr., Physics of Fully Ionized Gases New York, Interscience Publishers, Inc., 105 pp. 1956.Google Scholar
Störmer, C. Sur les trajectoires des corpuscles electrises dans l’espace sous l’action du magnetisme terrestre Chapitre IV, Arch. Sci. phys. et naturelles 24, 317364, 1907.Google Scholar
Störmer, C. The Polar Aurora Oxford, Clarendon Press, 403 pp. and 213 figures, 1955.Google Scholar
Vallarta, M. S. An Outline of the Theory of the Allowed Cone of Cosmic Radiation University of Toronto Studies, Applied Mathematics Series No. 3, University of Toronto Press, 56 pp., 1938.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A. and Tatel, H. E. The Cosmic-Ray Counting Rate of a Single Geiger Counter from Ground Level to 161 Kilometers Altitude Phys. Rev. 73, 245251, 1948.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A. and Singer, S. F. On the Primary Cosmic-Ray Spectrum Phys. Rev. 78, 819 and 80, 116, 1950.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A. Direct Detection of Auroral Radiation with Rocket Equipment Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 43, 5792, 1957.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A. Special joint meeting of National Academy of Sciences and American Physical Society, Washington, D. C., 1 May 1958. IGY Satellite Report Number 13, January 1961, IGY World Data Center A, Rockets and Satellites—National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington 25, D.C.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A., Ludwig, G. H., Ray, E. C. and Mcllwain, C. E. Observation of High Intensity Radiation by Satellites 1958 Alpha and Gamma Jet Propulsion 28, 588592, 1958.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A. and Frank, L. A. Radiation Around the Earth to a Radial Distance of 107,400 Kilometers Nature, Land. 183, 430434, 1959.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A., McIlwain, C. E. and Ludwig, G. H. Radiation Observations with Satellite 1958ϵ J. geophys. Res. 64, 271286, 1959.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A., McIlwain, C. E. and Ludwig, G. H. Satellite Observations of Electrons Artificially Injected into the Geomagnetic Field J. geophys. Res. 64, 877891, 1959.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A. and Frank, L. A. Radiation Measurements to 658,300 Km. with Pioneer IV Nature, Lond. 184, 219224, 1959.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A. The Geomagnetically-Trapped Corpuscular Radiation J. geophys. Res. 64, 16831689, 1959.Google Scholar
Van Allen, J. A. and Lin, W. C. Outer Radiation Belt and Solar Proton Observations with Explorer VII during March-April 1960 J. geophys. Res. 65, 29983003, 1960.Google Scholar
Vernov, S. N., Grigorov, N. I., Logachev, Yu. I. and Chudakov, A. Ye. Artificial Satellite Measurements of Cosmic Radiation, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 120, 12311233, 1958.Google Scholar
Vernov, S. N. (and Lebedinsky, A. I.) Special Lecture, Fifth General Assembly of CSAGI in Moscow, July 30—August 9, 1958. Also New York Times, Friday, 1 August, 1958.Google Scholar
Vernov, S. N., Chudakov, A. E., Vakulov, P. V. and Logachev, Yu. I. Study of Terrestrial Corpuscular Radiation and Cosmic Rays by the Flight of a Cosmic Rocket Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 125, 304307, 1959.Google Scholar
Vernov, S. N., Chudakov, A. E., Gouchakov, E. V., Logachev, J. L. and Vakulov, P. V. Study of the Cosmic-Ray Soft Component by the 3rd Soviet Earth Satellite Plan. Space Sci. 1, 8693, 1959.Google Scholar
Vernov, S. N. and Chudakov, A. E. Investigation of Radiation in Outer Space, pp. 1929 of Proceedings of the Moscow Cosmic Ray Conference, Vol. III, ed. Syrovatsky, S. I., Int. U. Pure Applied Phys. Moscow, 1960.Google Scholar
Vernov, S. N. and Chudakov, A. E. Terrestrial Corpuscular Radiation and Cosmic Rays. pp. 751-796 of Space Research (Proceedings of the First International Space Science Symposium), ed. Kallman-Bijl, H. K., Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., 1195 pp., 1960.Google Scholar
Vernov, S. N., Chudakov, A. E., Vakulov, P. V., Logachev, Yu. I. and Nikolaev, A. G. Radiation Measurements During the Flight of the Second Cosmic Rocket, Dokl. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R 130, 517520, 1960.Google Scholar
Vestine, E. H. Note on Conjugate Points of Geomagnetic Field Lines for Some Selected Auroral and Whistler Stations of the I.G.Y. J. geophys. Res. 64, 14111414, 1959.Google Scholar
Vestine, E. H. and Sibley, W. L. The Geomagnetic Field in Space, Ring Currents, and Auroral Isochasms J. geophys. Res. 65, 19671979, 1960.Google Scholar
Vestine, E. H. and Sibley, W. L. Geomagnetic Field Lines in Space, Project Rand Report No. R-368, December 1960, The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California, 111 pp., 1961.Google Scholar
Walt, M., Chase, L. F. Jr., Cladis, J.B., Imhof, W. L. and Knecht, D. J. Energy Spectra and Altitude Dependence of Electrons Trapped in the Earth’s Magnetic Field pp. 910-920 of Space Research (Proceedings of the First International Space Science Symposium), ed. Kallman-Bijl, H. K., Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Co., 1195 pp., 1960.Google Scholar
Welch, J. A. Jr., and Whitaker, W. A. Theory of Geomagnetically Trapped Electrons from an Artificial Source J. geophys. Res. 64, 909922, 1959.Google Scholar
Wentzel, D. G. Hydromagnetic Waves and the Trapped Radiation, Part 1. Breakdown of the Adiabatic Invariance. Part 2. Displacements of the Mirror Points J. geophys. Res. 66, 359362 and 363-369, 1961.Google Scholar
Yagoda, H. Star Production by Trapped Protons in the Inner Radiation Belt Phys. Rev. Letters, 5, 1718, 1960.Google Scholar
Yoshida, S., Ludwig, G. H. and Van Allen, J. A. Distribution of Trapped Radiation in the Geomagnetic Field, geophys. Res. 65, 807813, 1960.Google Scholar