Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-lrblm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-05T01:46:59.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Establishing the Ramgarh Training Center: The Burma Campaign, the Colonial Internment Camp, and the Wartime Sino-British Relations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2020

Yin Cao
Yin Cao*
Affiliation:
Department of History, Tsinghua University
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article investigates how the Chinese Expeditionary Force joined the Burma Campaign and retreated to India in 1942, and how the Chinese, American, and British authorities negotiated to determine the destiny of Chinese forces in India. This article argues that the choice of Ramgarh, a small town in northeast India, as the site of a training centre for the Chinese Expeditionary Force sheds light on a decades-long programme of colonial internment-camp building in British India, and illuminates the difficult relationship between Chinese and British authorities during World War II. In doing so, it also argues that the historiography of China's War of Resistance requires Southeast and South Asian perspectives.

Keywords

World War IIThe Chinese Expeditionary ForceBritish IndiaBurma Campaign
Type
Original Article
Information
TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia , Volume 9 , Issue 1 , May 2021 , pp. 1 - 10
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Institute of East Asian Studies, Sogang University.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

AH, 002-090105-00006-001, Yuanzheng rumian 1 (Expedition in Burma 1), 3 February 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 28 April 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-060200-00007-001, Kunmianji chugao 7, 3 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-020300-00024-006, Shidiweijiangjun jiuzhi (The inauguration of General Stilwell), 6 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 16 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 18 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 22 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 26 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 27 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-060100-00165-001, Shiluegaoben, minguo sanshiyinian liuyue (The chronology of the event, June 1942), 4 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 5 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 10 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 13 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-020300-00024-006, Shidiweijiangjun jiuzhi (The inauguration of General Stilwell), 15 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-060100-00166-001, Shiluegaoben, minguo sanshiyinian qiyue (The chronology of the event, July 1942), 29 July 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 29 July 1942.Google Scholar
TNA, WO 33/1645, Military Instructions for the Internment of Enemy Aliens in the Event of War, 1939.Google Scholar
TNA, WO 33/1645 Military Instructions for the Internment of Enemy Aliens in the Event of War, 1939, Appendix ‘E’.Google Scholar
TNA, CO 968/45/1, Wavell to WO, 8 April 1941; CO968/451, Governor of Ceylon to CO, 22 January 1941.Google Scholar
TNA, CO 968/45/1, War Office to Commander-in-Chief India, 23 January 1941.Google Scholar
TNA, CAB 123/136, WP (41)114, memo by Captain David Margesson, Secretary of State for War, 29 May 1941.Google Scholar
TNA, PREM 4/45/3, from Churchill to Viceroy, 6 February 1942.Google Scholar
TNA, FO 371/31700, from Philip Broad to G.F. Hudson, 16 June 1942.Google Scholar
TNA, HO 215/160, Treatment of Civilian Internees in India, 9 January 1943.Google Scholar
TNA, CAB 122/1136, from Chiefs of Staff to Joint Staff Mission, 19 July 1943.Google Scholar
TNA, FO 405/17912, “Relations between Burma and China”, 31 May 1948.Google Scholar
BL, IOR: L/P and S/ 12/ 2115, from Viceroy to India Office, 6 February 1942.Google Scholar
BL, IOR: L/ PS/ 12/2320, “Memorandum by the Secretary of State for India”, 26 June 1943.Google Scholar
NAI, Political (External) Department Collection, from Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, 2 October 1942.Google Scholar
NAI, External Affairs Department, War Branch, 30 (8)–W/42 (Secret), from Deputy Secretary to the government of India to the Consul General for Netherlands, 18 November 1943.Google Scholar
HI, Chiang Kai-shek Diaries, 30 January 1942.Google Scholar
HI, Chiang Kai-shek Diaries, 18 February 1942.Google Scholar
NA, RG 493, UD-UP 8, Box 96, from T.H. Boss to Headquarters, Eastern Army, Ranchi, 28 June 1942.Google Scholar
