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SCRIBAL CRUSADING THREE NEW MANUSCRIPT WITNESSES TO THE REGIONAL RECEPTION AND TRANSMISSION OF FIRST CRUSADE LETTERS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 November 2017

THOMAS W. SMITH
THOMAS W. SMITH*
Affiliation:
University of Leeds
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Abstract

The First Crusade is one of the most intensively researched events of the Middle Ages, yet, paradoxically, the manuscript source base for the letters from the expedition is almost entirely unexplored and represents an exciting new avenue of investigation for crusade studies. This article publishes the texts of three new manuscript witnesses of First Crusade letters and explores their regional reception and transmission as a form of “scribal crusading” — that is, monastic participation in the crusades from behind cloister walls. The findings of this article reveal an extremely significant, but previously underappreciated, collective impulse among German monastic communities in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries to participate in the crusading movement through the copying of First Crusade letters.

Keywords

Daibert of PisaFirst CrusadeGermanymonasticismpatriarch of Jerusalemtextual receptiontextual transmission
Type
Research Article
Information
Traditio , Volume 72 , 2017 , pp. 133 - 169
Copyright
Copyright © Fordham University 2017 

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References

1 Würzburg, Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg M. p. th. q. 17, fol. 90r.

2 See Linder, Amnon, Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Late Middle Ages (Turnhout, 2003)Google Scholar. As Cecilia Gaposchkin states, the liturgy performed two functions: commemoration and supplication. See Gaposchkin, M. Cecilia, Invisible Weapons: Liturgy and the Making of Crusade Ideology (Ithaca, NY, 2017), 5, 258Google Scholar. The response to the loss of Jerusalem in 1187 illustrates neatly the shift between the two modes of liturgical purpose. On the celebration and commemoration of the capture of the Holy City in 1099, see ibid., 130–64. On the supplication to God for the recovery of the city after 1187, see ibid., 192–225.

3 Translated in Peters, Edward, ed., The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, 1998), 47–48 Google Scholar; Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana (1095–1127), ed. Hagenmeyer, Heinrich (Heidelberg, 1913), 115 Google Scholar: “Placet equidem vivis, prodest etiam mortuis, cum gesta virorum fortium, praesertim Deo militantium, vel scripta leguntur vel in mentis armariolo memoriter retenta inter fideles sobrie recitantur.” See Suzanne Yeager's argument that those who took up “meditative journeys to Jerusalem” using texts were engaging in what she has called “the crusade of the soul” — also referred to as “imagined or virtual pilgrimage” — which “was accepted as an exercise in many ways equal in spiritual merit to actual pilgrimage.” Yeager, Suzanne M., Jerusalem in Medieval Narrative (Cambridge, 2008), 13 Google Scholar.

4 Kedar, Benjamin J., “Ein Hilferuf aus Jerusalem vom September 1187,” Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 38 (1982): 112–22, at 113–14Google Scholar. The standard edition of the letters is Hagenmeyer, Heinrich, ed., Epistulae et chartae ad historiam primi belli sacri spectantes quae supersunt aevo aequales et genuinuae/Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100: Eine Quellensammlung zur Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (Innsbruck, 1901), 167–74, and 176–77Google Scholar, respectively. But see the corrections to the final sections of Daibert's appeal in Kedar, “Ein Hilferuf aus Jerusalem,” 113–14 and the new critical edition of this letter in Appendix 4.

5 The new recension is published and analyzed in Smith, Thomas W., “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea in 1099: Two Previously Unpublished Versions from Munich, Bayerische Staatsbiblitohek Clm 23390 and 28195,” Crusades 15 (2016): 1–25 Google Scholar. I am very grateful to Georg Strack for his continued guidance and support.

6 On the use of the terms “German” and “Germany” in this article, see below.

7 Commonly but imprecisely labeled “propaganda,” see Paul, Nicholas L., “A Warlord's Wisdom: Literacy and Propaganda at the Time of the First Crusade,” Speculum 85 (2010): 534–66, esp. at 564–66Google Scholar.