Bai, Se. 2013. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun zaiyindujixun” (The training of the CEF in India). Wenxuexuankan 11: 53–56.Google Scholar
Barnes, Nicole. 2018. Intimate Communities: Wartime Healthcare and the Birth of Modern China, 1937–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Barret, David, and Shyu, Larry, eds. 2001. Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–45: The Limits of Accommodation. Redwood, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayly, C. A., and Tim, Harper. 2005. Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Best, Anthony. 1995. Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbor: Avoiding war in East Asia, 1936–41. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bickers, Robert. 1999. Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism 1900–1949. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Bickers, Robert. 2016. “Britain and China, and India, 1830s–1947.” In Britain and China, 1840–1970: Empire, Finance and War, edited by Bickers, Robert and Howlett, Jonathan, 58–83. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chen, Jiajing. 2004. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun chubingmiandian de meiguoyinsu” (American factory in the Chinese Expeditionary Forces fighting in Burma). Journal of Yanan University (Social Science) 4: 100–105.Google Scholar
Chen, Jianping. 1991. “1942nian jiangjieshifangyin yu tiaotingyingyinguanxide shibai” (The failure of Chiang Kai-shek's effort to mediate Anglo-India relations during the war of Resistance). Journal of Nanjing University (Philosophy, Humanities, and Social Sciences) 3: 89–96.Google Scholar
Clifford, Nicholas. 1967. Retreat from China: British Policy in the Far East, 1937–1941. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Damodaran, Vinita. 1993. Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935–46. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Du, Yuming. 1986. Zhongguoyuanzhengjun rumianduirizuozhan shulue (A brief history of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma). Beijing: Zhongguowenshu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Duan, Ruicong. 2009. “1942nian Jiangjieshifangwen yindu zhi fenxi” (An analysis of Chiang Kai-shek's visit to India in 1942). Minguoyanjiu 2(16): 125–145.Google Scholar
Dunlop, Graham. 2007. “British Army Logistics in the Burma Campaign, 1942–1945.” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Dunlop, Graham. 2016. Military Economics, Culture and Logistics in the Burma Campaign, 1942–1945. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fan, Dewei. 1996. “Zhongmianyinzhanchangshi zhongguokangrizhanzheng dedisangezhanchang” (The China-India-Burma theatre as the third theatre of China's War of Resistance). Kangrizhanzhengyanjiu 3: 154–160.Google Scholar
Fang, Shifeng. 2004. “Diercishijiedazhan quanjuzhong de zhongguoyuanzhengjun rumianzuozhan” (The CEF's Burma campaign in the context of the World War II). Minguodangan 1: 74–76.Google Scholar
Fu, Poshek. 1993. Resistance, Passivity, and Collaboration: Intellectual Choices in Occupied Shanghai, 1937–1945. Redwood, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Garver, John. 1988. Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ge, Qi. 1995. “wozai zhongguoyuanzhengjun de rizi” (My experience in the CEF). Jianghaiqiaoshen 11: 44–50.Google Scholar
Gong, Xilin. 2012. “Kangzhan shiqi guominzhengfu zhengbing guochenzhong nongminde shengcun yu fankang” (The survival and resistance of peasants against the conscription of the nationalist government during the War of Resistance). History Teaching 22: 48–55.Google Scholar
Haggie, Paul. 1981. Britannia at Bay: The Defence of the British Empire against Japan 1931–1941. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Han, Jiwei. 2012. “Dianmianzhanchang zai shijiefanfaxisizhanzhengzhong de sanwei zhanlueyingxiang” (The triple impacts of the Yunnan-Burma theatre during the global anti-Fascist war). Yunnandangan 9: 27–31.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, Isabel. 2012. “South Africa's Indian Ocean: Boer prisoners of war in India.” Social Dynamics 38(3): 363–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Ray. 2007. Mianbeizhizhan (The battle in Northern Burma). Beijing: Xinxing chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ji, Peng. 2002. “Kangzhanqijian Jiangjieshifangwenyindu shulun” (A brief comment on Chiang Kai-shek's visit to India during the War of Resistance). Minguodangan 4: 78–82.Google Scholar
Khan, Yasmin. 2015. The Raj at War: A People's History of India's Second World War. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lathrop, Alan. 1981. “The employment of Chinese Nationalist troops in the First Burma Campaign.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 12(2): 403–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Bradford. 1973. Britain and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1939: A Study in the Dilemmas of British Decline. Redwood, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Chen. 2013. “The Chinese Army in the first Burma Campaign.” Journal of Chinese Military History 2(1): 43–73.Google Scholar
Li, Shoutong. 1993. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun zhuyinshenghuojianwen” (Daily observation of the CEF in India). Jianghuaiwenshi 2: 68–76.Google Scholar
Lin, Hsiao-ting. 2005. “Erzhanshiqi zhongyingguanxi zaitantao: yinanyaweizhongxin” (Reconsidering Sino-British relations during World War II: centred on the South Asian problem). Jindaishiyanjiu 4: 36–38.Google Scholar
Lister, E. 1917. Hazaribagh. Patna: Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa.Google Scholar
Liu, Xiaoyuan. 1996. A Partnership for Disorder: China, the United States, and their Policies for the Postwar Disposition of the Japanese Empire, 1941–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louis, Roger. 1978. Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Manela, Erez. 2007. The Wilsonian Moment: Self-determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Marston, Daniel. 2003. Phoenix from the Ashes: The Indian Army in the Burma Campaign. London: Praeger.Google Scholar
McLynn, Frank. 2011. The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph 1942–45. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Bob. 2002. The British Empire and its Italian Prisoners of War, 1940–1947. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks, Coble. 2003. Chinese Capitalists in Japan's New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangtze, 1937–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Perry, J. K. 2011. “Powerless and frustrated: Britain's relationship with China during the opening years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1939.” Diplomacy and Statecraft 22(3): 408–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romanus, Charles, and Riley, Sunderland. 1987. Stilwell's Mission to China. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army.Google Scholar
Sbrega, John. 1983. Anglo-American Relations and Colonialism in East Asia, 1941–1945. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Shai, Aron. 1974. “Was there a Far Eastern Munich?” Journal of Contemporary History 9(3): 161–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shai, Aron. 1980. “Britain, China and the end of empire.” Journal of Contemporary History 15(2): 287–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slim, William. 1951. Defeat into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942–1945. New York: Cooper Square Press.Google Scholar
Song, Ci. 2011. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun zaidiercishijiedazhanzhong de diweihe zuoyong” (The status and role of Chinese Expeditionary Force in World War II). Journal of Jixi University 7: 136–137.Google Scholar
Stoler, Mark. 2000. Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and US Strategy in World War II. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Kegang. 2005. Miandiandangkouzhi: Zhongguoyuanzhengjun miandiandangkouzhi (A brief history of the CEF's fighting against the Japanese in Burma). Shenyang: Liaoning jiaoyuchubanshe.Google Scholar
Thai, Philip. 2018. China's War on Smuggling: Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842–1965. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thormeyer, M. F. 2010. Reports on British Prison-Camps in India and Burma. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing.Google Scholar
Tuchman, Barbara. 2017. Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945. London: Random House.Google Scholar
Ven, Hans van de. 2003. War and Nationalism in China 1925–1945. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ven, Hans van de. 2017. China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China 1937–1952. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vu, Linh. 2019. “Bones of contention: China's World War II military graves in India, Burma, and Papua New Guinea.” Journal of Chinese Military History 8 (1): 52–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Dongmei. 2010. “Kangzhanshiqi guomindang bingyifubai de yuanyintanxi” (Exploring the reason for the corruption of conscription of the Nationalist government during the War of Resistance). Culture and History Vision (Theory) 10: 10–12.Google Scholar