8 Thurn, Hans, ed., Die Handschriften aus St. Stephan zu Würzburg, Die Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg: Handschriften aus benediktinischen Provenienzen, vol. 2, pt. 2 (Wiesbaden, 1986), 24 Google Scholar. On the monastery of St. Stephan, see Leng, Rainer, ed., Das Benediktinerkloster St. Stephan in Würzburg (Rahden, 2006)Google Scholar.

9 Fischer, Hans, ed., Katalog der Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen, 1. Band: Die lateinischen Pergamenthandschriften (Erlangen, 1928), 269–70Google Scholar.

10 Ibid., 565, no. 53 in the medieval catalogue list. On Heilsbronn abbey, see Montag-Erlwein, Miriam, Heilsbronn von der Gründung 1132 bis 1321: Das Beziehungsgeflecht eines Zisterzienserklosters im Spiegel seiner Quellenüberlieferung (Berlin, 2011)Google Scholar.

11 A separate article will be devoted to these new texts of Audita tremendi and the Hilferuf.

12 Irmischer, Johann Conrad, ed., Handschriften-Katalog der königlichen Universitäts-Bibliothek zu Erlangen (Frankfurt am Main and Erlangen, 1852), 121–22Google Scholar.

13 Erlangen, Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen-Nürnberg MS 2543 [= August Friedrich Pfeiffer, ed., Catalogus MSS. Membranae Bibliothecae Heilsbronn/Pfeiffer, Heilsbronner Handschriften: Alphabetischer Handschriften-Katalog bis 1817], fol. 25r.

14 I plan to continue my work on the manuscripts of First Crusade sources in a more extensive future project.

15 Thurn, Die Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg, 24.

16 The most recent translations are in Barber, Malcolm and Bate, Keith, trans., Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries (Farnham, Surrey, 2010), nos. 9–10, 33–38 Google Scholar. The Laodicea letter is also translated in Krey, August C., The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants (Princeton, 1921), 275–79Google Scholar; and Munro, Dana C., ed., Letters of the Crusaders, rev. ed. (Philadelphia, 1902), 8–12 Google Scholar, subsequently reprinted in Edward Peters, The First Crusade, 292–96.

17 On the Laodicea letter, see: Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae (n. 3 above), 103–14 [introduction], 167–74 [text], 371–403 [analysis]. The letter is analyzed at length in Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea” (n. 5 above). See also Hagenmeyer, Heinrich, “Der Brief der Kreuzfahrer an den Pabst und die abendländische Kirche v. J. 1099 nach der Schlacht bei Ascalon,” Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte 13 (1873): 400–412 Google Scholar; France, John, “The Anonymous Gesta Francorum and the Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem of Raymond of Aguilers and the Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere of Peter Tudebode: An Analysis of the Textual Relationship between Primary Sources for the First Crusade,” in The Crusades and Their Sources: Essays Presented to Bernard Hamilton, ed. France, John and Zajac, William G. (Aldershot, 1998), 39–69, at 42–43Google Scholar; Riant, Paul, “Inventaire critique des lettres historiques des croisades,” Archives de l'Orient latin 1 (1880): 1–235, at 201–4Google Scholar; Riley-Smith, Jonathan, “The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 52 (1979): 83–86, at 84Google Scholar; Murray, Alan V., The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099–1125 (Oxford, 2000), 71 Google Scholar.

18 Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae, 168. On Daibert, see Matzke, Michael, Daibert von Pisa: Zwischen Pisa, Papst und erstem Kreuzzug (Sigmaringen, 1998)Google Scholar.

19 The number of studies on the First Crusade is legion, but one of the most detailed accounts of the campaign can be found in France, John, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1994)Google Scholar.

20 Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae, 111. On the term excitatorium, see Paul, “A Warlord's Wisdom” (n. 7 above), 544–45, n. 59.