Wang, Yeteng. 2005. Suizhongguoyuanzhengjun fuyinmiankangzhanshouji (A note of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in India and Burma). Beijing: Zhongguo wenlian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Yongjiang. 2002. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun rumianzuozhan jiqiyingxiang” (Chinese Expeditionary Army fighting in Burma and how it produced a great impact). Journal of Qiqihar University (Phi and Soc Sci) 11: 18–20.Google Scholar
Wei, Wang. 2016. “Erzhanqijian miandianzhanchang daguo guanxi yanjiu” (Research on the relations between the great powers in the Burma theatre during World War II). Shehuikexuezhanxian 5: 267–270.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Mark. 2015. What Lessons Does the Burma Campaign Hold? Plato, TX: Verdun Press.Google Scholar
White, Theodore, ed. 1991. The Stilwell Papers. Boston: Da Capo Press.Google Scholar
Whitfield, Andrew. 2001. Hong Kong, Empire and the Anglo-American Alliance at War, 1941–45. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiang, Lanxin. 1995. Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945–1950. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Xiao, Ruping. 2018. “Kangzhanshiqi jiangjieshifangwenyindu de zaikaocha” (A Review of Chiang Kai-shek's visit to India during the Anti-Japanese War). Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences) 5: 84–94.Google Scholar
Xu, Kangming. 2007. Zhongmianyinzhanchang kangrizhanzhengshi (A history of the War of Resistance in the China-Burma-India Theatre). Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yao, Hai. 2015 “Kangzhanshiqi zhongsuguanxi duifanfaxisizhanzheng de yingxiang” (The impact of the Sino-Soviet relations during the War of Resistance on the Anti-Fascist War). Tansuoyuzhengming 4: 13–15.Google Scholar
Yao, Youchun. 2005. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun laobinglcaifangshouji Shang” (Interviews with veterans of the CEF part I). World Vision 9: 10–13.Google Scholar
Zhang, Wenzhi. 2016. “Zhandijizhe bixiade zhongguoyuanzhengjun” (The CEF recorded by a battlefield journalist). Yunnandangan 1: 29–33.Google Scholar
Zhou, Yu. 2015. “Zhongguo yuanzhengjun zhongwei yiguan Zhang Tongyou xunfanglu” (An interview with the CEF Sergeant Zhang Tongyou). Guiyangwenshi 1: 51–54.Google Scholar
Zhu, Ming. 2014. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun laobing liangjiayou” (Veteran of the CEF Liang Jiaoyou). Danganjianshe 7: 51–53.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00006-001, Yuanzheng rumian 1 (Expedition in Burma 1), 3 February 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 28 April 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-060200-00007-001, Kunmianji chugao 7, 3 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-020300-00024-006, Shidiweijiangjun jiuzhi (The inauguration of General Stilwell), 6 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 16 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 18 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 22 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 26 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 27 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-060100-00165-001, Shiluegaoben, minguo sanshiyinian liuyue (The chronology of the event, June 1942), 4 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 5 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 10 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 13 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-020300-00024-006, Shidiweijiangjun jiuzhi (The inauguration of General Stilwell), 15 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-060100-00166-001, Shiluegaoben, minguo sanshiyinian qiyue (The chronology of the event, July 1942), 29 July 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 29 July 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00006-001, Yuanzheng rumian 1 (Expedition in Burma 1), 3 February 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 28 April 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-060200-00007-001, Kunmianji chugao 7, 3 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-020300-00024-006, Shidiweijiangjun jiuzhi (The inauguration of General Stilwell), 6 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 16 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 18 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 22 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 26 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 27 May 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-060100-00165-001, Shiluegaoben, minguo sanshiyinian liuyue (The chronology of the event, June 1942), 4 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 5 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00008-001, Yuanzheng rumian 3 (Expedition in Burma 3), 10 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 13 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-020300-00024-006, Shidiweijiangjun jiuzhi (The inauguration of General Stilwell), 15 June 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-060100-00166-001, Shiluegaoben, minguo sanshiyinian qiyue (The chronology of the event, July 1942), 29 July 1942.Google Scholar
AH, 002-090105-00007-001, Yuanzheng rumian 2 (Expedition in Burma 2), 29 July 1942.Google Scholar
TNA, WO 33/1645, Military Instructions for the Internment of Enemy Aliens in the Event of War, 1939.Google Scholar
TNA, WO 33/1645 Military Instructions for the Internment of Enemy Aliens in the Event of War, 1939, Appendix ‘E’.Google Scholar
TNA, CO 968/45/1, Wavell to WO, 8 April 1941; CO968/451, Governor of Ceylon to CO, 22 January 1941.Google Scholar
TNA, CO 968/45/1, War Office to Commander-in-Chief India, 23 January 1941.Google Scholar
TNA, CAB 123/136, WP (41)114, memo by Captain David Margesson, Secretary of State for War, 29 May 1941.Google Scholar
TNA, PREM 4/45/3, from Churchill to Viceroy, 6 February 1942.Google Scholar
TNA, FO 371/31700, from Philip Broad to G.F. Hudson, 16 June 1942.Google Scholar
TNA, HO 215/160, Treatment of Civilian Internees in India, 9 January 1943.Google Scholar
TNA, CAB 122/1136, from Chiefs of Staff to Joint Staff Mission, 19 July 1943.Google Scholar
TNA, FO 405/17912, “Relations between Burma and China”, 31 May 1948.Google Scholar
BL, IOR: L/P and S/ 12/ 2115, from Viceroy to India Office, 6 February 1942.Google Scholar
BL, IOR: L/ PS/ 12/2320, “Memorandum by the Secretary of State for India”, 26 June 1943.Google Scholar
NAI, Political (External) Department Collection, from Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, 2 October 1942.Google Scholar
NAI, External Affairs Department, War Branch, 30 (8)–W/42 (Secret), from Deputy Secretary to the government of India to the Consul General for Netherlands, 18 November 1943.Google Scholar
HI, Chiang Kai-shek Diaries, 30 January 1942.Google Scholar
HI, Chiang Kai-shek Diaries, 18 February 1942.Google Scholar
NA, RG 493, UD-UP 8, Box 96, from T.H. Boss to Headquarters, Eastern Army, Ranchi, 28 June 1942.Google Scholar
Bai, Se. 2013. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun zaiyindujixun” (The training of the CEF in India). Wenxuexuankan 11: 53–56.Google Scholar
Barnes, Nicole. 2018. Intimate Communities: Wartime Healthcare and the Birth of Modern China, 1937–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Barret, David, and Shyu, Larry, eds. 2001. Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–45: The Limits of Accommodation. Redwood, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayly, C. A., and Tim, Harper. 2005. Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Best, Anthony. 1995. Britain, Japan and Pearl Harbor: Avoiding war in East Asia, 1936–41. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bickers, Robert. 1999. Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism 1900–1949. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Bickers, Robert. 2016. “Britain and China, and India, 1830s–1947.” In Britain and China, 1840–1970: Empire, Finance and War, edited by Bickers, Robert and Howlett, Jonathan, 58–83. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Chen, Jiajing. 2004. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun chubingmiandian de meiguoyinsu” (American factory in the Chinese Expeditionary Forces fighting in Burma). Journal of Yanan University (Social Science) 4: 100–105.Google Scholar
Chen, Jianping. 1991. “1942nian jiangjieshifangyin yu tiaotingyingyinguanxide shibai” (The failure of Chiang Kai-shek's effort to mediate Anglo-India relations during the war of Resistance). Journal of Nanjing University (Philosophy, Humanities, and Social Sciences) 3: 89–96.Google Scholar
Clifford, Nicholas. 1967. Retreat from China: British Policy in the Far East, 1937–1941. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Damodaran, Vinita. 1993. Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935–46. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Du, Yuming. 1986. Zhongguoyuanzhengjun rumianduirizuozhan shulue (A brief history of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in Burma). Beijing: Zhongguowenshu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Duan, Ruicong. 2009. “1942nian Jiangjieshifangwen yindu zhi fenxi” (An analysis of Chiang Kai-shek's visit to India in 1942). Minguoyanjiu 2(16): 125–145.Google Scholar