21 See Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea,” 4–6. On the liturgical celebration of the liberation of Jerusalem, see Gaposchkin, Invisible Weapons (n. 2 above), 130–64; John, Simon, “The ‘Feast of the Liberation of Jerusalem’: Remembering and Reconstructing the First Crusade in the Holy City, 1099–1187,” Journal of Medieval History 41 (2015): 409–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 See Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea.”

23 The century in which each manuscript was produced is given in Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae, 111–12, but he did not go beyond this very basic information.

24 The locations on Map 1 are plotted according to the earliest known information of origin or provenance for each manuscript.

25 I am grateful to Julia Barrow, Alan Murray, and Joanna Phillips for their observations on this.

26 Kedar, “Ein Hilferuf aus Jerusalem” (n. 4 above), 113 n. 4. Compare Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea,” 13–14.

27 Kempf, D. and Bull, M. G., The Historia Iherosolimitana of Robert the Monk (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2013), xlii–xlivGoogle Scholar.

28 Sweetenham, Carol, trans., Robert the Monk's History of the First Crusade: Historia Iherosolimitana (Aldershot, 2005), 9 Google Scholar. See also Kempf and Bull, The Historia Iherosolimitana of Robert the Monk, xlii. On Germany and the crusading movement, see now Jaspert, Nikolas and Tebruck, Stefan, eds., Die Kreuzzugsbewegung im römisch-deutschen Reich (11.–13. Jahrhundert) (Ostfildern, 2016)Google Scholar. To this, one can also add Susan Edgington's findings from her researches into the Expeditio Ierosolimitana of Metellus of Tegernsee and the Solimarius of Gunther of Pairis, both produced in Germany in the twelfth century and which both demonstrate further the intense Germanic interest in commemoration of the First Crusade: Susan B. Edgington, “Echoes of the Iliad: The Trojan War in Latin Epics of the First Crusade,” in Sources for the Crusades: Textual Tradition and Literary Influences, ed. Léan Ní Chléirigh and Natasha Hodgson (forthcoming). I am very grateful to Susan Edgington for kindly sharing a draft of this paper with me.

29 Riley-Smith, Jonathan, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading, 2nd ed. (London, 2009), 58 Google Scholar. On German participation in the First Crusade from the northwestern and southwestern imperial territories, see, respectively Alexander Berner, “Kreuzfahrer aus dem Nordwesten des Reichs, 1096–1230,” in Die Kreuzzugsbewegung im römisch-deutschen Reich, 13–40, at 17–21; Alan V. Murray, “Das erste Jahrhundert der Kreuzzugsbewegung im Südwesten des Reiches: Kreuzfahrer aus Franken, Schwaben und dem Elsaß im Zeitraum von 1097 bis 1204,” in ibid., 85–102. The list of German participants in the First Crusade compiled in Röhricht, Reinhold, ed., Die Deutschen im Heiligen Lande: Chonologisches Verzeichniss derjenigen Deutschen, welche als Jerusalempilger und Kreuzfahrer sicher nachzuweisen oder wahrscheinlich anzusehen sind (c. 650–1291) (Innsbruck, 1894), 9–21 Google Scholar, can no longer be considered reliable. On the value of Röhricht's list, see Nikolas Jaspert and Stefan Tebruck, “Die Kreuzzugsbewegung im römisch-deutschen Reich (11.–13. Jahrhundert) — Zur Einführung,” in Die Kreuzzugsbewegung im römisch-deutschen Reich, 1–12, at 3, and Berner, “Kreuzfahrer aus dem Nordwesten des Reichs,” 14, 21, who suggests that the number of Röhricht's First Crusaders from the northwestern regions of the Empire needs to be revised downwards by approximately 20 percent. Murray has also demonstrated conclusively that one of the main sources previously used to identify German participants in the First Crusade, the Chronicle of Zimmern, is untrustworthy, unverifiable, and was almost certainly fabricated after the event: Murray, Alan V., “The Chronicle of Zimmern as a Source for the First Crusade: The Evidence of MS Stuttgart, Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Cod. Don. 580,” in The First Crusade: Origins and Impact, ed. Phillips, Jonathan P. (Manchester, 1997), 78–106 Google Scholar.

30 Murray, “The Chronicle of Zimmern,” 78–79. On the composition of Godfrey's army, see Murray, “The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096–1099: Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the First Crusade,” Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 70 (1992): 301–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar, especially 314–15 for the addition of the surviving German elements from the first, popular wave of the crusade to Godfrey's host in Asia Minor. On Godfrey's ancestry, see Simon Antony John, “The Creation of a First Crusade Hero: Godfrey of Bouillon in History, Literature and Memory, c. 1100–c. 1300” (PhD diss., Swansea University, 2012), 29–35.

31 See Arnold, Benjamin, Medieval Germany, 500–1300: A Political Interpretation (Basingstoke, 1997), 4, 6Google Scholar; Scales, Len, The Shaping of German Identity: Authority and Crisis, 1245–1414 (Cambridge, 2012), 470–71Google Scholar.

32 Aachen, Albert of, Historia Ierosolimitana: History of the Journey to Jerusalem, ed. and trans. Edgington, Susan B. (Oxford, 2007), 8, 44–45, 330, 366–67, 322–23, respectivelyGoogle Scholar.

33 Arnold, Medieval Germany, 4–5, 9. On language as a unifying, and, conversely, as a divisive, force in the First Crusade, see Murray, Alan V., “National Identity, Language and Conflict in the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1096–1192,” in The Crusades and the Near East: Cultural Histories, ed. Kostick, Conor (Abingdon, 2011), 107–30, at 112–19Google Scholar.

34 Nicholas Paul, “The Emergence of a Francophone Culture in the East: An Overview,” The French of Outremer, accessed 30 May 2017, http://legacy.fordham.edu/academics/programs_at_fordham_/medieval_studies/french_of_outremer/thematic_essays/overview_essay_80181.asp.

35 Ibid. See also Murray, “National Identity, Language and Conflict in the Crusades,” 119.

36 Descriptiones Terrae Sanctae ex saeculo VIII. IX. XII. et XV., ed. Tobler, Titus (Leipzig, 1874), 155 Google Scholar: “Quamvis autem dux Gotefridus et frater ejus Balduinus, qui post ipsum in Jerusalem rex est constitutus, quod ante eum dux humilitatis causa de se fieri recusavit, de nostris essent partibus, tamen quia, nostratum paucis cum eis remanentibus et aliis quampluribus magno desiderio et festinatione ad natale solum redeuntibus, tota civitas occupata est ab aliis nationibus, scilicet, francis, lotharingis, normannis, provincialibus, alvernis, italis et hispanis et burgundionibus simul in expeditione convenientibus, sicut nulla pars civitatis etiam in minima platea esset alemannis distributa”; translated and discussed in Paul, “The Emergence of a Francophone Culture in the East.” On use of the term Alemanni, see Arnold, Medieval Germany, 6–7.

37 Murray, “National Identity, Language, and Conflict in the Crusades,” 123.

38 Murray, “Das erste Jahrhundert der Kreuzzugsbewegung im Südwesten des Reiches,” 88. It was thus the practical effects of the Investiture Contest, rather than a supposed Germanic distaste for a “papal enterprise,” that limited German participation: Alan V. Murray, “The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon,” 314.

39 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm 23390, fol. 57r; Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea” (n. 5 above), 11, 15, 23.

40 An activity that English audiences also engaged in using other crusade texts: Yeager, Jerusalem in Medieval Narrative (n. 2 above), 135, 164.

41 Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae (n. 4 above), 120.

42 On the letter of Daibert, see ibid., 119–21 [introduction], 176–77 [text], 412–20 [analysis]; Kedar, “Ein Hilferuf aus Jerusalem” (n. 4 above), 113–14.