Dunlop, Graham. 2007. “British Army Logistics in the Burma Campaign, 1942–1945.” PhD diss., University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Dunlop, Graham. 2016. Military Economics, Culture and Logistics in the Burma Campaign, 1942–1945. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fan, Dewei. 1996. “Zhongmianyinzhanchangshi zhongguokangrizhanzheng dedisangezhanchang” (The China-India-Burma theatre as the third theatre of China's War of Resistance). Kangrizhanzhengyanjiu 3: 154–160.Google Scholar
Fang, Shifeng. 2004. “Diercishijiedazhan quanjuzhong de zhongguoyuanzhengjun rumianzuozhan” (The CEF's Burma campaign in the context of the World War II). Minguodangan 1: 74–76.Google Scholar
Fu, Poshek. 1993. Resistance, Passivity, and Collaboration: Intellectual Choices in Occupied Shanghai, 1937–1945. Redwood, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Garver, John. 1988. Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ge, Qi. 1995. “wozai zhongguoyuanzhengjun de rizi” (My experience in the CEF). Jianghaiqiaoshen 11: 44–50.Google Scholar
Gong, Xilin. 2012. “Kangzhan shiqi guominzhengfu zhengbing guochenzhong nongminde shengcun yu fankang” (The survival and resistance of peasants against the conscription of the nationalist government during the War of Resistance). History Teaching 22: 48–55.Google Scholar
Haggie, Paul. 1981. Britannia at Bay: The Defence of the British Empire against Japan 1931–1941. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Han, Jiwei. 2012. “Dianmianzhanchang zai shijiefanfaxisizhanzhengzhong de sanwei zhanlueyingxiang” (The triple impacts of the Yunnan-Burma theatre during the global anti-Fascist war). Yunnandangan 9: 27–31.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, Isabel. 2012. “South Africa's Indian Ocean: Boer prisoners of war in India.” Social Dynamics 38(3): 363–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Ray. 2007. Mianbeizhizhan (The battle in Northern Burma). Beijing: Xinxing chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ji, Peng. 2002. “Kangzhanqijian Jiangjieshifangwenyindu shulun” (A brief comment on Chiang Kai-shek's visit to India during the War of Resistance). Minguodangan 4: 78–82.Google Scholar
Khan, Yasmin. 2015. The Raj at War: A People's History of India's Second World War. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lathrop, Alan. 1981. “The employment of Chinese Nationalist troops in the First Burma Campaign.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 12(2): 403–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Bradford. 1973. Britain and the Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1939: A Study in the Dilemmas of British Decline. Redwood, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Li, Chen. 2013. “The Chinese Army in the first Burma Campaign.” Journal of Chinese Military History 2(1): 43–73.Google Scholar
Li, Shoutong. 1993. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun zhuyinshenghuojianwen” (Daily observation of the CEF in India). Jianghuaiwenshi 2: 68–76.Google Scholar
Lin, Hsiao-ting. 2005. “Erzhanshiqi zhongyingguanxi zaitantao: yinanyaweizhongxin” (Reconsidering Sino-British relations during World War II: centred on the South Asian problem). Jindaishiyanjiu 4: 36–38.Google Scholar
Lister, E. 1917. Hazaribagh. Patna: Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa.Google Scholar
Liu, Xiaoyuan. 1996. A Partnership for Disorder: China, the United States, and their Policies for the Postwar Disposition of the Japanese Empire, 1941–1945. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Louis, Roger. 1978. Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Manela, Erez. 2007. The Wilsonian Moment: Self-determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Marston, Daniel. 2003. Phoenix from the Ashes: The Indian Army in the Burma Campaign. London: Praeger.Google Scholar
McLynn, Frank. 2011. The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph 1942–45. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Bob. 2002. The British Empire and its Italian Prisoners of War, 1940–1947. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parks, Coble. 2003. Chinese Capitalists in Japan's New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangtze, 1937–1945. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Perry, J. K. 2011. “Powerless and frustrated: Britain's relationship with China during the opening years of the Second Sino-Japanese War, 1937–1939.” Diplomacy and Statecraft 22(3): 408–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romanus, Charles, and Riley, Sunderland. 1987. Stilwell's Mission to China. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army.Google Scholar
Sbrega, John. 1983. Anglo-American Relations and Colonialism in East Asia, 1941–1945. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