43 Hagenmeyer explained that the otherwise unknown brother Arnulf is not the same person as Arnulf of Chocques: Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae, 413. Brother Arnulf is erroneously identified as Arnulf of Chocques in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East (n. 16 above), 37, n. 5.

44 Riley-Smith, The First Crusade (n. 29 above), 125–26; idem, The First Crusaders, 1095–1131 (Cambridge, 1997), 14 Google Scholar. As Tyerman notes, “southern Germany loomed larger than before” in the recruitment drive: Tyerman, Christopher, God's War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006), 172 Google Scholar, see also 170–72.

45 Hans Eberhard Mayer, The Crusades, trans. John Gillingham, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1988), 64; Riley-Smith, The First Crusade, 126.

46 Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae, 121.

47 Riant, Paul, “Une lettre historique de la première croisade,” Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 28 (1884): 211–14Google Scholar. See also the account of the discovery in Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae, 119.

48 See Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae, 121.

49 Kedar, “Ein Hilferuf aus Jerusalem,” 113–14. Examination of the damaged parts of the Würzburg text, aided by the legible versions from Erlangen and Munich, confirms that the Würzburg text is in fact not deficient: it is merely extremely difficult to read without the knowledge gleaned from the other, well-preserved copies.

50 My translation. A slightly different rendering into English, missing the additional section, is given in Barber and Bate, Letters from the East, 37: “We have confidence in your generosity, inspired by the Lord God, to give an adequate response to every just request in time of need.”

51 Riant, “Une lettre historique de la première croisade,” 213.

52 Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae, 414: “potius innata vobis prae cunctis gentibus pietate: classische Worte aus der Feder eines Italieners über die Gewissenhaftigkeit des deutschen Volkes im Vergleich zu andern Völkern.”

53 Kempf and Bull, The Historia Iherosolimitana of Robert the Monk (n. 27 above), 5: “Gens Francorum, gens transmontana, gens, sicuti in pluribus vestris elucet operibus, a Deo electa et dilecta, tam situ terrarum quam fide catholica, quam honore sancte ecclesie ab universis nationibus segregata”; Rassow, Peter, ed., “Der Text der Kreuzzugsbulle Eugens III. vom 1. März 1146, Trastevere (J.-L. 8796),” Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde 45 (1924): 300–305, at 302Google Scholar: “Ad ipsius siquidem vocem ultramontani et precipue Francorum regni fortissimi et strennui bellatores et illi etiam de Italia caritatis ardore succensi convenerunt et maximo congregato exercitu.”

54 Riley-Smith, The First Crusade, 49–51; Murray, “The Chronicle of Zimmern” (n. 29 above), 78–79. See in particular the important comments made at 91. The Historia Ierosolimitana of Albert of Aachen, which was composed in the Rhineland and drew on the oral testimony of returning crusaders from that region, quite naturally devotes more attention to the German participants of the First Crusade, including crusaders from the southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia; see, for example, Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, ed. and trans. Edgington (n. 32 above), xxvi–xxviii, 8–9, 12–13, 18–19, 22–23, 32–37, 44–45, 138–39, 200–201, 322–23, 328–29, 366–67. On this, see Murray, “The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon” (n. 30 above), 315.

55 Hagenmeyer, Epistulae et chartae, 121.

56 Colk, Terrie, “Twelfth-Century East Anglian Canons: A Monastic Life?” in Medieval East Anglia, ed. Harper-Bill, Christopher (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2005), 209–24, at 220Google Scholar.

57 See Appendix 3 to compare the texts of the Laodicea letter. For the text of the Munich copy in Clm 28195, see Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea” (n. 5 above), 17–24. See Appendix 4 to compare the texts of the patriarch's appeal.

58 Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea,” 9, 13, 15. For a sixteenth-century parallel, when German writers were obsessed with the Ottoman Turkish threat, which “seems to have led to a reflection on the successes of the past and a desire to exalt the rather meagre German contribution to the one crusade which was an unqualified success, the First,” see Murray, “The Chronicle of Zimmern,” 91.

59 On the Itinerarium Peregrinorum, see Nicholson, Helen J., trans., Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi (Aldershot, 1997), 10–11 Google Scholar. On the German crusade of 1197–98, see Loud, Graham A., “The German Crusade of 1197–1198,” Crusades 13 (2014): 143–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

60 The eleven twelfth-century copies are: A; B; F; G; M; M1; V; V1; V2; W; Z. On German participation in the Second and Third Crusades from western and southern Germany, see Murray, “Das erste Jahrhundert der Kreuzzugsbewegung im Südwesten des Reiches” (n. 29 above), 90–91, 93–94, who demonstrates that intensive crusade preaching and recruitment met with great success among the powerful nobles in these parts of Germany, including towns near to where manuscripts containing First Crusade letters were produced, such as Würzburg, Nuremberg, Worms, Augsburg, and Bamberg.

61 On these locations as part of the itinerary of Bernard's preaching tour, see Phillips, Jonathan, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom (New Haven, 2007), 82, 83, 86, 87, 96Google Scholar.

62 Kempf and Bull, The Historia Iherosolimitana of Robert the Monk, xliv, xlv–xlvii.

63 See Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea,” 5, 12, 14, 15.

64 Lester, Anne E., “A Shared Imitation: Cistercian Convents and Crusader Families in Thirteenth-Century Champagne,” Journal of Medieval History 35 (2009): 353–70, at 366CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See Gaposchkin, Invisible Weapons (n. 2 above), 130–64; Maier, Christoph T., “Crisis, Liturgy and the Crusade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 48 (1997): 628–57Google Scholar.

65 Würzburg M. 17, fol. 90r: “Hec qui scire sitis lege de Iherosolimitis / Multiplicant laudes rem si gestam bene gaudes.”

66 Carol Sweetenham notes that many of the manuscript copies of Robert's Historia are accompanied by other exhortatory letters connected with the First Crusade, see Sweetenham, Robert the Monk (n. 28 above), 8, 215–23.

67 Kienzle, Beverly Mayne, Cistercians, Heresy and Crusade in Occitania, 1145–1229: Preaching in the Lord's Vineyard (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2001), 7 Google Scholar.

68 Burton, Janet and Kerr, Julie, The Cistercians in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2011), 190 Google Scholar.

69 Cf. Bull, Marcus, “The Historiographical Construction of a Northern French First Crusade,” Haskins Society Journal 25 (2013): 35–56 Google Scholar.

70 Covecque, E., ed., Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France, vol. 19 (Paris, 1893), 490 Google Scholar; http://ccfr.bnf.fr/portailccfr/jsp/index_view_direct_anonymous.jsp?record=eadcgm:EADC:D24015630.

71 Confusingly, the manuscript cannot be found in J. Van den Gheyn et al., eds., Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, 13 vols. (Brussels, 1901–48) under its present number, but it is described in de Reiffenberg, Frédéric, “Histoire littéraire: Analyses et extraits de différents manuscrits de la biblithèque royale,” Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences et belles-lettres de Bruxelles 10 (1843): 362–70Google Scholar (364 for the Laodicea letter). On the provenance and composition of the manuscript, see, Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum bibliothecae regiae Bruxellensis: Pars I. Codices Latini membranei, 2 vols. (Brussels, 1886–89), 1:595Google Scholar.

72 Van den Gheyn, Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, 5:111–12.

73 Ibid., 2:347.

74 See the online catalogue entry at: http://manus.iccu.sbn.it//opac_SchedaScheda.php?ID=114372. The online entry is taken from the printed catalogue: Maria Luisa Grossi Turchetti, ed., Catalogo sommario del manoscritti medievali braidensi (con collocazione AC–AN; ARM. 1; Fondo Castiglioni; Rari minimi), vol. 2.