Shai, Aron. 1974. “Was there a Far Eastern Munich?” Journal of Contemporary History 9(3): 161–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shai, Aron. 1980. “Britain, China and the end of empire.” Journal of Contemporary History 15(2): 287–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slim, William. 1951. Defeat into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942–1945. New York: Cooper Square Press.Google Scholar
Song, Ci. 2011. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun zaidiercishijiedazhanzhong de diweihe zuoyong” (The status and role of Chinese Expeditionary Force in World War II). Journal of Jixi University 7: 136–137.Google Scholar
Stoler, Mark. 2000. Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Grand Alliance, and US Strategy in World War II. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Sun, Kegang. 2005. Miandiandangkouzhi: Zhongguoyuanzhengjun miandiandangkouzhi (A brief history of the CEF's fighting against the Japanese in Burma). Shenyang: Liaoning jiaoyuchubanshe.Google Scholar
Thai, Philip. 2018. China's War on Smuggling: Law, Economic Life, and the Making of the Modern State, 1842–1965. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thormeyer, M. F. 2010. Reports on British Prison-Camps in India and Burma. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing.Google Scholar
Tuchman, Barbara. 2017. Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–1945. London: Random House.Google Scholar
Ven, Hans van de. 2003. War and Nationalism in China 1925–1945. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ven, Hans van de. 2017. China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China 1937–1952. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vu, Linh. 2019. “Bones of contention: China's World War II military graves in India, Burma, and Papua New Guinea.” Journal of Chinese Military History 8 (1): 52–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Dongmei. 2010. “Kangzhanshiqi guomindang bingyifubai de yuanyintanxi” (Exploring the reason for the corruption of conscription of the Nationalist government during the War of Resistance). Culture and History Vision (Theory) 10: 10–12.Google Scholar
Wang, Yeteng. 2005. Suizhongguoyuanzhengjun fuyinmiankangzhanshouji (A note of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in India and Burma). Beijing: Zhongguo wenlian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Wang, Yongjiang. 2002. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun rumianzuozhan jiqiyingxiang” (Chinese Expeditionary Army fighting in Burma and how it produced a great impact). Journal of Qiqihar University (Phi and Soc Sci) 11: 18–20.Google Scholar
Wei, Wang. 2016. “Erzhanqijian miandianzhanchang daguo guanxi yanjiu” (Research on the relations between the great powers in the Burma theatre during World War II). Shehuikexuezhanxian 5: 267–270.Google Scholar
Wheeler, Mark. 2015. What Lessons Does the Burma Campaign Hold? Plato, TX: Verdun Press.Google Scholar
White, Theodore, ed. 1991. The Stilwell Papers. Boston: Da Capo Press.Google Scholar
Whitfield, Andrew. 2001. Hong Kong, Empire and the Anglo-American Alliance at War, 1941–45. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xiang, Lanxin. 1995. Recasting the Imperial Far East: Britain and America in China, 1945–1950. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Xiao, Ruping. 2018. “Kangzhanshiqi jiangjieshifangwenyindu de zaikaocha” (A Review of Chiang Kai-shek's visit to India during the Anti-Japanese War). Journal of Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social Sciences) 5: 84–94.Google Scholar
Xu, Kangming. 2007. Zhongmianyinzhanchang kangrizhanzhengshi (A history of the War of Resistance in the China-Burma-India Theatre). Beijing: Jiefangjun chubanshe.Google Scholar
Yao, Hai. 2015 “Kangzhanshiqi zhongsuguanxi duifanfaxisizhanzheng de yingxiang” (The impact of the Sino-Soviet relations during the War of Resistance on the Anti-Fascist War). Tansuoyuzhengming 4: 13–15.Google Scholar
Yao, Youchun. 2005. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun laobinglcaifangshouji Shang” (Interviews with veterans of the CEF part I). World Vision 9: 10–13.Google Scholar
Zhang, Wenzhi. 2016. “Zhandijizhe bixiade zhongguoyuanzhengjun” (The CEF recorded by a battlefield journalist). Yunnandangan 1: 29–33.Google Scholar
Zhou, Yu. 2015. “Zhongguo yuanzhengjun zhongwei yiguan Zhang Tongyou xunfanglu” (An interview with the CEF Sergeant Zhang Tongyou). Guiyangwenshi 1: 51–54.Google Scholar
Zhu, Ming. 2014. “Zhongguoyuanzhengjun laobing liangjiayou” (Veteran of the CEF Liang Jiaoyou). Danganjianshe 7: 51–53.Google Scholar