75 Fischer, Katalog der Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Erlangen (n. 9 above), 269–70; see the main text, above.

76 Gerhardt Powitz and Herbert Buck, eds., Die Handschriften des Bartholomaeusstifts und des Karmeliterklosters in Frankfurt am Main, Kataloge der Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, Band 3, Die Handschriften der Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, II, die Handschriften des Bartholomaeusstifts und des Karmeliterklosters in Frankfurt am Main (Frankfurt am Main, 1974), 81–84; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:2-14391.

77 Powitz and Buck, Die Handschriften des Bartholomaeusstifts, 240–44; http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:2-13150.

78 von Heinemann, Otto, ed., Die Handschriften der herzoglichen Bibliothek zu Wolfenbüttel: Die Helmstedter Handschriften III (Wolfenbüttel, 1888), 15–17 Google Scholar; Hartmann, Martina, Humanismus und Kirchenkritik: Matthias Flacius Illyricus als Erforscher des Mittelalters (Stuttgart, 2001), 243 Google Scholar.

79 Helmer, Friedrich, Hauke, Hermann, and Wunderle, Elisabeth, eds., Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München: Die Handschriften aus St. Emmeram in Regensburg: Band 3, Clm 14261–14400, Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum Bibliothecae Monacensis, Tomus IV, Series nova, Pars 2.3, Codices Latinos 14261–14400 bibliothecae monasterii St. Emmerami Ratisbonensis continens (Wiesbaden, 2011), 223–27Google Scholar.

80 Glauche, Günter, ed., Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München: Die Pergamenthandschriften aus Benediktbeuern: Clm 4501–4663, Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum Bibliothecae Monacensis, Tomus III, Series nova, Pars 1, Codices Latinos 4501–4663 bibliothechae Benedictoburanae continens (Wiesbaden, 1994), 154–57Google Scholar. Robert the Monk's Historia is preserved in Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Clm 4611; see Glauche, Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München … Clm 4501–4663, 191–93; Kempf and Bull, The Historia Iherosolimitana of Robert the Monk (n. 27 above), lxviii.

81 Hermann Hauke, ed., Katalog der lateinischen Handschriften der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München: Clm 28111–28254, Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum Bibliothecae Monacensis, Tomus IV, Pars 7: Codices latinos 28111–28254 continens (Wiesbaden, 1986), 135, 139; Klemm, Elisabeth, Die illuminierten Handschriften des 13. Jahrhunderts deutscher Herkunft in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek (Wiesbaden, 1998), 151 Google Scholar; Kedar, “Ein Hilferuf aus Jerusalem” (n. 4 above), 112–13. This copy of the Laodicea letter is published in Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea” (n. 5 above).

82 See Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea” and Halm, Carolus and Meyer, Gulielmus, eds., Catalogus codicum manu scriptorum bibliothecae regiae Monacensis, Tomi II, Pars IV: Codices num. 21406–27268 complectens (Munich, 1881), 67 Google Scholar. This witness of the Laodicea letter is published in Smith, “The First Crusade Letter Written at Laodicea.”

83 Léopold Delisle, ed., Le cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale, vol. 2 (Paris, 1874), 416; http://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc644646.

84 Vindobonensis, Academia Caesarea, ed., Tabulae codicum manu scriptorum praeter graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi asservatorum, 10 vols. (Vienna, 1864–99), 1:63Google Scholar; Hermann, Hermann Julius, ed., Die deutschen romanischen Handschriften, Beschreibendes Verzeichnis der illuminierten Handschriften in Österreich, der ganzen Reihe, VIII. Band: Die illuminierten Handschriften und Inkunabeln der Nationalbibliothek in Wien, II. Teil (Leipzig, 1926), 211–12Google Scholar; http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AL00168018.

85 Academia Caesarea Vindobonensis, Tabulae codicum manu scriptorum praeter graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi asservatorum, 1:69; Unterkircher, Franz, ed., Die datierten Handschriften der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek bis zum Jahre 1400, Katalog der datierten Handschriften in lateinischer Schrift in Österreich 1 (Vienna, 1969), 23 Google Scholar; http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AL00174001.

86 Academia Caesarea Vindobonensis, Tabulae codicum manu scriptorum praeter graecos et orientales in Bibliotheca Palatina Vindobonensi asservatorum, 1:118; http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AL00175073.

87 Ibid., 2:64–65; http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AL00173770.

88 Ibid., 6:90–91; http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AL00175222. The copy of Robert the Monk's Historia is not featured in the most recent edition on account of its late date: Kempf and Bull, eds., The Historia Iherosolimitana of Robert the Monk, lxxiii. I hope to investigate this manuscript further in the future.

89 Thurn, Die Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Würzburg (n. 8 above), 24; see the main text, above.

90 Rössler, Stephan, ed., Verzeichnis der Handschriften der Bibliothek des Stiftes Zwettl, Die Handschriften-Verzeichnisse I (Xenia Bernardina II,1) (Vienna, 1891), 395 Google Scholar; http://manuscripta.at/?ID=31956. The copy of Robert the Monk's Historia is preserved in Zwettl, Zisterzienserstift Cod. 345, which was produced in the last third of the twelfth century: Rössler, Verzeichnis der Handschriften der Bibliothek des Stiftes Zwettl, 421; http://manuscript.at/?ID=31596; Kempf and Bull, The Historia Iherosolimitana of Robert the Monk, xliv, lxxiv.

91 Domino] Domno W

92 Gotefridus Dei gratia] Gotifredus gratia Dei W

93 Sepulcri] Sepulchri W

94 Reginmunt] R W

95 Israhel] Israel W

96 trecenta] CCC W

97 surrexerint] surrexerunt W

98 novem] VIIII W

99 centum] C W

100 vires ambulandi] ambulandi vires [veres corr.] W

101 principum] principe [corr.?] W

102 commesta] comesta W

103 Hyspanye] Hispanie W

104 Iherosolem] Iherusalem W

105 festinabat] faestinabant W

106 maritymis] maritimis W

107 atque] et W

108 Iherosolem] Iherusalem W

109 Babyloniorum Ascalonam] Babiloniorum Ascalona W

110 ducturos] ducturus W

111 Babilonyorum Ascolone] Babiloniorum Ascalone W

112 Iherosolem] Iherusalem W

113 sicientem] sitientem W

114 certum] cervum W

115 quinque] V W

116 quindecim] XV W

117 centum] C W

118 quadringenta] CCCC W

119 Babylonie] Babilonie W

120 centum] C W

121 castorum] cast[o?]rum W

122 defendabant] defenderunt W

123 Ierosolem] Iherusalem W

124 Gotefrido] G W

125 Boemundum] B W

126 Ierosolem] Iherusalem W

127 Reginmunt] R G W

128 et] om. W

129 tocius] totius W

130 dexeram] dexteram W

131 per omnia secula seculorum. AMEN] om. W

132 benefaciat Deus] Deus benefaciat W

133 Catholicis] Katholicis M2

134 fratres sciberemus] scriberemus fratres EM2

135 Iherusalem] Iehrosolem E Iherosolem M2

136 pocius] potius E

137 Iherusalem] Ierosolem E Iherosolem M2

138 excellentiam] excellenciam M2

139 Iherusalem] Iehrosolem E Iherosolem M2

140 ipsius] eius EM2

141 Pascha] Pasca M2

142 Iherusalem] Iehrosolem E Iherosolem M2

143 remanserant] remanserunt EM2

144 ex] et ex EM2

145 Iherusalem] Iehrosolem E Iherosolem M2

146 Abbrahe] Abrahe EM2

147 martyris Georgii] martiris Georii [sic] EM2

148 festinanter de magna quam vobis] festinanter quam vobis de magna M2

149 opulentia] opulencia M2

150 munera] def. W

151 mittere] def. W

152 sigillato] def. W